大型水轮机组推力轴承油膜厚度在线监测研究

油膜厚度是反映推力轴承运行状态的重要参数,对油膜厚度进行实时在线监测有助于实现推力轴承的稳定运行。以某大型水轮机组推力轴承为例,结合其润滑流体的雷诺方程和油膜厚度方程,利用有限差分法分析了不同载荷和不同转速下推力轴承油膜厚度和压力分布的变化规律,并设计了一种油膜厚度实时在线监测方法。理论分析结果表明,当转速一定时,推力轴承油膜厚度先随着载荷的增大而增大,达到峰值后,随着载荷的增大而减小;当载荷一定时,油膜厚度随着转速的增大而增大。理论分析结果与该水轮机组推力轴承油膜厚度的在线监测数据完全吻合,验证了提出的油膜厚度在线监测方法的可靠性,为推力轴承运行状态的诊断提供了科学依据。     

考虑弹性变形的推力轴承抗冲击特性分析

针对滚动轴承试验机的陪试轴承——推力滑动轴承承受瞬时冲击载荷这一问题,建立了推力轴承-转子系统的动力学模型和简化的轴承座结构变形模型,运用有限元法求解雷诺方程,欧拉积分法求解转轴的轴向动力学方程,ANSYS仿真获得轴承座的结构变形量,通过联合求解,得到了冲击过程中推力轴承油膜合力、最小油膜厚度和流量随时间的变化情况,对比了考虑和不考虑轴承座结构变形时推力轴承的冲击响应。结果发现:轴承座弹性变形对油膜合力和最小油膜厚度的影响不可忽略。不考虑结构变形时,油膜合力和最小油膜厚度的响应速度快得多,响应时间大约快了22%。弹性变形延缓了响应过程,起到了缓冲作用,并且缩短了达到稳态时所需的时间。考虑和不考虑弹性变形时,油膜合力的最大值和最小油膜厚度的最小值基本相同。分析表明,合适的轴承座结构刚度可以提高推力轴承的抗冲击能力。结构刚度不能小于某个临界值,太小可能造成某一瓦块的最小油膜厚度非常小,难以承受大的瞬时冲击载荷;同时也不能太大,不仅结构复杂,而且起不到缓冲的效果,可能会造成某些连接件过早失效。     

环形油腔液体静压推力轴承动态特性的影响因素研究

液体静压推力轴承的动态特性直接决定了其运行状态的稳定性,而油腔结构和节流方式是影响其动态特性的重要因素。为此,基于小扰动法将环形油腔液体静压推力轴承的Reynolds方程分解成动态方程和静态方程,分别求解得到小孔和毛细管节流方式下其油膜刚度和阻尼系数的解析表达式。同时,通过开展油膜刚度测量实验来验证理论计算结果的正确性,两者之间的相对误差小于15%。理论计算结果显示：对于液体静压推力轴承,环形油腔优于圆形油腔,小孔节流优于毛细管节流。通过分析油腔面积和油腔位置对小孔节流环形油腔液体静压推力轴承油膜刚度和阻尼系数的影响规律发现,当内、外径等基本结构参数确定时,调整油腔的面积和位置可以有效优化该轴承的动态特性系数。研究结果有助于以动态特性为目标的液体静压推力轴承的结构优化设计。     

激光超声溢油油膜厚度遥测方法试验研究

针对我国目前缺乏测量距离远、精度高、量程大的海洋溢油油膜厚度遥测系统的问题,基于激光超声测量油膜厚度原理,提出了一种基于激光激发超声和激光多普勒测振仪测量的溢油油膜厚度测量方法,使用355 nm大能量脉冲激光器在油膜表面激发超声波,使用扫描式激光多普勒测振仪对油膜表面振动信号进行检测,通过二次相关法对超声波在油膜内传播的时间进行估计进而计算油膜厚度.搭建试验系统,在实验室条件下对不同厚度的油膜样品进行了测量,测量结果表明该试验系统油膜厚度测量结果与直尺直接测量结果相一致,实现了对溢油油膜厚度的测量,可应用于海洋溢油油膜厚度遥测.     

推力轴承油膜刚度对轴系－艇体结构 耦合振动的影响研究

在轴系－艇体结构耦合系统中,推力轴承是轴系与艇体结构振动耦合的关键部件之一,其阻抗特性直接决定了纵向脉动力到艇体结构的传递特性,对系统的耦合振动有着至关重要的影响。对推力轴承的动力学特性进行研究,得到在螺旋桨不同转速下的推力轴承油膜刚度,并将其应用于轴系－艇体结构耦合系统的动力学模型中,进而对不同转速下的轴系－艇体结构耦合振动进行分析。结果表明,推力轴承油膜刚度在中低转速条件下是纵向脉动力向艇体结构传递的重要影响因素,因而对螺旋桨纵向脉动力诱导的艇体结构振动与声辐射的预报和控制必须对其加以考虑。     

热效应对径向浮环轴承最小油膜厚度及稳定性影响研究

以径向浮环动静压轴承为研究对象,采用有限元法和有限差分法联立求解Reynolds方程、能量方程和温黏关系式,得到内外层油膜的压力分布、温度分布和黏度分布,对油膜压力积分得到轴承的刚度系数和阻尼系数。针对轴颈、浮环建立统一的动力学方程,结合能量方程和Routh-Hurwitz准则推导出单质量刚性对称浮环轴承-转子系统的热失稳判据,分析了油膜热效应对内外膜最小油膜厚度与失稳转速的影响。结果表明:内外膜油腔呈现多个的温度峰值,两端面温度高于油腔中央温度;内外膜最小油膜厚度和系统失稳转速随着进油温度的升高而减小;高速工况下,油膜温升是导致浮环轴承发生油膜破裂和失稳现象的重要因素,计算时需计入油膜热效应对轴承性能的影响。     

发电厂温度高高跳机保护系统优化

本文对引起我厂#6机组的汽轮机推力瓦温度测量系统、锅炉风机轴承测量系统、给煤机出口温度等故障率高的原因进行了分析和总结,并提出了系统改造优化的技术措施,对降低汽轮机推力瓦温度测量系统、锅炉风机轴承测量系统、给煤机出口温度故障率,提高发电机组安全、经济、稳定运行发挥了重要的作用。     

一种基于波段比值法的海面厚油膜评估方法

激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术是目前较为有效的海面溢油探测技术之一,然而基于该技术的油膜厚度反演算法目前仅适用于薄油膜(≤20μm)。鉴于此,建立了一种基于LIF技术利用油膜荧光信号评估较厚油膜厚度的双波段比值模型,利用油膜荧光光谱的波形特性反演油膜厚度并论证了该算法的适用范围。实验数据得出,当油膜较薄时反演结果误差较大,随着油膜厚度增加误差逐渐降低,当油膜荧光信号趋于饱和时,误差较大且随油膜厚度的增加而快速变大。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效评估200~1400μm范围内的海面溢油油膜的厚度,并可以利用油膜荧光信号的测量相对误差评估该算法的适用范围。     

计入轴瓦变形的曲轴轴承系统动力学摩擦学耦合分析

以一四缸柴油机曲轴-轴承系统为研究对象,建立了计入轴瓦弹性变形时弹性曲轴-轴承系统的动力学摩擦学耦合分析模型;采用ADAMS和Matlab联合仿真,在额定工况下进行了弹性曲轴动力学和主轴承摩擦学耦合分析;着重分析了计入轴瓦弹性变形时,主轴承摩擦学行为和曲轴动力学响应之间的相互影响.计算结果表明:计入轴瓦弹性变形,主轴承最小油膜厚度大幅度下降,最大油膜压力大幅度上升或小幅度下降,曲轴轴承系统动力学特性及响应也发生变化.     

解决在低温轧制生产时摩根285辊箱发热问题

从摩根285辊箱频繁的辊轴发热故障和油膜轴承烧损的事故现象,在仔细研究摩根285辊箱的设计和装配及工作原理后,根据油膜轴承的工作原理结合发热和烧损的区域载荷的分布情况,改造油膜轴承最小油膜厚度,解决285辊箱发热问题。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...