Using chemical and physical parameters to define the quality of Pardo River water (Botucatu-SP-Brazil)

This paper aims to study the ecological system of the Pardo River, at the source and lower-order passages, which are in the Botucatu area, S?o Paulo State, Brazil. This study was carried out to determine water quality with some chemical-physical indicators, coliforms, and chemical species of samples taken monthly, 1995/02-1996/01, from eight sampling stations sited along the Pardo River. The results in the river monitoring are discussed based on annual averages, analysis of variance, and compared to Tukey's Studentized Range--HSD, and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to normalize data to assess association between variables. We can conclude that the variables used are very efficient for identifying and that the dry season shows the worst water quality. These were caused by organic matter, nutrients (originate) from anthropogenic sources (spatial sources) and mainly municipal wastewater, affecting the quality and hydrochemistry of the river water, which have been differentiated and assigned to polluting sources. Meanwhile, the degree of degradation of the Pardo River is low (sewage treatment carried out by the city of Pardinho is efficient), leaving the water of the river suitable for use by the population of Botucatu, after conventional treatment (Conama, Resolu??o No. 20, CONAMA, Brazilia DF, 09-23, 1986--the water of the Pardo river is classified as level 03).     

Chemical water quality in Thailand and its impacts on the drinking water production in Thailand

In Thailand, surface water and groundwater are the main water sources for tap water and drinking water production. Thirty-six different samples from surface waters from Chao Praya and Mae Klong rivers, tap waters, bottled drinking waters, groundwaters and commercial ice cubes from around the Bangkok area were collected. Water samples were also taken from two waterworks in the Chonburi province. The extensive survey showed that, overall in all water samples investigated, there was only a minor pollution which could be traced back to the analyses performed including amongst others total organic carbon, inorganics and heavy metals, pesticides, organochlorine compounds, volatile organic compounds, surfactants, pharmaceuticals and disinfection by-products. However, whenever organic micropollutants could be detected in surface water, such as, e.g. the herbicide atrazine, they were also present in the tap water produced thereof proving that the present treatment steps are not sufficient for removal of such pollutants. The concentration of disinfection by-products was higher in tap water produced from Chao Praya river than from Mae Klong river. Disinfection by-products were also found in bottled drinking water. Commercial ice cubes contained anionic surfactants and their metabolites at elevated concentrations. The data of this study constitute the first set of homogenous data for the chemical water quality and also aid development of new water quality criteria in Thailand.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the water quality of the Amu Darya River (Central Asia)

Although the use of the water resources in Uzbekistan is strongly limited by their quality, it has to be noted that there is a lack of information and data within the international scientific literature with regard to the water chemical characteristics of the Amu Darya River, one of the main water resources in Central Asia. To add to such knowledge, this paper examines the spatial and temporal variation of the water quality of the Amu Darya River in order to assess its degree of degradation and the main causal factors. The functional relationships of the pollutants with respect to the flow regime are investigated. Finally an "opportune temporal window" for water withdrawal for filling the reservoirs, in relation to human consumption, will be indicated. The high salinization levels of the waters are mainly due to the presence of sulphates and chlorine. At the up-stream site salinity, although presenting elevated concentrations, does not exceed palatability levels; after the 450 km point the opportune temporal window for water withdrawal with acceptable salinity values is reduced to the period from May to September. Two main driving forces govern the temporal variation of the salinity of the Amu Darya water: a low drainage density of the area which limits the salt loads induced by the natural runoff processes, and snow and glacier melting in the upper catchment area which promotes dilution of the dissolved salts during the high-flow period. During low-flow periods salinity is strongly influenced by the return of waters used for land washing and irrigation.     

Influence of the South-North Water Diversion Project and the mitigation projects on the water quality of Han River

Situated in the central part of China, the Han River Basin is undergoing rapid social and economic development with some human interventions to be made soon which will profoundly influence the water environment of the basin. The integrated MIKE 11 model system comprising of a rainfall-runoff model (NAM), a non-point load evaluation model (LOAD), a hydrodynamic model (MIKE 11 HD) and a water quality model (ECOLab) was applied to investigate the impact of the Middle Route of the South-North Water Diversion Project on the Han River and the effectiveness of the 2 proposed mitigation projects, the 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the Yangtze-Han Water Diversion Project. The study concludes that business as usual will lead to a continuing rapid deterioration of the water quality of the Han River. Implementation of the Middle Route of the South-North Water Diversion Project in 2010 will bring disastrous consequence in the form of the remarkably elevated pollution level and high risk of algae bloom in the middle and lower reaches. The proposed WWTPs will merely lower the pollution level in the reach by around 10%, while the Yangtze-Han Water Diversion Project can significantly improve the water quality in the downstream 200-km reach. The results reveal that serious water quality problem will emerge in the middle reach between Xiangfan and Qianjiang in the future. Implementation of the South-North Water Diversion Project (phase II) in 2030 will further exacerbate the problem. In order to effectively improve the water quality of the Han River, it is suggested that nutrient removal processes should be adopted in the proposed WWTPs, and the pollution load from the non-point sources, especially the load from the upstream Henan Province, should be effectively controlled.     

源流长的高梁河(长河)

素有北京"母亲河"之称的高梁河,亦称(南)长河,是北京最早蜿蜒于京郊大地上的一条河流.她千百年来不断流淌,既沉积了历史,也繁衍了文化,既包容了过去,也孕育着未来.她滋养哺育了京城大地.     

Actiflo(R)澄清池及Filtraflo(R)TGV滤池处理黄浦江原水

2006年7月临江水厂扩建工程(20×104m3/d)建成投产,采用法国Veolia Water公司的Actiflo(R)澄清池和TGV(R)锰砂滤池.在调试初期存在运行不稳定、出水浊度高的问题,经过2年多的运行优化,根据黄浦江原水的水质特点,调整了运行参数和加药量,有效降低了澄清池和滤池的出水浊度.目前,扩建系统滤池出水浊度稳定在0.10 NTU左右.     

苏州市西塘河应急水源地水质特性研究

应急水源水质特性研究对于应对水质突发事件具有重要的现实意义,在对西塘河与太湖水质对比监测分析的基础上,探讨了浊度、色度、耗氧量、氨氮、总磷、碱度等14类水质参数的变化特性和水厂工艺调试运行规律.结果表明:西塘河水源浊度在30 NTU左右波动,色度基本保持在25度;耗氧量变化规律与太湖水类似,为3.28～5.76 mg/...     

Water quality assessment of the River Kabul at Peshawar, Pakistan: Industrial and urban wastewater impacts

Untreated wastewater discharges may have significant short term and long term effects on the quality of a river system. Present study was undertaken to assess the present status of the water quality of the River Kabul near Peshawar in Pakistan. Seven sites were sampled upstream and downstream in the River Kabul in 2009. Samples were also taken from waste water channel (Budni Drain) that carries waste-water of Peshawar Industrial Estate as well as the domestic sewers to assess the pollution contribution of these sources to the River Kabul. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the samples were analyzed during the study, as well as possible sources of contamination were investigated. The study showed that the pollution level in river is rising from upstream (at city entrance) to downstream (at city exit) due to discharge of domestic waste water effluents, agricultural activities, and solid waste dumping directly into the river.     

扬水曝气技术对汾河水库原水水质的改善

介绍了扬水曝气器对水库水质的改善.扬水曝气器的混合和充氧作用使水库中下层水体溶解氧的下降趋势得到遏制,底泥表面溶解氧均维持在2 mg/L以上,泥面上0.5 m处的溶解氧维持在3 mg/L以上,越接近扬水曝气器,溶解氧越高.同时抑制了水库底泥中氨氮的释放,与2005年同期相比,氨氮降低了95%.运行结果表明,扬水曝气技术对汾河水库的水质改善具有显著的效果.     

Heavy metal pollution in the Chao Phraya River estuary, Thailand

A study on heavy metal pollution in the Chao Phraya River estuary indicated that the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb in water in the river mouth vicinity was significant, which may have a long term impact on the aquatic environment through precipitation of heavy metals to the bottom sediments and bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of heavy metals in various food chains. Although the seasonal and spatial variations of heavy metals in the sediments and fish did not conform to a definite pattern, the heavy metal contents of samples were higher than those previously reported in the area and in some cases were higher than the mean world concentrations. Thus, Thai people may ingest Hg and Pb in fish in the Chao Phraya River estuary at quantities more than those reported for other countries.     

A decision support system for water quality issues in the Manzanares River (Madrid, Spain)

The Manzanares River, located in Madrid (Spain), is the main water supplier of a highly populated region, and it also receives wastewater from the same area. The effluents of eight Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) downstream of the river, which represent 90% of the flow in the middle and lower parts of the river, are the primary sources of water pollution. Although the situation has improved slightly in the last two years, the water in the river is highly polluted, making it uninhabitable for aquatic life. Water quality modelling is typically used to assess the effect of treatment improvements in water bodies. In this work, the GESCAL module of the Aquatool Decision Support System Shell was used to simulate water quality in the Manzanares River. GESCAL is appropriate for modelling in an integrated way water quality for whole water resources systems, including reservoirs and rivers. A model was built that simulates conductivity, phosphorous, carbonaceous organic matter, dissolved oxygen, organic nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrates. The period from October 2006 to September 2008 was selected for calibration due to the many treatment modifications that occurred during this time. An earlier and longer period, from October 2000 to September 2006, was used for validation. In addition, a daily model was used to analyse the robustness of the GESCAL model. Once the GESCAL model was validated, different scenarios were considered and simulated. First, different combinations of nutrient elimination among the different WWTPs were simulated, leading to the conclusion that investments have to focus on three of the proposed WWTPs. Moreover, these treatments will not be sufficient to maintain fish habitat conditions at all times. Additional measures, such as the increment of the flow in the river or oxygen injection, were simulated. Incrementing the flow of the Manzanares River has been shown to be an efficient means of increasing water quality, but this implies an increment in the risk of water scarcity situations in the Madrid water supply system.     

Statutory Water Quality Objectives and River Water Quality

This paper summarizes some of the key issues which have been considered in developing proposals for a scheme of classifying river quality for the purpose of setting water quality objectives on a statutory basis. Particular attention is given to (a) the relationship between use-related and general water quality targets, (b) the role of biological assessment, and (c) the requirements of EC directives. Following widespread consultation on the proposals, it was concluded that a clear distinction should be made between sets of 'use classes'which would serve to set statutory water quality objectives (SWQOs) and a general quality assessment scheme which would be applied independently to assess trends and general progress over a period of time. Once the classification scheme has been established by the Secretaries of State through regulations, SWQOs will be introduced to river stretches in a number of 'pilot'catchments across England and Wales, following local consultation. The setting of SWQOs will provide the focus for local decision-making on what the appropriate level of water quality should be – taking into account the desired uses of rivers, what will be required to achieve them, and the associated costs.     

混凝和粉末炭去除黄浦江水中DOM的效果

研究表明,混凝去降分子量〉４０００ｕ的溶解性有机场（ＤＯＭ）效果较好,而对分子量〈４０００ｕ的去除效果较差。粉末活性炭去除低分子量的ＤＯＭ效果较好,去除大分子量的ＤＯＭ效果较差。当粉末活性炭投加量较大时,ＤＯＭ分子量的大小对吸附效果的影响减少。黄浦江水中分子量〉４０００ｕ的一部分有机物难以被粉末活性炭吸附去除。     

Water quality and diatom communities in two catalan rivers (N.E. Spain)

Benthic diatom assemblages have been used to evaluate the water quality of two rivers subjected to marked human influences. These rivers, the Llobregat and the Ter, are located in N.E. Spain, and supply water for industrial, agricultural and urban requirements of roughly three million people. The diatom communities in the headwaters are similar in both rivers (Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella ventricosa, Gomphonema anguslatum). Species of Navicula, Nitzschia and Gomphonema develop in the middle reaches of both rivers when not disrupted by extraneous factors. In the river Ter significant pollution modifies this community and Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia gandersheimiensis and Gomphonema parvulum appear as the most tolerant species. In the Llobregat, the pollution from the salt mine operations also modifies the diatom assemblage and Nitzschia frustulum, Surirella ovata, Navicula atomus are the most abundant species. Reservoirs in the river Ter improve the quality of water and a community of Fragilaria sp. pl. becomes dominant downstream.     

渗流式生物床处理污染河水的启动研究

渗流式生物床的成功启动是稳定发挥其净化污染河水功能的重要前提。研究表明，渗流式生物床的自然启动约需40d，而减少进水负荷同时投加营养物则能够有效加快渗流式生物床的启动，启动时间仅约12d。当启动完成并稳定运行时，在HRT为8h的条件下系统对NH4^＋-N的平均去除率为94．4％，对COD的平均去除率为51．3％；当HRT为24h时系统对NH4^＋-N的平均去除率为98．3％，对COD的平均去除率为53．5％。可见，当水力停留时间达到8h后，增加水力停留时间对提高NH4^＋-N和COD去除率的效果不明显。     

水清岸绿,城水融谐——亳州市涡河（105国道——铁路桥段）景观规划

涡河是亳州市区内非常重要的水系。进行涡河景观整治与保育,对亳州城市景观环境改善具有重要作用。通过对亳州市涡河105国道——铁路桥段景观规划研究,探讨生态、功能与文化相互交融的城市滨水景观保育方法。     

Evaluation of Po River water quality in Torino (Italy): Effects of diffuse and local point loads

The aim of this paper is to examine the Po River water quality in a small stretch in Piedmont (northern Italy). In this stretch a large pollution load, derived from the wastewater treatment plant of Torino area (more than 2 million inhabitants), is discharged and diluted in the water. In this study this load has been quantified and modeled in order to understand the sources, destinations and effects of the emitted pollutants. The objective was to determine the impact produced by the Torino Wastewater Treatment Plant on the quality of the water, based on various hydrological conditions and the possible intervention on the point and diffuse loads.     

长春市伊通河北北段水环境治理与生态修复工程设计

概述北方寒冷地区河流水环境治理与生态修复工程的重难点问题,提出工程目标-现状差距-原因分析-对症下药-模型验证-工程目标的闭路循环设计思路。通过污染物溯源解析和水动力-水质模型计算,建立工程措施与目标之间的因果关系,结合项目所在地的环境、气候、水文等实际情况,有针对性地选择污水处理厂提标改造、合流制管道溢流(CSO)调蓄处理、点源污水纳管、多功能复合人工湿地建设、清淤及底泥处理处置、水生动植物群落重构等技术措施,构建智慧水务系统增强运行管理水平,确保监测断面全年度达到水质目标,河道生态系统恢复到健康状态。