稀土Ce对A356铝合金力学性能及显微组织的影响

运用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和万能电子拉伸试验机等研究了稀土Ce对A356铝合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,稀土Ce是A356铝合金的一种优良变质剂,不但能使α-Al初生相晶粒得到细化,而且能使共晶硅变得细小、圆整且分布均匀。稀土Ce在A356铝合金中主要以稀土金属间化合物Al_(11)Ce_3相存在。当Ce添加量为0.04%时,A356铝合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度及延伸率分别为307.5 MPa、239 MPa、7.72%,比未添加Ce的A356铝合金分别提高了7.89%、24.48%和108.09%。     

铝钇共晶反应及其产物对亚共晶铝硅合金初生相的细化研究

研究了稀土Y在亚共晶铝硅合金中诱发稀土-铝共晶反应对铝合金初生α相的细化效应;应用Bramfitt提出的方法,计算了Al-Y共晶反应产物Al3Y与α-Al界面的二维点阵错配度,结果显示两者的二维错配度<6%,即Al3Y可作为α-Al的异质形核质点,且能达到中等有效形核而起到细化晶粒的作用,并通过实验验证计算结果如下:选用稀土元素Y作为A356合金细化剂的同时,将A356-Y熔体分别在稀土钇-铝共晶温度上、下10℃左右保温2 min后快速冷却,获得试样的金相组织照片后利用图像分析工具得到A356-Y合金初生α相的平均晶粒尺寸和平均形状因子。实验结果表明:A356-Y合金在Al-Y共晶温度之下保温,可获得较理想的初生α相形貌和较小的晶粒尺寸;结合二维错配的计算结果,可推断初生α相细化的主要原因为异质形核质点的增加:Al-Y共晶反应产物Al3Y与α-Al的二维点阵错配度在中等有效形核范围内,具有细化合金初生α相的作用;另一共晶产物α-Al与初生α相具有相同的晶体结构和点阵常数,则其也可作为异质形核质点而起到细化合金的作用。稀土Y可作为半固态A356合金中初生α相的优质细化剂。     

稀土La对半固态A356初生相细化机制的研究

利用Al-La稀土中间合金对液态A356铝合金进行了细化处理,并用低过热度浇注技术制备了半固态A356铝合金浆料,研究了稀土La对所制备半固态A356铝合金的初生α相形貌和尺寸的影响.研究结果表明,含有适量稀土La的A356铝合金经低过热度浇注可制备具有颗粒状和蔷薇状初生α相的半固态浆料,稀土La可显著改善半固态A356铝合金中初生α相的晶粒尺寸和颗粒形貌.稀土La对半固态A356铝合金的初生α相细化机理可能与稀土在铝合金中诱发的共晶反应有关.     

熔体冷却速度对稀土Y变质A356铝合金微观组织及拉伸性能的影响

对不同熔体冷却速度所制备稀土Y变质A356铝合金的显微组织及拉伸性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着熔体冷却速度的降低,初晶α-Al晶粒变得粗大且分布凌乱,其二次枝晶间距增大;共晶硅由颗粒状、纤维状转变为片状、针状;合金的拉伸性能显著下降,拉伸断口由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变。稀土Y对熔体冷却速度较敏感,需在较大的熔体冷却速度下才能使共晶硅按变质形态生长。     

Ce对A356合金的影响及细化机制的研究

研究了Ce对A356铝合金晶粒细化的效果以及对其力学性能的影响。结果表明:在未添加稀土Ce时,A356铝合金结晶时,其中的初生相α-Al呈现为粗大的树枝状。在添加不同量的稀土Ce时,A356铝合金中的初生相α-Al明显得到细化,树枝状晶转化为等轴晶。在Ce合金添加量为0. 1%时其细化效果最好,α-Al的等效直径和形状因子均达到最优水平,分别为24. 5μm和0. 61;二次枝晶臂间距最小,平均二次枝晶臂间距为14. 63μm;其力学性能也达到最佳,抗拉强度和延伸率分别为165. 89 MPa和3. 5%,合金的硬度为HV 77. 6。添加量超过0. 1%时,其细化效果会随着添加量的增加而逐渐减弱。稀土Ce对于合金晶粒细化比较符合异质形核理论,Al-Ce中间合金中的Al11Ce3和α-Al具有相似的晶体结构,而且晶格常数也能与之相对应。在A356合金液中添加Al-Ce中间合金时,Al11Ce3粒子作为A356合金凝固时的异质形核点从而促进细化。     

稀土La对半固态A356初生α相细化机制的研究

利用Al-La稀土中间合金对液态A356铝合金进行了细化处理,并用低过热度浇注技术制备了半固态A356铝合金浆料,研究了稀土La对所制备半固态A356铝合金的初生α相形貌和尺寸的影响.研究结果表明,舍有适量稀土La的A356铝合金经低过热度浇注可制备具有颗粒状和蔷薇状初生α相的半固态浆料,稀土La可显著改善半固态A35...     

钆和钬变质对铝-硅-镁合金铸态组织的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X-光衍射仪研究了稀土Gd、Ho变质对Al-7Si-0.4Mg铸造铝合金显微组织的影响。研究结果发现,Gd、Ho变质具有细化初生α-Al晶粒以及对共晶硅变质的作用。添加Gd、Ho可在铸态合金中形成GdAl2Si2和HoAl3化合物,但Ho形成HoAl3化合物的能力最强,综合考虑添加0.1%(质量分数)Gd可以作为该铝合金的细化剂,而Ho由于形成较多高熔点化合物,不适合用作该合金的变质剂或细化剂。     

半固态挤压铸造下稀土Y强化机械零件用ZL105铝合金的制备与性能

利用半固态挤压铸造技术制备稀土Y强化后的机械零件用ZL105铝合金,采用光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)、扫描电镜(SEM)研究了不同Y添加量下的ZL105铝合金显微组织和力学性能.结果表明,Y能有效细化铸态铝合金的晶粒,随着Y添加量的增加,α-Al晶粒和Al-Fe-Mn-Si相尺寸均先减小后增大,铝合金硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均先增大后减小.当Y添加量(质量分数)为0.4%时,铝合金微观组织细化程度最高,稀土相分布在晶间,α-Al晶粒尺寸约为26μm,呈椭球状,Al-Fe-Mn-Si相尺寸减小到22μm,由长针状细化为短棒状,铝合金硬度(HV)达到108.2,抗拉强度为278.6 MPa,伸长率为5.8%;拉伸断口主要由韧窝和一定量的解理面组成.     

A356铝合金热处理工艺中Ti元素分析

为了提高A356铝合金的综合力学性能,减少富铁相的质量分数,采用金属半固态等温成型技术制备了添加不同质量分数Ti元素的A356铝合金,研究了在不同等温条件下A356铝合金晶粒的细化程度。结果表明:Ti元素对合金性能有较大帮助,但当钛元素质量分数超过0.10%时,钛对合金晶粒尺寸的细化效果下降;在进行半固态等温处理时,富铁相的长度和宽度随着温度的升高先增大后减小,晶粒尺寸随着温度的升高先减小后增大,且都在590℃达到峰值;随着等温时间的延长,富铁相长度和宽度都有所增大,晶粒尺寸变化不明显;添加细化剂或者延长等温时间,未熔初生相都呈现球化现象。     

Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金对Al-8Si合金同时细化和变质效果

采用氟盐法和对掺法成功制备了Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金的组织及相组成。通过改变Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金细化变质保温时间,采用微观组织分析和宏观组织分析方法,研究了Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金对Al-8Si亚共晶铝硅同时细化和变质的效果。研究结果表明,Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金中含有Al_3Ti相、TiB_2相和Al_4Sr相,Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金对亚共晶铝硅合金有良好的同时细化变质效果。Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金可使共晶硅从针状或板片状形貌转变为纤维状或块状。与未变质试样相比,细化变质时间为10 min时,Al-8Si合金中针状或板片状共晶硅显著减少;变质时间超过20 min时,看不到针状或板片状共晶硅存在;当变质时间达到80 min时,部分针状或板片状共晶硅再次出现。随着Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr细化变质保温时间的变化,α-Al的二次枝晶臂间距和共晶团尺寸先减小后增大,细化变质保温时间为30 min时效果最好。Al-5Ti-1B-4Sr中间合金对亚共晶铝硅合金细化变质的孕育期为10~20 min,衰退期为60 min。     

Al-3B变质对铸造Al-10Si合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用Al-3B对铸造Al-10Si合金进行了变质处理,运用非平衡相图和杠杆定律分析了变质处理Al-10Si合金显微组织变化规律,研究了变质处理对合金力学性能的影响.研究表明,Al-3B变质处理使铸造Al-10Si合金的凝固过冷度减小;当变质温度一定时,随着Al-3B加入量增加,铸造Al-10Si合金组织中初生α-Al相...     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy with yttrium addition processed by hot extrusion

The effects of the rare earth element yttrium(Y) and hot extrusion on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated by mechanical properties testing and microstructure observation. The results indicate that the addition of Y improves the microstructure of the as-cast alloy. The distribution of primary α-Al is uniform and orderly. The long needle-like eutectic Si phases and β-Fe phases turn to strips and short rods. When the content of Y increases to 0.2 wt%, the mean diameter of aAl(40.3 μm) and the aspect ratio of the eutectic Si phase(2.3) reach the minimum values, which are68.9% and 86.1% lower, respectively, than that of the alloy without Y addition. Under extrusion stress, the shape of the eutectic Si phase is changed from long rod-like to near grain-like after solution treatment.The size of the eutectic Si phase is significantly reduced. The needle-like β-Fe phases are squeezed and broken. The mechanical properties of the as-extruded alloy are significantly improved compared to the as-cast alloy. When the rare earth content is 0.2 wt%, the ultimate tensile strength, hardness and elongation of the alloy reach the maximum values, which are 328.2 MPa, 110.4 HV and 21.3%, respectively, and increase by 42.01%, 37.71% and 481.91%, respectively, in comparison to the as-cast alloy without Y addition.     

Behaviors of Lanthanum and Cerium on Grain Boundaries in Carbon Manganese Clean Steel

The behaviors of La and Ce on gram boundaries in carbon manganese clean steel were investigated by high-reso- lution transmission elecetron microscope （HRTEM）, scanning elecetron microscopy（SEM ）, energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis. The existing forms of rare earths （RE） in clean steel were as follows： dissolved in sohd solution, forming inclusion or second phase containing RE （RE-Fe-P, La-P, Fe-La eutectic and Fe-Ce phase）. The dissolved La or Ce segregated at grain boundaries. The segregation of both S and P at gram boundaries was reduced with suitable RE content. The impact toughness of the steel was improved obviously. La and Ce had effecets on purifying molten steel and modifying inclusions in clean steel, whereas with excessive La or Ce, La-Fe-P, La-P and Fe-La eutecetic phase or Ce-Fe-P and Fe-Ce intermetallic compound would form along grain boundaries, causing the impact energy to decrease significantly.     

Experimental Study and Thermodynamical Calculation on the Formation of Eutectic Phase of MnS-RE_2S_3 and(Mn,Ca)S-RE_2S_3 in Sulfur-Containing Free-Cutting Steel

The free-cutting phase in RE or Ca-RE treated sulfur-containing free-cutting steel is the eutectic phasesof MnS-RE_2S_3 and (Mn,Ca)S-RE_2S_3,respectively.The atomic ratio of RE/S needed to modify all theMnS into the eutectic phase is higher than 1.48 or 1.41-1.37 Ca/S,when RE or Ca-RE is used as the modifiz-er in the sulfur-containing free-cutting steel.Moreover,the thermodynamical calculation shows that theeutectic temperature is lower than the solidifying temperature,which is the key condition for the eutectic phase tokeep globual during solidifying.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of unidirectionally solidified Al-Si-Ni ternary eutectic

Al-10.98 pct Si-4.9 pct Ni ternary eutectic alloy was unidirectionally solidified at growth rates from 1.39μm/sec to 6.95μm/sec. Binary Al-Ni and Al-Si eutectics prepared from the same purity metals were also solidified under similar conditions to characterize the growth conditions under the conditions of present study. NiAl₃ phase appeared as fibers in the binary Al-Ni eutectic and silicon appeared as irregular plates in the binary Al-Si eutectic. However, in the ternary Al-Si-Ni eutectic alloy both NiAl₃ and silicon phases appeared as irregular plates dispersed in α-Al phase, without any regular repctitive arrangement. The size and spacing of NiAl₃ and Si platelets in cone shaped colonies decreased with an increase in the growth rate of the ternary eutectic. Examination of specimen quenched during unidirectional solidification indicated that the ternary eutectic grows with a non-planar interface with both Si and NiAl₃ phases protruding into the liquid. It is concluded that it will be difficult to grow regular ternary eutectic structures even if only one phase has a high entropy of melting. The tensile strength and modulus of unidirectionally solidified Al-Si-Ni eutectic was lower than the chill cast alloys of the same composition, and decreased with a decrease in growth rate. Tensile modulus and strength of ternary Al-Si-Ni eutectic alloys was greater than binary Al-Si eutectic alloy under similar growth conditions, both in the chill cast and in unidirectionally solidified conditions.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of unidirectionally solidified Al-Si-Ni ternary eutectic

Al-10.98 pct Si-4.9 pct Ni ternary eutectic alloy was unidirectionally solidified at growth rates from 1.39μm/sec to 6.95μm/sec. Binary Al-Ni and Al-Si eutectics prepared from the same purity metals were also solidified under similar conditions to characterize the growth conditions under the conditions of present study. NiAl₃ phase appeared as fibers in the binary Al-Ni eutectic and silicon appeared as irregular plates in the binary Al-Si eutectic. However, in the ternary Al-Si-Ni eutectic alloy both NiAl₃ and silicon phases appeared as irregular plates dispersed in α-Al phase, without any regular repctitive arrangement. The size and spacing of NiAl₃ and Si platelets in cone shaped colonies decreased with an increase in the growth rate of the ternary eutectic. Examination of specimen quenched during unidirectional solidification indicated that the ternary eutectic grows with a non-planar interface with both Si and NiAl₃ phases protruding into the liquid. It is concluded that it will be difficult to grow regular ternary eutectic structures even if only one phase has a high entropy of melting. The tensile strength and modulus of unidirectionally solidified Al-Si-Ni eutectic was lower than the chill cast alloys of the same composition, and decreased with a decrease in growth rate. Tensile modulus and strength of ternary Al-Si-Ni eutectic alloys was greater than binary Al-Si eutectic alloy under similar growth conditions, both in the chill cast and in unidirectionally solidified conditions.     

Roles of rare earth oxide additives in millimeter-wave sintering of AlN

Roles of rare earth oxide (RE2O3) additives in millimeter-wave(MM) sintering of AlN were investigated from the standpoints of phase diagram, heating characteristics of rare earth oxides, and morphology of intergranular oxide phase. In the millimeter-wave sintering of AlN, densification temperature decreased with the decrease of the ionic radius of rare earth ion and was closely related with the eutectic temperature in the RE2O3-Al2O3 binary system. The lowest densification temperature in the millimeter-wave sintering of AlN with Yb2O3 additive was attributed to the largest heating rate of Yb2O3·Al2O3 binary oxide under millimeter-wave radiation. Furthermore, the lowest densification temperature could be attained while selecting the Yb2O3 content so as to form the intergranular phase with the eutectic composition in the Yb2O3-Al2O3 binary system. The result showed good agreement with the above mentioned during the sintering of Si3N4 with Yb2O3-Al2O3 additive. From TEM observation, it was verified that film-like intergranular oxide phase formed under millimeter-wave radiation was favorable for attaining high thermal conductivity in the Yb2O3 added AlNs.     

Interaction Between Eutectic Intermetallic Particles and Dispersoids in the 3003 Aluminum Alloy During Homogenization Treatments

The transformation of primary eutectic Al₆(Mn,Fe) intermetallics into α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si and the precipitation of dispersoids were studied in the commercial in the form of 3003 series cast aluminum alloys, mainly under isothermal conditions between 673 K and 873 K (400 °C and 600 °C). After solidification, both the solid solution and the primary eutectic intermetallics were far from equilibrium. During further heat treatment, the precipitation of fine dispersoids and eutectoid transformation of the primary eutectic particles occurred simultaneously. Having characterized these evolutions under industrial homogenization conditions, the evolution of the microstructure (in terms of its nature, and the quantity, size, and chemical composition of the phases) was characterized during isothermal heat treatment, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, quantitative image analysis, and transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The experimental results are analyzed, and changes in chemical composition are discussed and compared with the calculated equilibrium compositions. It is shown that (1) the chemical composition of eutectic intermetallics evolves and tends toward an equilibrium composition; (2) during precipitation, the chemical composition of dispersoids is constant, and close to the expected equilibrium composition when the initial mean composition of the solidification cell is taken into account; (3) after the formation of dispersoids, the quantity of α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si formed from the initial eutectic intermetallics increased, with the kinetics being controlled by long-range manganese diffusion; and (4) the latter evolution is associated with the dissolution of dispersoids located close to eutectic intermetallics and contributes to the formation of a dispersoid-free zone (DFZ).     

Grain structure development and eutectic solidification of discontinuous magnesium borate whisker reinforced AA2024 matrix composite

Abstract

In the present research, the solidification behaviour of MBO whisker reinforced 2024 aluminium alloy matrix composite (MBO/AA2024) was studied by employing computer based thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the addition of MBO whiskers refines the grain structure in the matrix of the MBO/AA2024 composite. The nucleation of primary α-Al phase took place away from the whisker surfaces and started within the interstice of whiskers. The whiskers had almost no significant influence on the refinement of the eutectic phases.

Dans cette recherche, on a étudié le comportement de solidification du composite (MBO/AA2024) à matrice d’alliage d’aluminium 2024 renforcée par des barbes de MBO, au moyen de l’analyse thermique automatisée, de la microscopie électronique à balayage et de l’analyse calorimétrique à compensation de puissance. Les résultats montrent que l’addition de barbes de MBO affine la structure de grain dans la matrice du composite MBO/AA2024. La nucléation de la phase primaire α-A1 prenait place à l’écart des surfaces de la barbe et commençait à l’intérieur de l’interstice des barbes. Les barbes n’avaient presque pas d’influence sur l’affinement des phases de l’eutectique.     

Influences of different Zr/Sc ratios on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-2Si alloy

The influences of different Zr/Sc ratios on the microstructural evolution and mechanical performances of Al-2 Si alloy were investigated in this paper.The as-cast samples were characterized and analyzed by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) with an energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) to indicate the refining effect of the different Zr/Sc ratios on the α-Al and Si phases in Al-2 Si alloy.The results indicate that the α-Al phases are refined from coarse dendritic structure to relatively fine equiaxed grains when the Zr/Sc ratio is equal to 1:1.Meanwhile,the eutectic Si phase in Al-2 Si-0.2 Zr-0.2 Sc alloy is modified from the coarse plate and needle to fine fiber and partial granular structure,and the average roundness of eutectic Si is decreased by 75% from 16 to 4.With the refinement of α-Al phases and the modification of eutectic Si structure,the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) is improved by 53% and the elongation(EL) is increased by 64% when the Zr/Sc ratio is equal to 1:1.In addition,the UTS decreases and EL is enhanced with the increase of tensile temperature.Moreover,the fracture model of Al-2 Si-0.2 Zr-0.2 Sc alloy in250℃ changes into the ductile fracture.