感应淬火对合金铸铁组织与油摩擦性能的影响

目的 优化感应淬火工艺,为提高合金铸铁表面硬度及耐磨性能提供理论依据。方法 通过热力学计算和同步热分析法测试分析了合金铸铁相变规律,并对该材料在6 kW和8 kW功率下进行了2~8 s高频表面淬火。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、洛氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机,研究了不同感应淬火工艺对合金铸铁显微组织、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果 合金铸铁经感应淬火后,组织为珠光体+马氏体+石墨+磷共晶,随加热时间延长,马氏体含量增多,珠光体与磷共晶逐渐减少,直至6 kW/8 s、8 kW/6 s时消失,但是继续延长时间会产生裂纹。硬化区硬度随加热时间增长而提高,峰值为50HRC,二者的关系可用Logistic曲线描述。硬度升高会提升耐磨性,超过一定硬度后,摩擦系数在0.11波动。不同形式的裂纹可以造成磨痕宽度具有不同的变化规律。结论 感应淬火可有效提升合金铸铁的表面硬度及油摩擦性能。     

基于ABAUQS-Matlab对42CrMo钢表面感应淬火奥氏体化参数的研究

目的 确定42CrMo钢感应淬火过程的奥氏体相变动力学参数,并验证其可靠性。方法 根据不同加热速率下42CrMo钢奥氏体膨胀曲线,基于经典JMAK（Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov）模型和Kissinger方法,确定了42CrMo钢奥氏体化相变动力学的参数。建立ABAQUS局部移动式感应淬火模型,选取淬火区域加热过程中点的温度变化曲线作为验证奥氏体化模型的对象。基于Scheil法则和JMAK相变动力学模型,采用文中求解得到的奥氏体化参数,采用Matlab对42CrMo连续转变过程离散为每个时间间隔的等温相变并求解,并对照相关学者采用的扩展解析动力学模型和JAMK模型,加以验证。结果 根据上述方法,得到的42CrMo奥氏体相变动力学参数为：激活能Q为2.04×106 J/mol,指前因子lnk0的值取230.78,Avrami指数n取0.427。将淬火加热过程离散为数量很大的均匀时间间隔,并以求解的动力学模型在每个间隔内进行对应温度条件下奥氏体体积分数的求解并顺次叠加,以模拟得到的奥氏体转变时间和转变温度等作为依据,该模型有良好的表现性。结论 对42CrMo非等温且加热速度不恒定的连续奥氏体转变过程,JAMK模型拟合表现良好,采用文中求解的参数组对表面感应淬火的奥氏体转变历程进行仿真预测是可行的。     

感应淬火对42CrMo钢曲轴连杆轴颈组织性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、X射线应力分析、力学性能测试等手段,分析了感应淬火处理对42CrMo钢曲轴连杆轴颈截面组织和残余应力的影响,探讨了不同淬火功率对淬硬层形貌、显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,42CrMo钢曲轴连杆轴颈截面由淬硬层、过渡层和基体3部分组成,淬硬层组织为均匀细小的马氏体,过渡层组织为马氏体和回火索氏体的混合组织,基体组织为回火索氏体。经感应淬火处理,42CrMo钢曲轴连杆轴颈表面残余应力由拉应力变为压应力,随着感应淬火功率的增加,淬硬层深度增加,组织不断细化,当感应淬火功率为2500 W,组织最为均匀细小,表面硬度达到了751.3 HV0.1,耐磨性大幅提升;但是淬火功率过高会导致组织粗化,当感应淬火功率为2600 W时,组织有所粗化,硬度也有所降低。     

Coupled thermodynamic/kinetic analysis of diffusional transformations during laser hardening and laser welding

Several important industrial material processes, such as welding and surface treatments with high energy beams, incorporate rapid thermal cycles characterized by high heating/cooling rates and short dwell times. Computational simulation of the evolution of microstructure under these extreme conditions has received rather limited attention. With the advent of modern computational tools regarding alloy thermodynamics and kinetics, it is possible to simulate the progress of diffusional phase transformations and thus to predict microstructural development. In the present work, moving boundary diffusion problems have been simulated for two cases. In the first case the rapid austenitization during laser transformation hardening of a hypoeutectoid steel was examined. The effects of heating rate, maximum temperature, dwell time and initial microstructure fineness were analyzed. In the second case the aging, dissolution and coarsening of strengthening precipitates in the heat affected zone of laser welds in Al–Mg–Si alloys was examined. The simulation provided the variation of the volume fraction and average size of the strengthening phase during the weld thermal cycle. In both cases the calculations were performed by applying the coupled thermodynamics and kinetics approach, incorporated in the DICTRA program. This kind of simulation provides useful information for the design of the above processes.     

回火态AerMet100钢的热物理性能

AerMet100钢是一种先进的二次硬化型Ni-Co-Cr系结构钢,通过试验获得了回火态AerMet100钢的密度、热应变、弹性模量、泊松比、热导率、流变应力随温度的变化情况,以及升温过程奥氏体转变Ac₁和Ac₃点,降温过程马氏体转变Ms点和马氏体转变系数K_m。最后基于获得的回火态AerMet100钢热物理性能数据,以齿轮淬火过程为例,采用SYSWELD有限元分析软件进行了仿真分析。结果表明,回火态AerMet100钢的室温组织为回火马氏体+残留奥氏体,在升温过程中奥氏体反应热焓为42 600 J/kg,其他热物理性能参数均在Ac₁~Ac₃范围内发生非线性变化,且测试状态和升温速度不同导致Ac₁和Ac₃存在差异,回火态AerMet100钢不同冷却速度下的Ms基本一致,约为213 ℃,马氏体转变系数K_m值为0.011 736。SYSWELD有限元仿真分析表明,试验获得的各项热物理性能数据可用于该钢的热处理模拟分析。     

A comparative study on non-quenched and quenched prehardened steel for large section plastic mould

The non-quenched prehardened (NQP) steel and quenched and tempered prehardened (QP) steel for plastic mould were compared in terms of their microstructures, machinability, hardness and weldability along with their continuous cooling transformation. Results show that the microstructure of the NQP steel bloom consists of bainite through the whole section, while tempered martensite and bainite are found across the whole section of the QP steel. However, hardness fluctuations of two types of steel are not more than 3 HRC, for the former contributed to the high bainitic hardenability, while, for the latter, microstructures were adjusted by heat treatment after forging. Compared with the QP steel, the NQP steel results in better machinability, weldability and requires a simplified process that saves energy.     

激光相变强化工艺参数对40CrNiMo钢组织与耐磨性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

航空发动机传动部件服役过程易磨损失效,为提高其寿命和可靠性需进行表面强化。在40Cr Ni Mo合金钢表面进行激光相变强化处理,通过调控扫描速度获得不同激光相变强化区组织,对其显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行表征。结果表明,随扫描速度降低,硬化层宽度和深度增大,显微组织变粗,马氏体含量增加。不同扫描速度下,硬化层表面显微硬差异小,为77~789 HV,相比基材(330 HV)提升135%以上。激光相变强化处理后,试样耐磨性大幅提升,硬化区组织为孪晶马氏体+回火索氏体的试样耐磨性最优,摩擦因数相比基材降低24.9%,磨损体积减少94.3%。研究表明,由高强的细小孪晶马氏体和韧性较好的细小回火索氏体组成的复相组织,能有效阻碍裂纹形成和扩展,显著提升耐磨性能。调控激光相变强化工艺参数,获得高强马氏体+韧性相的复相组织,能获得优异的耐磨性能。     

FEM modeling of induction hardening processes in steel

A modeling system for analyzing the integrated induction hardening processes was developed based on a general-purpose finite element program, with the capability to analyze the whole process from electromagnetic-induced thermal heating to final hardening. A coupled electromagnetic-thermal model was applied to study the induction heating process, which includes consideration of nonlinear material characteristics on temperature. Also, arrangement of AC current density distribution was conducted to simulate practical induction coil structure and magnetic concentrator effects to achieve desired heating patterns for later quenching and hardening analysis. Quenching analysis can provide cooling curve at any location in a heat-treated workpiece based on heat transfer principles. In hardening analysis, phase transformation was studied and an algorithm was developed to determine volumetric content of micro-structural constituents formed from austenitized phase in quenching process, based on analysis of the interaction between cooling curve and material time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. Finally, hardness value was converted from martensite content based on a developed formulation. Validation was preliminary conducted based on comparison of hardening pattern of induction hardening of an automotive spindle with complex surface.     

硬岩掘进盾构机刀圈的热处理

采用电渣重熔、多向锻造和超细化处理对刀圈用H13钢的微观组织进行了优化,并对优化后的H13钢进行了常规热处理,分析该钢硬度与冲击韧性之间的关系,据此对H13钢刀圈进行弹硬热处理。结果表明:经弹硬热处理后,刀刃形成回火马氏体组织,硬度提高至59 HRC;刀座形成回火托氏体组织,硬度降低为44 HRC,冲击吸收能量升至23.5 J,实现了高硬刀刃与高弹刀座的性能配合,进而使刀圈具有收缩回弹的弹性特点,显著提高刀圈的使用寿命与破岩效率。     

Changes of Tempering Microstructure and Properties of Fe-Cr-V-Ni-Mn-C Cast Alloys

The changes of tempering microstructure and properties of Fe-Cr-V-Ni-Mn-C cast alloys with martensite matrix and much retained austenite are studied. The results showed that when tempering at 200℃ the amount of retained austenite in the alloys is so much that is nearly to as-cast, and a lot of retained austenite decomposes when tempering at 350℃ and the retained austenite decomposes almost until tempering at 560℃. When tempering at 600℃, the retained austenite in the alloys all decomposes. At 560℃ the hardness is highest due to secondary hardening. The effect of nickel and manganese on the microstructure and properties of Fe-Cr-V-C cast alloy were also studied. The results show that the Fe-Cr-V-C cast alloy added nickel and manganese can obtain martensite matrix and much retained austenite microstructure, and nickel can also prevent pearlite transformation. With the increasing content of nickel and manganese, the hardness of as-cast alloy will decreases gradually, so one can improve the hardness of alloy by tempering process. When the content of nickel and manganese is 1.3～1.7%, the hardness of secondary hardening is the highest (HRC64). But when the content of nickel and manganese increase continually, the hardness of secondary hardening is low slightly, and the tempering temperature of secondary hardening rises.     

中锰钢中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对马氏体相变的影响

对中锰钢中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对马氏体相变动力学的影响进行了分析。利用SEM、XRD、热膨胀相变仪和EBSD等检测手段,研究了不同原奥氏体晶粒尺寸下马氏体相变速率和马氏体板条组织的变化。通过不同温度的奥氏体化处理,分别得到了尺寸为(190±15)、(36±2)、(11±2)和(4.8±2) μm的原奥氏体晶粒。结果表明:随着原奥氏体晶粒尺寸的降低,马氏体相变开始温度由289 ℃降低到250 ℃,而马氏体的相变速率先升高后降低。分析表明,马氏体的相变速率与马氏体的形核点数量直接相关,而马氏体的形核点数量受原奥氏体晶粒尺寸大小和马氏体板条的宽长比影响。当原奥氏体晶粒尺寸小于5 μm时,马氏体板条的宽长比明显增加,马氏体形核点数目随过冷度增加而增加的速率明显降低,从而造成马氏体相变速率降低。     

非调质NM400复相耐磨钢的相变行为

为进一步优化非调质NM400复相耐磨钢不同组织配比,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机探究了试验钢在连续冷却条件下的组织转变规律,并结合金相法和硬度法,绘制出试验钢的动态连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,当冷速低于1 ℃/s时,试验钢组织为铁素体+粒状贝氏体+珠光体,部分粗大的原奥氏体晶粒转变为粒状贝氏体和珠光体。在冷却速率为5~40 ℃/s时,试验钢不再发生珠光体转变,显微组织均为铁素体+贝氏体+马氏体。并随着冷速的增加,马氏体含量不断增加,硬度升高;此外,不同分段冷却方案下,较低的中冷温度以及较长的空冷时间均有利于铁素体和贝氏体的转变。同时,残留奥氏体含量则随铁素体含量的增大而增大;由于试验钢的Ms点较高,马氏体板条较宽,并且有自回火现象发生。     

激光熔化沉积300M超高强度钢的显微组织

利用OM和SEM分析了激光熔化沉积快速成形300M钢薄板的显微组织,测试了硬度随沉积高度的变化规律.结果表明:薄板状试样具有细小、均匀的胞状树枝晶组织,其显微组织随沉积高度增加变化显著,底部为贝氏体及马氏体回火组织,中、下部为无碳化物贝氏体 岛状马氏体/奥氏体(M-A)组织,中、上部为马氏体和贝氏体的混合组织;试样宏观硬度沿沉积增高方向呈台阶状变化,3个硬度平台区分别对应于上述3种不同的显微组织.试样显微组织及硬度随沉积高度的变化是由于激光熔化沉积过程中不同沉积高度处的材料经历的快速非稳态热循环历史不同,从而发生不同的固态相变过程所致.     

碳钢及合金钢搭接激光淬火回火软化特征

进行了459、Cr2Mo和W18Cr4V钢多道搭接激光淬火实验,结果表明,激光淬火表面都存在搭接区的回火软化现象,45钢软化区宽度最大,W18Cr4V钢软化区宽度最窄。在搭接回火区,45钢组织主要为回火索氏体和和少量回火马氏体,9Cr2Mo钢的主要为回火马氏体、索氏体和少量碳化物,而W18Cr4V的组织由针状马氏体和少量的粒状碳化物构成。根据马氏体回火过程中的碳原子扩散特征,分析和计算了碳扩散激活能和回火时间对马氏体组织的影响。     

新型模具制取变强度制件及其力学性能研究

设计出利用感应加热方式形成变强度制件的热冲压新型分区模具,进行了热-流-固耦合场的理论分析,建立了热-力耦合有限元模型,得到了板料在热冲压过程中温度和维氏硬度的分布。仿真结果表明,当模具感应加热端温度升至400℃时,加热端的冷却速度为13.6℃·s~(-1),冷却速度决定了板料不同温区的微观组织和维氏硬度。利用该模具进行了热冲压实验,对不同温区的微观组织和维氏硬度进行检测。结果表明:该模具可冲压不同高温区(低强度)形状的制件。制件高温区已经基本转化为贝氏体组织,过渡区转化为马氏体、贝氏体和铁素体多相混合组织,低温区转化为板条状马氏体组织。设计出的新型分区模具可以获得变强度制件,为成形复杂变强度零件和工艺参数的优化提供了依据。     

钢板连续移动感应淬火温度场数值模拟及实验研究

目的 通过数值模拟,研究电源频率、电流密度、钢板移动速度对感应淬火过程中钢板温度场的影响规律,为实际应用中的参数选取提供参考。方法 利用ANSYS APDL语言建立钢板连续移动感应淬火过程的有限元计算模型,对不同工艺参数下的钢板温度场进行数值模拟。以优化后的工艺参数对20 mm厚的40Cr钢板进行感应淬火实验,利用热电偶对钢板关键点温度进行测量,通过金相显微镜和显微硬度计对淬火后的钢板进行微观组织和硬度分析。结果 钢板关键点温度计算结果与测量结果的最大误差率约为4%,表明该模型具有较高的计算精度。不同工艺参数下钢板温度场的分析结果表明：电源频率越高,电流密度越大,则加热速度越快,且随着电源频率的升高,高温区深度先增大后减小;而电流密度越大,钢板移动速度越慢,则高温区深度越大。钢板淬火后,其厚度方向上的微观组织基本上分为三个区：相变硬化区、热影响过渡区和未相变区。相变硬化区组织为细小的针状马氏体,最高硬度达700HV,淬硬层深度约6 mm;热影响过渡区中马氏体逐渐减少;未相变区仍保持原始珠光体和铁素体组织。结论 模拟计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,可用来指导实际应用中的参数选取。     

Effect of prior microstructures on the behavior of cementite particles during subcritical annealing of medium carbon steels

The effect of prior microstructures on the behavior of cementite particles in conjunction with microstructural changes of the matrix during subcritical annealing was investigated by changing the initial microstructures into ferrite + coarse pearlite, ferrite + fine pearlite, bainite, and martensite, in medium carbon steels. While the coarsening of cementite particles in martensite proceeded rapidly with the growth of large cementite particles at boundaries with the dissolution of smaller particles within martensite laths, the coarsening rate of cementite particles in bainite was found to be much slower than that in martensite. This could be attributed to the thermal stability of cementite particles, the smaller amount of carbon in solution, and the lower driving force for solute diffusion due to the uniform size distribution of cementite particles in bainite. The controlling coarsening kinetics in medium carbon steels with ferrite-pearlite, bainite and martensite, were found as boundary diffusion, diffusion along dislocation, a combination of boundary diffusion and diffusion along dislocation, respectively.     

回火对钢结硬质合金DGJW30组织和性能的影响

借助金相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析、硬度和性能测定研究了淬火后回火温度对电冶熔铸钢结硬质合金DGJW30显微组织、硬度和抗弯强度的影响。结果表明,经200℃、450℃和650℃回火后,DGJW30钢结合金的显微组织分别为马氏体和残留奥氏体、回火托氏体和回火索氏体;随着回火温度的升高,DGJW30钢结合金的硬度下降,抗弯强度则先升高后下降。     

17-4PH不锈钢激光气体渗氮层显微组织与摩擦学性能

目的 提高17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的表面硬度及耐磨性。方法 采用光纤激光器对17-4PH不锈钢进行激光气体氮化,采用不同激光功率在其表面制备渗氮层。利用光学显微镜(OM)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备分析渗氮层的显微组织和相组成;借助显微硬度仪测试渗氮层截面深度方向的硬度;采用多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试基体、渗氮层的摩擦学性能,并通过SEM分析磨痕形貌,揭示基体与渗氮层的磨损机制。结果 在渗氮前样品组织为回火马氏体,经激光渗氮后样品表面形成了由板条马氏体组成的熔化区和回火马氏体组成的热影响区构成的渗氮层。经渗氮后,样品的硬度均得到提高。在激光功率3 000 W下,渗氮层的表面硬度最高,达到了415HV0.2,约是基体硬度的1.2倍,渗氮层的硬度随着深度的增加呈下降趋势,在深度为2.6 mm处其硬度与基体一致。在回火马氏体向板条马氏体转变的相变强化,以及氮原子(以固溶方式进入基体)的固溶强化作用下,提高了渗氮层的硬度。经渗氮后,样品的摩擦因数均高于基体,但渗氮后其磨损量相较于基体有所减少,在激光功率3 000 W下,其磨损体积最小,相较于基体减少了62%。在激光功率2 500 W下马氏体转变不完全,在激光功率3 500 W下渗氮层出现了裂纹,都降低了渗氮层的硬度,其耐磨性也随之减小,且都略低于在3 000 W下。磨损机制由渗氮前的以黏着磨损为主,转变为渗氮后的以磨粒磨损为主。结论 在17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面进行激光渗氮后,其表面硬度和耐磨性均得到提高,在激光功率3 000 W下制备的渗氮层具有较高的表面硬度和优异的耐磨性。     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of ball-milled stainless steel powder: The effect of hot-pressing vs. laser sintering

The microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered stainless steel powder, of composition AISI 420, have been measured. Ball-milled powder comprising nanoscale grains was sintered to bulk specimens by two alternative routes: hot-pressing and microlaser sintering. The laser-sintered alloy has a porosity of 6% and comprises a mixture of delta ferrite and tempered martensite, and the relative volume fraction varies along the axis of the specimen due to a thermal cycle that evolves with progressive deposition. In contrast, the hot-pressed alloy has a porosity of 0.7% and exhibits a martensitic lath structure with carbide particles at the boundaries of the prior austenite grains. These differences in microstructure lead to significant differences in mechanical properties. For example, the uniaxial tensile strength of the hot-pressed material is one-half of its compressive strength, due to void initiation at the carbide particles at the prior austenite grain boundaries. Nanoindentation measurements reveal a size effect in hardness and also reveal the sensitivity of hardness to the presence of mechanical polishing and electropolishing.