Combined effects of natural substances and modified atmosphere packaging on reducing enzymatic browning and postharvest decay of longan fruit

An integrated control strategy on preventing pericarp browning (BI) and decay incidence (DI) of longan fruit was investigated to replace sulphur dioxide (SO₂) fumigation. Fruit was treated with 5% ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), thymol (TH) and 2% chitosan (CH) for 5 min; sealed under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) using high permeable film; and stored at 5 °C. Fruit treated with distilled water and sealed under MAP condition (MAPC) and air condition (AIRC) was used as controls. Combined effects of chemical treatments and MAP maintained quality of longan for 56 and 49 days in CH and TH, respectively, as compared to 28 days in MAPC and 21 days in AIRC. AA, CA and OA prevented BI, restrained enzyme activities and maintained high phenols. AA, CA and OA were most potent BI inhibitors; however, DI was the limitation of these treatments, while CH and TH effectively inhibited DI.     

Browning,polyphenol oxidase activity and headspace gas composition during storage of minimally processed pears using modified atmosphere packaging

Modified atmosphere packaging was used to prevent browning of minimally processed Conference pears, thus extending their shelf‐life. Colour changes as well as PPO activity were strongly influenced by the package headspace gas composition, which was determined by the packaging conditions. The initial colour of minimally processed pears was preserved for several weeks under cold storage in plastic pouches of very low O₂ permeability and an initial atmosphere of 100% N₂. A fractional conversion kinetic model fitted the experimental browning data with high accuracy. Colour degradation (ΔE*) of minimally processed pears occurred exponentially (k_ΔE = 0.019–0.077 day^?1) owing to changes in lightness (k_L = 0.021–0.07 day^?1). In contrast, PPO exhibited a linear increase in activity which could be related to the availability of O₂ in the package headspace. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of gas barrier characteristics of films on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts packaged under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions

The effects of the gas barrier characteristics of three films (ASI, ASII and ASIII) and storage temperature on the growth of, and aflatoxin production by, Aspergillus flavus in peanuts packaged in air and under a modified gas atmosphere of CO₂:N₂ (65:35) were investigated. Mold growth was barely visible in air packaged peanuts using high-medium barrier films (ASI and ASII) and stored at 20°C with more extensive growth occurring in air packaged peanuts stored at 25 and 30°C. Extensive mycelial growth and sporulation occurred in all air packaged peanuts in a low barrier film (ASIII), especially at 30°C. Gas packaging inhibited mold growth in peanuts packaged in a high gas barrier film at 20°C. However, mold growth occurred in gas packaged peanuts packaged in film ASII at higher storage temperatures while extensive mycelial growth was observed in all peanuts packaged in film ASIII irrespective of storage temperature. Levels of aflatoxin greater than the regulatory limit of 20 ng/g were detected in all air packaged peanuts with the highest level of aflatoxin (76 ng/g) being detected in peanuts packaged in a high gas barrier film ASI. Aflatoxin production was inhibited in gas packaged peanuts using a high barrier film. However, higher levels of aflatoxin were detected in all gas packaged peanuts in medium-low gas barrier films (ASII and ASIII), particularly at higher storage temperatures. This study has shown that MAP using a CO₂:N₂ (65:35) gas mixture was effective in controlling aflatoxin production by A. flavus in peanuts to levels less than the regulatory limit of 20 ng/g. However, the antimycotic effect of low O₂-high CO₂ atmospheres is dependent on the gas barrier characteristics of the packaging films, especially at higher storage temperatures.     

气调贮藏对甜樱桃果实采后生理生化变化的影响

主要研究了甜樱桃品种\     

Quality evaluation of raw ground almond kernels (Prunus dulcis): Effect of active and modified atmosphere packaging, container oxygen barrier and storage conditions

The present study investigated the effect of active and modified atmosphere packaging, container oxygen barrier and storage conditions on quality retention of raw ground almonds. Ground almond kernels were packaged in: a) polyethylene terephthalate//low density polyethylene (PET//LDPE), and b) low density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol/low density polyethylene (LDPE/EVOH/LDPE), under N₂ or with an oxygen absorber and stored either under fluorescent light or in the dark at 4 or 20 °C for a period of 12 months. Quality parameters monitored were: peroxide value (PV), hexanal content, color, fatty acid composition and volatile compounds. Of the sensory attributes color, texture, odor and taste were evaluated. PV ranged between 0.26 for fresh almonds and 19.98 meq O₂/kg oil for almonds packaged in PET//LDPE pouches under N₂ exposed to light at 20 °C after 12 months of storage. Respective values for hexanal were < 28.5 µg/kg and 9.38 mg/kg. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased with a parallel decrease of monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA) after 12 months of storage in samples stored with the oxygen absorber while in samples packaged in PET//LDPE under N₂, a decrease in PUFA and MUFA with a parallel increase in SFA was recorded. Likewise, volatile compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons increased during storage indicating enhanced lipid oxidation. Color parameters L, a and b remained unaffected in all treatments including the oxygen absorber while under a N₂ atmosphere L parameter showed a small but statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease with a parallel increase (p < 0.05) of a and b values after 12 months of storage. The most pronounced color changes occurred for samples in PET//LDPE pouches irrespective of lighting conditions at 20 °C. Raw ground almonds retained acceptable quality for ca. 6–7 months packaged in PET//LDPE and ca. 8 months packaged in LDPE/EVOH/LDPE pouches under N₂ irrespective of lighting conditions at 20 °C while at 4 °C shelf life was extended by an additional month as compared to storage at 20 °C. Use of the oxygen absorber provided a shelf life of at least 12 months for all samples irrespective of container oxygen barrier, lighting conditions and storage temperature.

Industrial relevance

The use of oxygen absorbers is very effective in extending the shelf life of ground almonds commercially for at least 12 months irrespective of packaging material barrier to O₂, lighting conditions and storage temperature.     

Effect of Time, Temperature, and Slicing on Respiration Rate of Mushrooms

ABSTRACT:  Respiration rate measurement considering the effects of cutting, temperature, and storage time are important for the shelf life study and modified atmosphere-packaging design of fresh-cut produce. This study investigates in the respiration rate of fresh whole and sliced mushrooms at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 °C under ambient atmosphere and different storage times. The O₂ consumption rate increased with temperature and ranged from 22.13 to 102.41 mL/(kg.h) and 28.87 to 143.22 mL/(kg.h) for whole and sliced mushrooms, respectively, in the temperature range tested. Similar trend was observed for CO₂ production rate. Slicing of mushrooms increased the respiration rate by 30% at 0 °C and 40% at 20 °C indicating that the mushrooms are not as sensitive to the stress caused by cutting as other fresh produce. Storage time affected both respiration rate of whole and sliced mushrooms and this effect was prominent at higher temperatures. The respiration rates increased initially for some time, then decreased and reached steady state value at 12, 16, and 20 °C. A 2nd-order polynomial equation was used to fit the respiration rate data as a function of time at each temperature tested.     

Storage behaviour of minimally processed pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) under modified atmosphere packaging conditions

 Minimally processed vegetables in fresh, ready-to-cook form are gaining the confidence of both the trader and the consumer. This has led to a need to develop technology for increasing shelf life while maintaining the microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of minimally processed vegetables. This investigation was carried out on pumpkin in minimally processed form, packed in different polymeric film bags of varying permeabilities, creating an active equilibrium modified atmosphere within the package for the extention of storage life. It was observed that minimally processed pumpkin, which has a high respiratory rate at room temperature (155.7 mg CO₂/kg/h) could be stored for a period of 25 days at 5±2  °C under modified atmosphere packaging conditions with a minimum physiological loss in weight of 0.06% and marginally low changes in biochemical constituents, such as vitamin C, total soluble solids, moisture, carotenoids and titrable acidity, enabling the retention of near-fresh quality. The microbial loads of mesophilic aerobes and coliforms, which were log 5.5 and log 4.3 were less than threshold level. There was no growth of yeasts and moulds or mesophilic spore formers at the end of the storage period. Received: 24 January 2000 / Revised version: 4 April 2000     

龙眼果酒发酵工艺的优化及相关品质分析

目的 优化龙眼果酒的发酵工艺并对其相关品质进行分析。方法 通过单因素实验,考察发酵温度、糖度、酵母接种量及柠檬酸添加量对龙眼果酒的酒精度和感官品质的影响;采用正交实验对龙眼果酒的发酵工艺进行优化;通过食品分析方法与技术,测定最优发酵条件下的龙眼果酒的相关理化品质,评价其抗氧化活性,分析其挥发性风味成分。结果 龙眼果酒的最优发酵条件为：发酵温度26 ℃、糖度36 °Brix、酵母接种量0.04 g/g、柠檬酸添加量0.6 g/g;最优发酵条件下的龙眼果酒的酒精度为8.32%vol,pH值为3.32,总糖含量为16.68 g/L,还原糖含量为15.15 g/L,总酸含量为14.05 g/L,色泽为透亮的金黄色;最优发酵条件下的龙眼果酒具有良好的抗氧化活性,可有效清除ABTS和DPPH自由基并展现出较高的还原能力;最优发酵条件下的龙眼果酒中共检测到32种挥发性风味物质,其中醇类、酯类和酸类是主要成分,占总挥发性风味物质的99.39%。结论 最优发酵条件下的的龙眼果酒具有良好的感官性状、抗氧化活性及丰富的挥发性风味物质。研究为龙眼果酒的开发与生产提供实验基础与支撑。     

Effect of pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol pretreatment on quality of refrigerated white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) kept under modified atmosphere packaging

ABSTRACT:  The effect of pretreatment with pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% CO₂, 10% O₂, 10% N₂, or 80% CO₂, 20% N₂) on the quality of white shrimp during storage at 4 °C was investigated. Shrimp pretreated with 2% pyrophosphate and 0.25% 4-hexylresorcinol and stored under MAP showed the lower microbiological and chemical deteriorations as evidenced by delayed microbial growth as well as lower trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB) production ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the growth of coliforms was inhibited effectively. White shrimp pretreated with 4-hexylresorcinol had the lower melanosis throughout the storage compared with those without treatment ( P < 0.05). This was associated with the lowered polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in shrimp treated with 4-hexylresorcinol. Therefore, the effective retardation of microbiological and chemical deterioration of white shrimp stored under MAP with the decrease in melanosis could be achieved by pretreatment of the shrimp with pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol. Furthermore, decapitation could be another means to lower the microbial load and melanosis in white shrimp, particularly those stored under MAP.     

O2/CO2主动自发气调对采后松露贮藏品质及微观结构的影响

目的:寻找一种新型且有效的松露鲜贮方法.方法:设定 80％O2+20％CO2(AMAP1)、60％O2+40％CO2(AMAP2)、40％O2+60％CO2(AMAP3)、10％O2+90％CO2(AMAP4)4个气调组和1个自然空气不封装对照组(C K),于4℃下贮藏,定期检测松露贮藏期间的营养品质及生理生化指标,并...     

箱式气调贮藏对采后蓝莓生理生化变化的影响

以伯克利品种蓝莓为试材,研究了在1℃的5%O2＋10%CO2;5%O2＋20%CO2和5%O2＋30%CO2的箱式气调贮藏条件下的生理生化变化情况。每20d测定一次酶促防御系统的酶活性、抗病性相关酶活性和非酶促防御系统的抗氧化物质的含量,并测定呼吸速率、木质素含量、果实硬度和腐烂率。实验结果表明：与对照相比,3种CO2浓度的箱式气调贮藏条件均可启动酶促防御系统,使过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性得到提高,同时也减慢了还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量下降的速率,增加了VC含量。3种浓度的CO2处理还可有效减慢呼吸速率,抑制腐烂的发生并可有效提高木质素含量和果实硬度,其中5%O2＋30%CO2更有利于延缓衰老进程,可使有效贮藏期延长至95d左右。研究认为：蓝莓对高浓度CO2有很强的耐力,高浓度CO2箱式气调用于蓝莓贮藏具有很好的保鲜效果。     

Quality changes in fresh-cut Fuji apple as affected by ripeness stage, antibrowning agents, and storage atmosphere

ABSTRACT:  The effect of ripening state, modified atmosphere, and the use of antibrowning agents was investigated in an attempt to determine optimum ripeness and processing conditions for extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut Fuji apple. Apples were classified in 3 groups: mature-green, partially ripe, and ripe; after peeling and slicing, fruits were treated with 1% (w/v) N -acetylcysteine, or 1% (w/v) ascorbic acid (control), and then packed into polypropylene trays with air or a gas mixture (2.5% O₂+ 7% CO₂+ 90.5% N₂) and sealed. Trays containing the apple slices were stored in darkness at 4 °C ± 1 °C and analyzed periodically during 43 d. Changes in atmosphere composition, color, and firmness were examined. Partially ripe apples, based on their lower ethanol production and maintenance of their original color and firmness, were the most suitable to prepare the fresh-cut commodities. A postcutting dip in 1% (w/v) N -acetylcysteine was the most effective treatment to prevent cut surface browning and preserve the initial appearance of Fuji apple slices during more than 1 mo at 4 °C. Low O₂ and elevated CO₂ (2.5% O₂+ 7% CO₂) atmosphere extended the shelf life of apple slices because of a significant inhibition of ethylene production.     

自发气调对鸭梨果实生理生化品质的影响

以鸭梨为试材,研究了自发气调贮藏(MAP)对果实采后生理品质的影响。结果表明,MAP贮藏增加了鸭梨果实贮藏期间的黑心病发生率,贮藏结束时,MAP贮藏果实的黑心指数较对照提高了78%。MAP贮藏增加了果实多酚氧化酶的活性,减少了总酚的含量。MAP贮藏还抑制了果实内过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,MAP贮藏果实较对照果实具有较高的丙二醛和过氧化氢含量。      

Effect of ripeness at processing on fresh-cut 'Flor de Invierno' pears packaged under modified atmosphere conditions

The effects of ripeness at processing and packaging conditions on respiration, microbiological stability as well as colour and firmness of fresh-cut 'Flor de Invierno' pears were evaluated throughout storage. Although a 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere led to an inhibition of ethylene synthesis and carbon dioxide production compared with non-modified atmosphere packaging, the more advanced the ripeness stage at processing, the higher the physiological activity and thus, the higher production of carbon dioxide, ethylene and ethanol. A 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere inhibited bacterial growth, yeast and mould proliferation in mature-green pears but fast microbial growth was observed especially on ripe pears, under both packaging conditions. In conclusion, the shelf-life of ripe pears was reduced by increased respiration response to processing and accelerated microbial spoilage. Instead, pears processed in a partially ripe stage were suitable for conservation while gathering desired sensory attributes. Therefore, for commercial purposes, a shelf-life of 10 days was suggested for partially ripe fresh-cut pears packaged under a 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere.     

Identification of (−)-epicatechin as the direct substrate for polyphenol oxidase from longan fruit pericarp

Postharvest browning of longan fruit results in a short life and a reduced commercial value. The experiments were conducted to separate, then purify and finally identify the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) substrates that cause longan fruit to brown. PPO and its substrates were, respectively, extracted from longan fruit pericarp tissues. The substrate for longan PPO was separated and purified using polyamide column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and silica gel column chromatography, respectively. The substrate was further identified by 0.5% FeCl₃ solution and enzymatic reaction with longan PPO. On the bases of UV, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and ESI-MS data, the direct substrate for the PPO from pericarp tissues of longan fruit was identified to be (−)-epicatechin. Furthermore, the contents of (−)-epicatechin of pericarp tissues of longan fruit of two major cultivars were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis exhibited that the contents of (−)-epicatechin of fruit pericarp of ‘Shixia’ and ‘Chuliang’ were 0.26 and 0.56 mg/g on fresh weight (FW) basis at harvest and 0.15 and 0.09 mg/g FW after 3 days of storage. The more rapid decrease in the (−)-epicatechin content of ‘Chuliang’ was due to the oxidization catalyzed by PPO, which was in agreement with the higher browning index.     

微环境气调对蓝果忍冬贮藏品质和抗氧化酶的影响

该文以蓝果忍冬品种蓝精灵为试材,研究微环境气调对蓝果忍冬在低温贮藏期间果实感官品质、生理指标、营养成分、抗氧化酶活性的影响.实验结果表明,与对照相比,mMA能够有效维持蓝果忍冬果实自身的感官品质和营养成分,到贮藏期末期(60 d)时,mMA处理后果实中的抗坏血酸、花色苷,黄酮、总酚含量分别为123.09 mg/10...     

不同包装条件下冷藏天麻的保鲜效果

为筛选冷藏条件下天麻的最优保鲜方案,以甘肃康县天麻为研究对象,分别采用敞口包装、真空包装、气调包装处理后于(3±2)℃条件下贮藏天麻42 d,每7 d测定各处理组天麻相关生理生化指标。结果表明,天麻在冷藏条件下贮藏42 d内,各处理组的失重率均低于5%,维持了较好的新鲜度。同时,各处理组所含天麻素与对羟基苯甲醇的总量均高于国家药典规定(≥0.25%),特别是气调A组(1%～3%O₂+5%～7%CO₂+90%～94%N₂)天麻素与对羟基苯甲醇的总量显著高于其他处理组,较好地保持了天麻的药用价值。气调包装处理能不同程度地抑制丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的积累、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanineammonialyase,PAL)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidase,PPO)活性的上升。其中,气调A组的作用效果最好。气调包装处理能够有效地维持天麻的贮藏品质,延长贮藏期至42 d,气调A组对天麻的综合保鲜效果最好。