酸性水稻土施用磷矿粉的农学有效性和经济效应的评价

4个酸性水稻土施用不同磷源的试验结果显示 :(1)水稻土施用磷肥的增产效应 ,油菜比水稻大得多 :发育第四纪红色黏土红壤稻田 (有效磷含量 6 .3mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 13.7～ 2 2 .2倍 ,而发育于河流冲积物和红砂岩的水稻土 (有效磷含量 10 .8mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 2 .6 8～ 3.6 3倍 ;发育第四纪红色黏土和花岗岩的红壤稻田施用磷肥增加稻谷产量分别为 1.4 %～ 3.8%和 3.5 %～ 7.3% ;(2 )红壤水稻土施用 Gafsa磷矿粉农学相对有效性 (86 .2 %～ 10 4 .7% )与过磷酸钙相近 ,而大大高于昆阳磷矿粉 (47.2 %～ 6 4 .5 % ) ;(3)油菜施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 839～ 5 30 7元 / hm2 )显著高于水稻施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 2 4～ 74 2元 / hm2 ) ;(4)油菜和水稻施用磷肥的产投比昆阳磷矿粉 >Gafsa磷矿粉 >过磷酸钙 ;(5 )在施磷矿粉的基础上 ,施用硫肥可使油菜籽产量提高 8.4 %～ 19.5 % ,而稻谷产量仅提高 1.6 %。     

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil,phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate

A glasshouse trial using lettuce as the test crop, and laboratory incubations were used to evaluate the influence of various nitrogen fertilizers on the availability of phosphate from an unfertilized loamy sand soil and from the same soil fertilized with Sechura phosphate rock or monocalcium phosphate. The order in which nitrogen fertilizer form increased plant yield and P uptake from soil alone and from soil fertilized with the rock was ammonium sulphate > sulphurised urea > ammonium nitrate > urea > potassium nitrate. For each rock application (both 30 and 60 mg/pot) and for soil alone, increased P uptake by the plant correlated well with decreased soil pH. In soil fertilized with the soluble P form, monocalcium phosphate, the form of the nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on plant P uptake. Subsequent laboratory incubation studies showed that increased dissolution of soil-P or Sechura phosphate rock did not occur until acidity, generated by nitrification or sulphur oxidation of the fertilizer materials, had lowered soil pH to below 5.5. A sequential phosphate fractionation procedure was used to show that in soils treated with the acidifying nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulphate and urea, there was considerable release of Sechura phosphate rock P to the soil, amounting to 42% and 27% of the original rock P added, respectively.     

真空冶金法直接从磷矿石制备红磷的新思路

分析了目前红磷国内外生产研究方法中存在的问题,借鉴真空冶金技术的优势,结合国内磷矿资源特点,提出了用真空冶金方法直接从磷矿石制备红磷的新思路.     

Factors affecting the agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rock for direct application

Phosphorus (P) is critically needed to improve soil fertility for sustainable crop production in large areas of developing countries. In recent years, phosphate rock (PR) for direct application has been tested in tropical acid soils as a potential alternative to conventional water-soluble P fertilizers like single superphosphate (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP). Some developing countries have PR deposits which, if used to supplement other imported P fertilizers, would allow a saving of much needed foreign exchange. Solubility of P fertilizers is not the only criterion in selection of the most suitable P fertilizer. This paper discusses the results of experiments to compare the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of various PR sources with respect to SSP or TSP as influenced by four important factors: PR sources, soil properties, management practices, and crop species. Under certain conditions, PRs can be agronomically effective.     

茜素红-S影响胶磷矿和白云石分离机理的研究

研究了茜素红－S（ARS）在胶磷矿和白云石浮选分离中的作用，采用紫外吸收光谱和原子吸收分光光度法探讨了ARS影响胶磷矿和白云 机理。结果表明：ARS不能有效地作为胶磷矿和白云石反浮选分离的调整剂。     

Phosphate rock and phosphate rock/sulphur granules as phosphate fertilizers and their dissolution in soil

A field trial was conducted for 3 years to evaluate phosphate rocks and phosphate rock/sulphur granules as fertilizers for permanent pastures. Two reactive phosphate rocks, North Carolina (USA) and Chatham Rise (New Zealand), and an unreactive Florida (USA) were used. The materials were applied to a highly phosphate retentive allophanic soil of medium to high phosphorus status. Single superphosphate was employed as the standard fertilizer. The fertilizers were applied at four rates including a control in the first year and again in the third year. The field design enabled measurement of residual effects as well. All the plots received blanket applications of sulphate. The rate of dissolution of phosphate rock was measured by determining soil inorganic phosphate fractions at the highest rate of fertilizer application.The reactive phosphate rocks applied with or without sulphur were as effective as superphosphate in the first and third year of the trial respectively under low and medium responsive conditions. The Florida rock was at the best only 55% as effective as superphosphate. When applied after granulating with sulphur the value increased to 72%. In the second year there was no greater residual effect from the phosphate rocks compared with superphosphate. However, in the third year reactive phosphate rocks gave a slightly greater residual effect; averaged over rates of application the yield increase was 23% over control compared with 18% for superphosphate.The reactive phosphate rocks, applied with or without sulphur, dissolved at the rate of 44% of that added in the first year and 62% of that remaining in the second year. The corresponding values for Florida rock were 27% and 30%, and for Florida with elemental sulphur 35% and 33%. Over 3 years about 96% of the reactive rocks dissolved compared with 56% and 78% in the case of Florida and Florida with sulphur respectively.     

Reactive rock phosphate fertilizers and soil testing for phosphorus: The effect of particle size of the rock phosphate

North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application.     

The role of soil pH in the dissolution of phosphate rock fertilizers

The influence of soil pH on the dissolution of phosphate rock fertilizers was investigated in laboratory experiments with reactive North Carolina phosphate rock (PR) in a lateritic soil adjusted to several pH values. Increased soil pH resulted in decreased dissolution as estimated by the increase in exchangeable calcium (Ca) method. The extent of PR dissolution was related to soil pH by an equation of the form Log Ca = a–b pH, and it increased with contact period and rate of PR application. Increased plant available P, as estimated by NaHCO₃ soluble-P (BicP) was about one third of the P dissolved from PR. BicP was related to soil pH by an equation of the form Log Bic P = c–d pH. Dissolution of PR in soil can be considered as a simple chemical reaction between apatite and hydrogen ions supplied by soil constituents.     

The residual value of superphosphate and rock phosphates for lateritic soils and its evaluation using three soil phosphate tests

The residual value of superphosphate and several rock phosphates was measured in three field experiments in Western Australia. The rock phosphates were Christmas Island C-grade ore, calcined C-grade ore (Calciphos) and apatite rock phosphates. The predictive capacity of the Colwell, Olsen and Bray 1 soil tests for phosphate were also evaluated.As measured by yields of variously wheat, oats, barley or clover, the effectiveness of an initial application of superphosphate decreased to about 50% of that of newly applied superphosphate between years 1 and 2, and further decreased to about 20% over subsequent years. At low levels of application, all the rock phosphates were between 10–20% as effective as superphosphate in the year of application for all experiments. Relative to newly applied superphosphate their effectiveness remained approximately constant in subsequent years for two experiments and doubled for the other experiment.The Colwell soil test predicted that the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased to about 45% between years 2 and 3, followed by a more gradual decrease to approximately 15%. At low levels of application, the effectiveness of the rock phosphates as predicted by the Colwell soil test values was initially very low relative to superphosphate (2–30%), and remained low in subsequent years (2–20%). For superphosphate treated soil, the proportion of the added phosphorus extracted generally increased as the level of application increased. By contrast, for rock phosphate treated soil, the proportion of added phosphorus extracted decreased as the level of application increased.For all three experiments there were highly significant positive correlations between amounts of P extracted by the three soil tests. Consequently all soil tests were equally predictive of yield but usually for each soil test separate calibrations between yield and soil test values were required for the different fertilizers and for each combination of fertilizer and plant species and for each year.     

世界磷矿生产消费格局及其变化

介绍世界磷矿资源分布、生产消费格局及其变化。世界磷矿资源分布比较集中,其中以摩洛哥储量最多;世界磷矿石主要用于磷肥生产,其消费量呈增长趋势,其中美国磷矿石消费量下降、中国磷矿石消费量增长,磷矿石价格波动下降;世界磷酸盐产能、产量均增长,磷肥供应持续过剩,预测磷肥供应格局将向中东、北非地区转移。     

Effect of phosphate,calcium, and pH on the dissolution of a phosphate rock in soil

The effect of phosphate (P), calcium (Ca), and pH on the dissolution of Sechura phosphate rock (SPR) in a Typic Dystrochrept was investigated in an incubation study over 90 days. Increasing the P status of the soil had little effect on either the rate or extent of dissolution of SPR, as measured by a single extraction with 0.5M NaOH, or on the amount of plant-available P in the soil as measured by the Bray procedure. This suggests that a reactive PR such as SPR could be effective as a maintenance P fertilizer on soils of medium and high P status.The dissolution of SPR at pH 6.4 was only 4% of total P added, compared to 33.6% of total P added at pH 5.2. Addition of Ca as CaCl₂, at the same rate of Ca as that added in Ca(OH)₂ to raise soil pH from 5.2 to 6.4, reduced the dissolution of SPR to 11% of total P added. The large effect of Ca on the dissolution of SPR contrasts with the small effect of soil P status and probably reflects the fact that the concentration of Ca in the soil solution is generally several orders of magnitude higher than that of P. The results obtained suggest that pH, per se, is of less importance in the dissolution and subsequent plant availability of P from phosphate rock in soil than previously thought.     

沙特某钙质磷矿不脱泥直接浮选的试验研究

用复合捕收剂对沙特某钙质磷矿石进行不经脱泥的直接浮选,一步反浮选后,精矿品位P2O5达32.57％,回收率为92.41％,达到设计要求,克服了原有捕收剂要求原矿脱泥处理后才能浮选的缺点.研究了磨矿细度、捕收剂用量、表面活性剂用量及选矿废水循环利用对浮选指标的影响.     

The effect of particle size on North Carolina phosphate rock on its dissolution in soil and on levels of bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus

The effect of the particle size of North Carolina phosphate rock on its dissolution in soil was investigated in the laboratory using four size fractions (150–250, 106–125, 45–53 and < 38µm) and two levels of application. Dissolution as measured by soil-exchangeable Ca increased to a minor extent with both decreasing particle size and incubation period. For a PR application of 400µg P/soil the percentage dissolution ranged with decreasing particle size from 13 to 18% and 14 to 20% of applied P for 7 and 35 days incubation periods respectively. The highest percentage dissolution occurred for the smallest particle size. The percentage dissolution was much lower (6–7% and 7–8% of applied P for 7- and 35-day incubation respectively) for the higher application level of 1600µg P/g soil although the absolute amounts of dissolution were larger. Amounts of bicarbonate-soluble p in the soil also increased with decreasing particle size and were about 3–4% and 1% of applied P for 400 and 1600µg P/g levels of application respectively for the 35-day incubation.     

声场对过磷酸钙生产中磷矿硫酸反应的影响

进行了声场对过磷酸钙生产中磷矿硫酸系统的热效应、力学效应及反应过程影响的实验研究。结果表明 :使用超声波可以明显加快过程速度 ,鲜肥转化率提高 6% ,系统温度提高 8℃。适宜的声强为 2W·cm- 2 左右 ,作用时间为 5～ 10min。     

弧形筛在湿法磷酸磷矿石粉磨上运用的可行性

介绍弧形筛结构原理、主要性能及在水泥行业的运用情况 ,分析了弧形筛在湿法磷酸磷矿石粉磨上运用的可行性。     

不同品种磷肥在土壤中的退化研究

对钙镁磷肥（FMP）、过磷酸钙（SSP）和部分酸化磷肥（PAPR）在河南郑州西岗沙土和河南西华县潮土中的退化情况进行了研究。     

几种浮选机对胶磷矿直接浮选工艺的适应性

根据胶磷矿对浮选机的特殊要求 ,通过对几种在王集磷矿选厂使用、试验过的浮选机的结构性能及其运行、试验情况论述 ,提出了胶磷矿浮选机应具备的结构性能。     

磷酸装置提高萃取槽磷矿转化率的研究与应用

三环分公司P2O580 kt/a磷酸装置,磷矿转化率仅96.01%。为提高转化率,降低生产成本,在分析硫酸分解磷矿的理论和装置生产现状的基础上,从萃取工艺、设备、操作、生产管理等方面,采取了一系列技改措施,使磷矿转化率提高到97.18%,磷收率提高,经济效益显著。     

The effect of matongo rock phosphate and urea as compared to di-ammonium phosphate in the composting process and the yield of potatoes in the Mugamba region in Burundi

In the Mugamba region in Burundi, trials at 14 locations on potatoes comparing (i) non-treated compost, (ii) treated compost with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and (iii) treated compost with local phosphoric rock from Matongo (RPM) and urea were installed on Kaolisols. When compared to non-treated compost, significantly higher amounts of DAP and RPM treated composts were harvested. Fertiliser-treated composts showed better C/N ratios, and higher P and N contents than the non-treated compost. Analysis of potato yields using analysis of variance showed a linear response to compost dose but there was no statistical difference between the three forms of compost as indicated by the study of the interactions linear x compost-sources and quadratic x compost-sources, while regression analysis indicated that the response curves for non-treated compost and DAP compost were significantly different, the RPM compost occupying an intermediate position. Using the non-treated compost as a reference, the Relative Agronomic efficiencies of DAP- and RPM-compost, based on the regression coefficients are 146 and 118 respectively. Economic analysis showed higher profits, value/cost (V/C) and better risk factors for the different doses of RPM compost used in this study, when compared to untreated compost. Application of organic matter and lime had a favourable effect on pH, exchangeable Aluminium and P Bray-1 contents of the soils, RPM and DAP-composts behaving in a similar way.     

The agronomic effectiveness of reactive rock phosphate,partially acidulated rock phosphate and monocalcium phosphate in soils of different pH

The initial and residual fertilizer effectiveness of North Carolina RP (rock phosphate), monocalcium phosphate and partially acidulated RP (made from North Carolina RP at 30% acidulation), both granulated and non-granulated, were measured in a glasshouse experiment. Triticale (xTriticosecale) was grown for 30 days on a soil that had been adjusted to three pH values (4.2, 5.2 and 6.2). Two crops were grown with a six month interval between crops. The effectiveness of the different fertilizers was compared using relationships between (1) yield of dried tops and the amount of P applied and (2) P content (P concentration in tissue multiplied by yield) and the amount of P applied. For the first crop, relative effectiveness (RE) of the fertilizers was calculated relative to granulated monocalcium phosphate, the most effective fertilizer. Monocalcium phosphate was not applied to the second crop, so relative residual effectiveness (RRE) was estimated for each fertilizer relative to the residual effectiveness of granulated monocalcium phosphate.The relative effectiveness of granulated monocalcium phosphate (band application) was greater (RE = 1.00) than of North Carolina RP (0.01–0.02) and partially acidulated RP (0.45–0.76) for all three soil pH values for the first crop. Granulation and band application increased the effectiveness of monocalcium phosphate and partially acidulated RP, but reduced the effectiveness of North Carolina RP. Both non-granulated monocalcium phosphate and partially acidulated RP were less effective than granulated partially acidulated RP for both crops. For the second crop granulated monocalcium phosphate was most effective and the RRE of non-granulated partially acidulated RP (0.16–0.32) and North Carolina RP (0.19–0.28) was greater than for non-granulated monocalcium phosphate (0.12). For the more acidic soil the RE of non-granulated North Carolina RP was four times higher than for the high pH soil for the first crop and 60% higher for the second crop, but it was still poorly effective relative to granulated monocalcium phosphate. Granulated North Carolina RP was least effective among all the fertilizers for all soil pH values and for both crops.