Effect of high‐pressure treatments on microbial loads and physicochemical characteristics during refrigerated storage of raw milk Serra da Estrela cheese samples

This work studied the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 400, 500 and 600 MPa during 10, 5 and 3 min, respectively, on samples ewe cheese manufactured from raw milk, during storage (100 days) at 5 °C. Total aerobic mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria were slightly affected, decreasing by about 1.0 and 0.82 log CFU g^?1, respectively, immediately after HPP treatment at 600 MPa for 3 min, while Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds, and Listeria innocua were reduced to below the quantification limits. Lactic acid bacteria decreased further during storage, showing increasing inactivation as the pressure level increased. Physicochemical parameters (water activity, moisture content, pH and titratable acidity) were generally not affected by HPP, while lipid oxidation increased throughout storage, with HPP samples showing lower values (50–66%) at 100 days of storage. The results indicated that HPP has potential to improve cheese microbial safety and shelf‐life, with a lower lipid oxidation level than nonpressurised cheese.     

超高压及三聚磷酸钠质量分数对肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及热胶凝过程的影响

为探究超高压处理及三聚磷酸钠质量分数对肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及热胶凝过程的影响,在不同压力条件（100、200、300 MPa）下对添加不同质量分数（0%、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%）三聚磷酸钠的兔骨骼肌肌球蛋白进行25 ℃、9 min超高压处理后再经程序升温（1 ℃/min）制备凝胶,以未经超高压处理的含质量分数0.30%三聚磷酸钠的肌球蛋白为对照组,测定凝胶的保水性,并筛选出对其有显著影响的参数组合。在该条件下对蛋白的溶解度、ATP酶活力和升温过程中的蛋白二级结构含量、表面疏水性、活性巯基含量、静态流变性以及凝胶微观结构等指标进行测定。结果显示：含质量分数0.15%三聚磷酸钠的肌球蛋白经不高于200 MPa的超高压处理后,其溶解度显著下降,ATP酶活力显著上升（P＜0.05）;质量分数0.15%三聚磷酸钠对超高压处理诱导的肌球蛋白功能特性变化存在拮抗作用,且蛋白在升温过程中的变性、聚集受抑制,随着三聚磷酸钠质量分数升高到0.30%,拮抗作用消失,蛋白在热胶凝过程中结构充分展开,疏水基团与所包埋的巯基快速暴露,形成的凝胶结构富有弹性且致密有序,保水性显著提高（P＜0.05）;而300 MPa超高压处理使蛋白的ATP酶活力丧失,溶解度及热变性程度降低,分子间交联弱化,最终使凝胶保水性显著下降（P＜0.05）。三聚磷酸钠通过影响蛋白的结构与理化特性,改变其热凝胶形成过程中的变性速率与交联方式,导致最终凝胶保水性发生变化。     

Combined pressure–temperature effects on the chemical marker (4-hydroxy-5-methyl- 3(2H)-furanone) formation in whey protein gels

Chemical markers, such as furanone, are intrinsically formed in foods at elevated process temperatures, and have been successfully used as indirect indicators of heating patterns in advanced thermal proces-ses such as aseptic processing, microwave sterilization and ohmic heating. However, very limited information is available on suitability of these chemical markers during combined pressure–heat treatment. The present study was conducted on the formation and stability of chemical marker M-2 (4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H) furanone, a by-product of Maillard reaction) as a function of pressure, temperature and pH. Whey protein gels (containing 1g ribose/100g gel mix) at pH 6.1 and 8.3 were subjected to pressure assisted thermal processing (PATP; 350 and 700 MPa, 105 °C), high pressure processing (HPP; 350 and 700 MPa, 30 °C) and thermal processing (TP; 0.1 MPa, 105 °C) for different holding times. Unprocessed gel was used as control. The marker yield was quantified using HPLC. The initial concentrations of M-2 in the gels were 9.17 and 6.1 mg/100 g at pH 6.1 and 8.3, respectively. As expected, heat treatment at 105 °C, 0.1 MPa increased M-2 concentration. The marker yield increased with increase in holding time, following a first order kinetics and decreased with increasing pH. Pressure treatments from 350 to 700 MPa at 30 °C reduced the chemical marker formation for both pH values investigated. Marker formation during combined pressure-temperature (105 °C, 350 and 700 MPa) was influenced by both heat (which favored the marker formation) and pressure (which hindered marker formation). The net final concentration of the marker formed during PATP was higher than HPP, but lower than thermal treatments. This study suggests that 4-hydroxy, 5-methyl, 3(2H) furanone may not be a suitable marker for evaluating pressure–heat uniformity during PATP.     

High-Pressure Pretreatment to Improve the Water Retention of Sodium-Reduced Frozen Chicken Breast Gels with Two Organic Anion Types of Potassium Salts

The effect of high-pressure pretreatment (HPP, 100–300 MPa) before heating on the water holding capacity (WHC) and cooking loss (CL) of sodium-reduced (1.35% NaCl) frozen chicken breast gels with the organic anion types potassium lactate (KL-gel) and potassium citrate (KC-gel) was investigated. The results showed that 100–300 MPa could significantly decrease the CL of both gels, and 200 MPa increased the WHC of the KC-gel (P?<?0.05). HPP could decrease the storage modulus (G′) of meat batters, increase the thermal stability of their proteins, facilitate gelation with a dense and uniform microstructure, and immobilize free water, thus improving the gel’s water retention. The water retention of the pressurized sodium-reduced gel varied with the organic anion types of salts. The water retention was better with pressurized KC-gel than with KL-gel, resulting from higher pH and thermal stability of the batters. These results indicate that proper HPP could improve the water retention of sodium-reduced meat gels with organic potassium salts, thus increasing the economic benefit and properties of sodium-reduced products from frozen meat.     

超高压对肌球蛋白-海藻酸钠-氯化钙混合凝胶特性的影响

本实验以含有0.5%海藻酸钠（sodium alginate,SA）和0.2%氯化钙（CaCl2）的鸡肉肌球蛋白混合体系（M-SA-CaCl2）为研究对象,考察超高压处理（high pressure processing,HPP）（100～400 MPa）对混合体系凝胶特性（凝胶保水性（water-holding capacity,WHC）和凝胶强度）的影响。通过分析M-SA-CaCl2混合体系表面疏水性、活性巯基含量、流变特性及凝胶微结构的变化,探讨混合凝胶特性的变化机制。结果表明： 1）混合凝胶WHC随着压力的提高（100～400 MPa）而显著增加（P＜0.05）,而凝胶强度随之显著降低（P＜0.05）; 2）HPP能够增加M-SA-CaCl2混合凝胶体系内部的活性巯基含量,强化混合体系内部疏水作用,减弱SA和CaCl2对肌球蛋白凝胶的增强作用,降低肌球蛋白的热凝胶能力以及凝胶网络结构的蛋白质聚集程度,由此导致混合凝胶特性的变化。     

Effects of Rigor Status during High‐Pressure Processing on the Physical Qualities of Farm‐Raised Abalone (Haliotis rufescens)

High‐pressure processing (HPP) is used to increase meat safety and shelf‐life, with conflicting quality effects depending on rigor status during HPP. In the seafood industry, HPP is used to shuck and pasteurize oysters, but its use on abalones has only been minimally evaluated and the effect of rigor status during HPP on abalone quality has not been reported. Farm‐raised abalones (Haliotis rufescens) were divided into 12 HPP treatments and 1 unprocessed control treatment. Treatments were processed pre‐rigor or post‐rigor at 2 pressures (100 and 300 MPa) and 3 processing times (1, 3, and 5 min). The control was analyzed post‐rigor. Uniform plugs were cut from adductor and foot meat for texture profile analysis, shear force, and color analysis. Subsamples were used for scanning electron microscopy of muscle ultrastructure. Texture profile analysis revealed that post‐rigor processed abalone was significantly (P < 0.05) less firm and chewy than pre‐rigor processed irrespective of muscle type, processing time, or pressure. L values increased with pressure to 68.9 at 300 MPa for pre‐rigor processed foot, 73.8 for post‐rigor processed foot, 90.9 for pre‐rigor processed adductor, and 89.0 for post‐rigor processed adductor. Scanning electron microscopy images showed fraying of collagen fibers in processed adductor, but did not show pressure‐induced compaction of the foot myofibrils. Post‐rigor processed abalone meat was more tender than pre‐rigor processed meat, and post‐rigor processed foot meat was lighter in color than pre‐rigor processed foot meat, suggesting that waiting for rigor to resolve prior to processing abalones may improve consumer perceptions of quality and market value.     

Contribution of High‐Pressure‐Induced Protein Modifications to the Microenvironment and Functional Properties of Rabbit Meat Sausages

Rabbit meat batters were subjected to high pressure (HP, 100 to 300 MPa for 3, 9, or 15 min) to elucidate their effects on proteins structures, the microenvironment, and the resulting functionalities of the subsequently heated products. To determine these effects, we investigated structural and microenvironmental changes using Raman spectroscopy and also expressible moisture content, textural characteristics, and dynamic rheological properties of batters during heating (20 to 80 °C). Untreated samples served as controls. Analysis of specific Raman spectral regions demonstrated that applications of HP to rabbit meat batters tended to induce the transformation of the all‐gauche S‐S conformation to gauche‐gauche‐trans in the batter system. HP treatment higher than 100 MPa for 9 min promoted secondary structural rearrangements, and molecular polarity enhancement in the proteins prior to cooking. Also, increases of O–H stretching intensities of rabbit meat sausages were obtained by HP treatment, denoting the strengthening of water‐holding capacity. These HP‐induced alterations resulted in improved texture and, perhaps, improved juiciness of rabbit meat sausages (P < 0.05), however they had relatively poorer rheological properties than the controls. Nevertheless, HP treatment, especially 200 MPa for 9 or 15 min, was an effective technique for improving the functionalities of gel‐type products through modification of meat proteins.     

Water holding capacity of sodium-reduced chicken breast myofibrillar protein gel as affected by combined CaCl2 and high-pressure processing

The water holding capacity (WHC) of sodium-reduced (0.3 m sodium chloride, corresponding to the salt percentage (w/v) of 1.755%) myofibrillar protein (MP) gel in response to combined calcium chloride (CaCl₂, 20, 60, 100 mm ) and high-pressure processing (HPP, 200 MPa, 10 min) was investigated. The results showed that 200 MPa + 20 mm CaCl₂ synergistically increased the WHC of MP gel via reducing particle size of MP solutions, strengthening hydrogen-bonding and disulphide-bonding, promoting formation of β-sheet and uncoiling of α-helix, exposing tryptophan residues, enhancing hydrophobic interactions of aliphatic residues and forming a compact and continuous networked gel structure. However, high concentrations (≥60 mm ) of CaCl₂ could attenuate the enhancing effects of HPP on the WHC by inducing decreased hydrogen bonds, fewer tryptophan residues exposed and coarser and aggregated gel structures with large cavities. Therefore, a combined moderate HPP and low concentration of CaCl₂ is a potential alternative for developing sodium-reduced meat products.     

超高压对鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白-MgCl2凝胶特性的影响

在低盐条件下（2.3% NaCl）,以含有质量分数0.3% MgCl2的鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein, MP）混合体系（MP-MgCl2）为研究对象,室温下（20～25 ℃）考察超高压处理（high pressure processing, HPP）（100～400 MPa,10 min）对混合体系凝胶硬度和保水性（water holding capacity,WHC）的影响, 并通过对该混合体系流变特性、横向弛豫时间及凝胶微结构分析,探讨其凝胶特性的变化机制。结果表明： 100～400 MPa的HPP可显著提高凝胶的硬度和WHC（P＜0.05）,且300 MPa是改善其凝胶硬度的合适压力;HPP 通过增加MP-MgCl2混合体系的储能模量（G’）,缩短自旋-自旋弛豫时间T22和T23,促进凝胶形成交联、密实的多孔 网络结构,进而改善混合体系凝胶的特性。     

A Gompertz Model Approach to Microbial Inactivation Kinetics by High‐Pressure Processing (HPP): Model Selection and Experimental Validation

A recently proposed Gompertz model (GMPZ) approach describing microbial inactivation kinetics by high‐pressure processing (HPP) incorporated the initial microbial load (N₀) and lower microbial quantification limit (N_lim), and simplified the dynamic effects of come‐up time (CUT). The inactivation of Listeria innocua in milk by HPP treatments at 300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa and pressure holding times (t_hold) ≤10 min was determined experimentally to validate this model approach. Models based on exponential, logistic‐exponential, and inverse functions were evaluated to describe the effect of pressure on the lag time (λ) and maximum inactivation rate (μ_max), whereas the asymptote difference (A) was fixed as A = log₁₀(N₀/N_lim). Model performance was statistically evaluated and further validated with additional data obtained at 450 and 550 MPa. All GMPZ models adequately fitted L. innocua data according to the coefficient of determination (R² ≥ 0.95) but those including a logistic‐exponential function for μ_max(P) were superior (R² ≥ 0.97). These GMPZ versions predicted that approximately 597 MPa is the theoretical pressure level (P_λ) at which microbial inactivation begins during CUT, mathematically defined as λ (P = P_λ) = t_CUT, and matching the value observed on the microbial survival curve at 600 MPa. As pressure increased, predictions tended to slightly underestimate the HPP lethality in the tail section of the survival curve. This may be overseen in practice since the observed microbial counts were below the predicted log₁₀ N values. Overall, the modeling approach is promising, justifying further validation work for other microorganisms and food systems.     

Effects of high pressure processing on protein fractions of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat

The studies about the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on the myofibrillar proteins of crab meat are scarce in the literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 100, 300 and 600 MPa (10 °C/5 min) on the muscular protein fractions of blue crab meat (Callinectes sapidus) and compares the effect of high pressure treatments and the thermal cooking process on the yielding of crab meat. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of raw crab meat showed two peaks at 48.18 and 76.76 °C corresponding to myosin and actin denaturation. The increasing in the pressure level resulted in a decrease in denaturation enthalpy of both proteins. Data from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated changes in the secondary protein structures in which a reduction in α-helix and an increase in β-turn were observed as a result of denaturation induced by HPP. Electrophoresis analysis (SDS-PAGE) showed myofibrillar protein denaturation as the pressure level increased. The HPP at 100 and 300 MPa resulted in a significant increase in the yielding of meat extracted when compared to the thermal treatment (90 °C/20 min). Higher sensory scores were obtained in 300 and 600 MPa suggesting higher acceptance. Results suggest the feasibility of applying HPP as an alternative to the thermal treatment to process crab meat.Industrial relevanceHigh pressure processing (HPP) technology has been successfully applied to several seafood products. However, it is important to study the effect of HPP on the food components, mainly proteins in the crab meat to optimize the processing parameters to get high-quality products. In the present study, the benefit of using HPP as an alternative to the commercial thermal processing for extraction of crab meat has been confirmed. Applying 600 MPa (10 °C/5 min) to the whole blue crab resulted in a higher yield of extracted crab meat compared with the other treatments. However, using a range of 100–300 MPa (10 °C/5 min) also increases the yielding of extracted crab meat when compared to the thermal process, and moreover, the extraction procedure is faster. The quality and the functional properties of the crab meat with fresh appearance is preserved after the treatment at 100 MPa. These results could promote subsequent applications of pressurized crab meat in the crab industry, especially with the HPP treatments in a range between 100 and 300 MPa.     

Effects of sodium tripolyphosphate on functional properties of low‐salt single‐step high‐pressure processed chicken breast sausage

Influences of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) contents (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) on water holding capacity (WHC) and texture properties of low‐salt (1.2% NaCl) single‐step high‐pressure processed chicken breast sausages (LSSS‐HPP sausages) were evaluated. Results showed that WHC was improved (4–5%) by the addition of STPP. However, the STPP contents customarily used for cooked sausages (0.3–0.5%) were excessive for LSSS‐HPP sausages, causing a soft and tacky texture. Sausages containing 0.1% of STPP had the best taste according to the sensory evaluations. Chemical interactions plus Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed that STPP addition partly changed native structures of myofibrillar proteins. Furthermore, higher STPP contents in the meat batter prevented those proteins from high pressure denaturing and aggregating in the subsequent single‐step HPP procedure. Increased hydrogen bonds and decreased hydrophobic interactions explained the better WHC and softer texture. Therefore, 0.1% of STPP is the optimal content in the processing of new‐type LSSS‐HPP sausages.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and high-pressure homogenisation on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus plantarum</Emphasis> inactivation kinetics and quality parameters of mandarin juice

The inactivation kinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum in a mandarin juice treated by thermal treatment (45–90 °C), high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) (30–120 MPa at 15 and 30 °C) and high-pressure processing (HPP) (150–450 MPa at 15, 30 and 45 °C) were fitted to different Weibullian equations. A synergic effect between pressure and temperature was observed in HPH and HPP treatments achieving 2.38 log cycles after 120 MPa at 30 °C for 10 s (final T of 45 °C) and 6.12 log cycles after 400 MPa at 45 °C for 1 min (final T of 60 °C), respectively. A combined treatment of 100 MPa at 15 °C for 10 s and 300 MPa at 15–30 °C for 1 min in HPH and HPP, respectively, was needed to the first logarithm microbial population decline. Weibull model accurately predicted microorganism inactivation kinetics after HPH and HPP processing when displaying single shoulder or tail in the survivor curves, whereas when a more complex trend was observed after thermal treatment, the double-Weibull equation was found more appropriate to explain such behaviour. Equivalent treatments that achieved the same degree of microbial inactivation (77 °C–10 s in thermal processing, 120 MPa–10 s at 30 °C in HPH processing and 375 MPa–1 min at 30 °C in HPP) were selected to study the effects on quality parameters. The application of dynamic pressure led to a decrease in sedimentable pulp, transmittance and juice redness, thus stabilising the opaqueness and cloudiness of mandarin juice. Pectin methyl esterase (PME) was found to be highly baroresistant to static and dynamic pressure. Carotenoid content remained unaffected by any treatment. This study shows the potential of high-pressure homogenisation as an alternative for fruit-juice pasteurisation.     

High‐Pressure Thermal Sterilization: Food Safety and Food Quality of Baby Food Puree

The benefits that high‐pressure thermal sterilization offers as an emerging technology could be used to produce a better overall food quality. Due to shorter dwell times and lower thermal load applied to the product in comparison to the thermal retorting, lower numbers and quantities of unwanted food processing contaminants (FPCs), for example, furan, acrylamide, HMF, and MCPD‐esters could be formed. Two spore strains were used to test the technique; Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, over the temperature range 90 to 121 °C at 600 MPa. The treatments were carried out in baby food puree and ACES‐buffer. The treatments at 90 and 105 °C showed that G. stearothermophilus is more pressure‐sensitive than B. amyloliquefaciens. The formation of FPCs was monitored during the sterilization process and compared to the amounts found in retorted samples of the same food. The amounts of furan could be reduced between 81% to 96% in comparison to retorting for the tested temperature pressure combination even at sterilization conditions of F₀‐value in 7 min.     

Gelation enhancement of soy protein isolate by sequential low‐ and ultrahigh‐temperature two‐stage preheating treatments

The effects of combined two heating steps with low (LT, 60 °C for 1 h) and ultrahigh (UHT, 130 or 140 °C for 4 s) temperatures on the thermal gelation of soy protein isolate (SPI) were studied. UHT pretreatments significantly increased protein solubility and enhanced the gelling potential of SPI. Yet, the two‐stage preheating treatment with LT and then UHT‐130 °C had a most remarkable effect: the gel strength of the SPI₆₀₊₁₃₀ sample was, respectively, 1.45‐, 1.64‐ and 3.19‐fold as strong as those of SPI₆₀, SPI₂₅₊₁₃₀, and SPI₂₅. In comparison with single LT or UHT treatments, this two‐stage heating also produced greater amounts of soluble protein aggregates stabilised predominantly by disulphide bonds and hydrophobic forces, contributing to the improved gel network structure.     

Study of Antioxidant Capacity and Quality Parameters in An Orange Juice–Milk Beverage After High-Pressure Processing Treatment

The aim of this study was to obtain a beverage with a high content of bioactive compounds. Therefore, a mixture of orange juice and milk was prepared. The effect of high-pressure processing (HPP), four different pressures (100, 200, 300, and 400 MPa), four treatment times for each pressure (120, 300, 420, and 540 s) on antioxidant compounds, and quality parameters was studied. The effects of HPP treatment were compared with those of thermal treatment (90 °C for 15, 21 s and 98 °C for 15, 21 s). Ascorbic acid retention in the orange juice–milk beverage was higher than 91% in all cases after HPP. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in phenolic compounds at 100 MPa/420 s, however at 400 MPa/540 s, it was observed a non-significant decrease. Total carotenoid content was significantly higher in all samples treated by HPP when treatment time was 420 and 540 s. Color changes increased when pressure and treatment times were higher, with the highest difference appearing at 400 MPa/540 s, but HPP had a smaller effect on total color changes than thermal processing. A 5-log reduction of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 220 was obtained in the orange juice–milk beverage after HPP (200 MPa, 300 s), and this was compared with treatment at 90 °C (15 s), the heat treatment most effective at preserving ascorbic acid.     

Evaluation of plasma,high‐pressure and ultrasound processing on the stability of fructooligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are among the main carbohydrates with prebiotic activity, and they are the most applied functional carbohydrate ingredient in the food industry. FOS are known to hydrolyse when subjected to thermal processing, thus partially losing its functional properties. In this study, we evaluate whether three nonthermal technologies are suitable for processing FOS regarding its stability after processing. FOS were subjected to ultrasound, high‐pressure processing (HPP) and atmospheric cold plasma (ACP). The FOS solution, 70 g L^?1, was set at a concentration recommended for human intake. The treatments were carried out at operating conditions usually used for microbial inactivation in foods (HPP at 450 MPa for 5 min; US at 600–1200 W L^?1 for 5 min; ACP at 70 kV for 15–60 s). NMR and HPLC analysis of the FOS components showed that ACP, ultrasound and HPP have not induced any significant change on FOS concentration (<2.0%) nor on the degree of polymerisation of the FOS (<3.3%). Contrarily to what is reported for thermal treatments, these nonthermal technologies were considered suitable for FOS processing.     

压力水平及氯化钠浓度对兔肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及其胶凝过程中理化特性和结构变化的影响

以含不同浓度的氯化钠(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)的兔骨骼肌肌球蛋白为实验对象,在不同压力水平(100、200、300 MPa)下对其进行超高压处理(9 min,25 ℃)后加热制备凝胶。以未经高压处理的含2%氯化钠的蛋白作为对照组。根据凝胶保水性、水分分布、凝胶微观结构、蛋白在升温过程中的贮能模量、表面疏水性、活性巯基含量以及二级结构等指标的变化,研究压力水平及氯化钠浓度对经高压处理的肌球蛋白加热胶凝过程中的蛋白流变特性,二三级结构以及形成的热凝胶的水分特征的影响。结果显示:含1%氯化钠的兔肉肌球蛋白经100或200 MPa高压处理后,包埋的疏水基团和巯基在40~55 ℃间快速暴露,且蛋白中的α-螺旋结构的比例也显著下降(p<0.05)。其较高的热变性速率使蛋白分子得以充分解折叠与相互作用,最终形成的热凝胶的保水性,微观结构及贮能模量均优于其他处理组,该研究结果可为利用超高压技术生产低盐功能性肉制品提供理论依据。     

Application of high pressure processing to improve the functional properties of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE)-like turkey meat

Improvement of functional and rheological properties of turkey breast meat proteins with different ultimate pHs at 24 h post-mortem (pH₂₄) was attempted using high pressure processing (up to 200 MPa for 5 min at 4 °C). Pressures of 50 and 100 MPa were found to increase the water holding capacity of low pH meat. At these pressures, higher protein surface hydrophobicity and greater exposure of sulfhydryl groups were evident. These elements may have contributed to improved water retention properties of the treated protein. The formation of a better gel network was also evident at 50 and 100 MPa as revealed by the dynamic viscoelastic behavior. Application of high pressure significantly (P < 0.05) increased total protein solubility in both low and normal pH meats. Aggregation of myofibrillar proteins increased in low pH meat at higher pressure (200 MPa) as revealed by SDS-PAGE profile.

Industrial relevance

A major concern in the poultry industry is reduced meat functionality, such as low water holding capacity (WHC) in low pH poultry meat leading to reduced yield causing economic loss in the production of further processed products. An alternative technology to reduce salt and improve water retention properties is by the application of high pressure processing (HPP) to produce healthier food products.     

超高压对肌球蛋白-抗性玉米淀粉混合凝胶特性的影响

以添加质量分数0.6%抗性玉米淀粉(resistant corn starch,RCS)的鸡胸肉肌球蛋白(myosin,M)混合(M-RCS)体系为研究对象,考察超高压(ultra high pressure,UHP)处理(100~400 MPa,10 min)对该体系凝胶保水性(water holding capacity,WHC)和硬度的影响;并通过分析M-RCS体系表面疏水性、活性巯基含量、流变特性及凝胶水分子横向弛豫时间的变化,探讨其凝胶特性的变化机制。结果表明:M-RCS凝胶的WHC随着压力的增大(100~400 MPa)而显著增加(P0.05),硬度则显著降低(P0.05);UHP通过增加M-RCS体系的疏水基团和活性巯基数量,减小其储能模量G′,改变其黏弹性tanδ,缩短凝胶内部水分子弛豫时间T22和T23,减弱体系内水分的流动性,进而改变了凝胶的WHC和硬度。实验结果可为低脂、高膳食纤维肉制品的开发提供理论依据。