复配食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响

对魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶3种单体食用胶两两复配,添加量为肉总质量的0.6%,通过测定成品出品率、质构、色差和保水性,研究复配食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响。结果表明：添加复配胶后成品的出品率最高可达183%,高于对照组和单体胶的效果;复配食用胶还可以显著提高乳化肠的硬度、弹性、保水性和红度值(a*) (P＜0.05),即添加复配食用胶提高了乳化肠的品质,改善了产品的外观。魔芋胶、卡拉胶和黄原胶之间存在协同增效性,其中魔芋胶与卡拉胶、魔芋胶与黄原胶、卡拉胶与黄原胶的最佳复配质量比分别为4:6、3:7和7:3。提示将食用胶复配应用到乳化肠的生产中可以显著提高产品的出品率和改善产品的品质,食用胶复配后对提高产品质量具有协同的效果。     

超声波协同冷冻保护剂对速冻饺子馅持水性及质构的影响

为降低速冻饺子馅在冻藏过程中产生的品质劣变,本文研究了超声波协同复合配方冷冻保护剂(抗冻蛋白复合配方:0.3%抗冻蛋白、5%海藻糖、0.05%茶多酚和0.03%V_C;大豆分离蛋白复合配方:6%大豆分离蛋白、0.4%卡拉胶、0.05%茶多酚和0.03% V_C;黄原胶复合配方:0.2%黄原胶、0.4%卡拉胶、0.05%茶多酚和0.03% V_C)对速冻饺子馅抗冻性能的改善作用。研究发现,在冻藏90 d后,与仅添加抗冻蛋白复合配方、大豆分离蛋白复合配方和黄原胶复合配方冷冻保护剂的肉馅相比,超声波协同处理60 min后的肉馅解冻损失率分别降低了58.3%、63.0%和52.0%,蒸煮损失率分别降低了18.5%、67.6%和32.6%。超声波协同抗冻蛋白复合配方和大豆分离蛋白复合配方处理60 min后,肉馅的硬度和弹性提高、咀嚼性和粘聚性增加,质构特性得到改善,但是超声波协同黄原胶复合配方组对肉馅的质构特性有不利影响。超声波协同抗冻蛋白复合配方、大豆分离蛋白复合配方和黄原胶复合配方处理60 min组比仅添加复合配方组的硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值分别降低了17.2%、24.0%和33.3%。超声波处理能显著(P<0.05)提高复合配方冷冻保护剂对速冻饺子馅持水性的改善效果,增强复合配方冷冻保护剂对饺子肉馅脂肪氧化的抑制作用,且在一定程度上改善速冻饺子肉馅的质构性能。     

复合添加剂提高调理肉饼乳化性的工艺优化

为提高调理肉饼的乳化性（保水性和保油性）,以卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和复合磷酸盐为添加剂,分别以水分流失率和脂肪流失率为指标,考察4 种添加剂对调理肉饼乳化性能的影响,并通过正交试验优化4 种添加剂的最佳配比。结果表明：单一添加组分能够改善调理肉饼的保水保油性;与单一添加相比,复合添加进一步提高了调理肉饼的乳化能力,其中以0.6%卡拉胶、4%大豆分离蛋白、0.6%黄原胶和0.5%复合磷酸盐组合的乳化性能较强,水分流失率和脂肪流失率分别为15.26%和11.17%。上述研究结果表明,将复合添加剂应用于调理肉饼加工中能提高其保水保油性,增强乳化性能。     

The effect of whey protein concentrates and hydrocolloids on the texture and colour characteristics of chicken sausages

The effects of fat reduction by increasing water content and the addition of whey protein and hydrocolloids on the instrumental texture profile, microstructure and water holding capacity of low‐fat chicken sausages were analysed. Low‐fat sausages were prepared with fresh breast chicken meat; in all formulations, a 3:7 ratio guar/xanthan gum was used. A factorial design with three levels of added fat (0%, 1.98% and 4.96%), two levels of whey protein concentrate (0.64% and 1.94%), and two levels of the hydrocolloids (0.13% and 0.32%) was applied. Samples were heat‐processed (73 °C final internal temperature) and, after cooling, chemical composition of the sausages was determined and scanning electron microscopic images were obtained. Colour was measured with a tristimulus reflectance colorimeter. Texture profile analysis of sausages was performed and the results were related to sample formulations. Extra‐lean products with a fat content lower than 0.5 g/100 g product showed very good quality attributes determined by a sensory panel.     

增稠剂在肉制品加工中的应用

为改善肉制品的切片性,降低蒸煮损失,减少营养损失,本文综合了肉制品中常用的增稠剂淀粉、变性淀粉、大豆蛋白、明胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、魔芋胶等,阐述了各种增稠剂的理化性质、在肉制品中的作用和使用方法,以及他们在肉制品中应用方面的研究进展,论述并证明了增稠剂对肉制品工业的重要意义。     

黄原胶和魔芋胶抑制碱诱导鸭蛋清凝胶的高温液化

本研究分别将黄原胶和魔芋胶添加至鸭蛋清中制备碱诱导凝胶,以探究亲水胶体对凝胶高温液化的抑制作用,结果表明:与对照组相比,添加亲水胶后的蛋清凝胶黏度、储能模量和损耗模量增大明显(p<0.05),褐变强度增加了7.99%和33.21%;当黄原胶和魔芋胶的浓度由0.50%增加至1.50%,凝胶硬度值提高49.60%和119.56%,穿刺强度提高20.59%和78.42%,持水性提高1.02%和9.47%,且添加黄原胶的蛋清凝胶硬度、穿刺强度和持水性均显著大于魔芋胶(p<0.05)。两种胶的浓度均为1.00%时,蛋清凝胶的感官评分最高。两种亲水胶的加入会改变蛋白质的二级结构及凝胶内部的分子间作用力:黄原胶量的增加显著降低了离子相互作用(p<0.05),无规则卷曲减少了41.23%,α-螺旋增加了81.29%;魔芋胶量的增加显著降低了疏水相互作用(p<0.05),β-折叠减少了34.97%,无规则卷曲和α-螺旋分别增加了68.97%和70.37%;氢键和二硫键均随两种胶浓度的增加而增强。综上所述,添加黄原胶和魔芋胶均能抑制碱诱导蛋清凝胶在高温处理过程中的液化现象,且加入黄原胶所形成的凝胶质构特性和持水性优于魔芋胶,而魔芋胶对于凝胶褐变强度的影响大于黄原胶。     

Heat‐induced gels of soy protein and κ‐carrageenan at different pH values

Heat‐induced (90 °C/30 min) gelling of soy protein isolate (SPI) and κ‐carrageenan (κ‐CR) systems at pH values of 6.7 and 5.7 was evaluated. κ‐CR addition, increase in protein concentration and reduction in pH led to decreases in the initial gel structure forming temperature. Self‐supporting gels were not formed at concentrations of 8% (w/w) SPI or at concentrations below 0.3% (w/w) κ‐CR, but an increase in the concentration of SPI and κ‐CR led to an increase in the stress at rupture without influencing the deformability. Gel properties were a consequence of a simultaneous process of gelling and phase separation during heating. The non‐linear parameter of the Blatz, Sharda and Tschoegl (BST) rheological model allowed for the evaluation of the structural characteristics that in general corresponded to strain hardening behaviour. Strain weakening behaviour was observed at high biopolymer concentrations and at pH 6.7, which was associated with accentuated phase separation and a more discontinuous gel network.     

EFFECT OF OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS ON THE TEXTURE OF KAPPA CARRAGEENAN GELS1

The effect of different hydrocolloids on the breaking strength, cohesiveness and rigidity of kappa carrageenan gels was studied using comression tests with the Instron. Instrumental measurements were supplemented with benchtop sensory evaluation of texture by mouth, gel clarity and syneresis. The evaluated hydrocolloids included locust bean gum, iota carrageenan, amidated low methoxyl pectin, xanthan gum, and their selected combinations. Best gels were obtained by using 0.15% kappa carrageenan and 0.85% iota carrageenan, or 0.2% kappa carrageenan, 0.2% locust bean gum and 0.6% amidated LM pectin. Although none duplicated the textural quality of gelatine gels, they represented a wide range of interesting and potentially useful textures.     

Effect of hydrocolloids on gluten‐free batter properties and bread quality

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of the addition of different hydrocolloids on gluten‐free batter properties and bread quality and to obtain information about the relationship between dough consistency and bread quality. Breads were made of rice, corn and soy flours and 158% water. Following hydrocolloids were added: carrageenan (C), alginate (Al), xanthan gum (XG), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and gelatine (Gel). Batter consistency, bread specific volume (SV), crumb analysis, crust colour, crumb hardness and staling rate were determined. Hydrocolloids increased batter consistencies: the highest value was obtained with XG, which doubled that of control batter, followed by CMC. Breads with hydrocolloid presented higher SV than control, especially with XG whose SV was 18.3% higher than that of control bread. A positive correlation was found between SV and batter consistency (r = 0.94; P < 0.05). Crumbs with Gel, XG and CMC presented higher cell average size. XG and CMC crumbs looked spongier. Breads containing hydrocolloid evidenced lighter crusts. Crumb firmness was decreased by XG and CMC addition, and staling rate was slower. Overall, XG was the hydrocolloid that most improved gluten‐free bread quality. These results show that, in formulations with high water content, batter consistency is strongly associated with bread volume.     

亲水性胶体对广式腊肠水分迁移及质构的影响

本文研究了卡拉胶、魔芋胶、瓜尔豆胶及其复配对广式腊肠烘烤过程中水分迁移、产品质构、感官等质量品质的影响。结果表明,广式腊肠添加亲水性胶体后,可略有提高产品的水分含量,尤其是瓜尔豆胶组(19.94%),比对照提高4.02%;在烘烤中期,亲水性胶体可降低广式腊肠的干燥速率,整体而言,亲水性胶体对烘烤过程中水分散失影响较小。胶体添加组感官得分除D3组,均高于对照组,其中添加复配卡拉胶与魔芋胶的感官综合得分最高,达到87.5;除瓜尔豆胶外,单独胶体和复配胶均能一定程度上改善广式腊肠的质构特性,尤其是复配胶体组。广式腊肠添加亲水性胶体后,复水率显著提高(p0.05),尤其是瓜尔豆胶及其复配组,达到3.79%。复配胶的加入可改善广式腊肠的感官品质、质构特性及复水性,不同亲水性胶体有不同的作用特点。     

食用胶复配对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

针对微波复热鸡米花的加工工艺,在预实验基础上选用黄原胶、卡拉胶以及魔芋胶以不同比例复配,研究其对最终产品品质的影响。微波复热后以鸡米花的脆性作为主要评定指标,同时对制品进行物理性质分析及感官评价,筛选出微波复热后品质最优的胶体复配比例。结果表明,向浸蘸溶液中添加三种食用胶中的任意一种或任意两种食用胶复配添加时,均可以显著改善微波复热后鸡米花的脆性(p<0.05)。而三种食用胶等比例复配对微波复热鸡米花品质则没有明显改善作用。卡拉胶1.00%的添加量会对产品风味产生不良影响。其中0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配时,微波复热后鸡米花的脆性显著提高,外壳水分和油分含量显著降低(p<0.05),感官质量也较高。这表明向浸蘸溶液中添加0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配食用胶可以很大程度上改善微波复热鸡米花的食用品质。     

加水量对添加不同食用胶的乳化肠品质的影响

将卡拉胶、魔芋胶、亚麻籽胶分别按质量分数0.6%的添加量加入到乳化肠中,并逐渐提高水的添加量,通过测定每组样品的质构、色差和保水性,并进行感官评价,研究各种食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响。结果表明：在加水量65%～80%时,随着加水量的增加,各组样品的硬度逐渐下降,弹性逐渐提高,添加食用胶样品组质地明显优于对照组的样品(P＜0.05);添加食用胶未对乳化肠的红度(a*值)产生不利影响,但是加水量的增加会引起a*值逐渐降低。添加食用胶还可以显著的提高乳化肠的保水性(P＜0.05);感官评定结果表明添加食用胶的样品具有较好的总体可接受性。因此,卡拉胶、魔芋胶、亚麻籽胶均为乳化肠生产的良好添加成分,特别是亚麻籽胶和魔芋胶,可以显著提高乳化肠品质。     

The effect of selected hydrocolloids on the rheological properties of processed cheese analogues made with vegetable fats during the cooling phase

The aim of this work was to observe the influence of different hydrocolloids on changes in the rheological properties of processed cheese and their analogues within the process of cooling depending on the type of the fat used (butter, coconut fat and palm oil). κ‐carrageenan, ι‐carrageenan, λ‐carrageenan, arabic gum and locust bean gum were used at a concentration of 1.0% w/w. With the decreasing temperature during the cooling period, an increase in the complex modulus (G*) was observed in all samples tested. Within the cooling period, the sample with the addition of κ‐carrageenan showed both the most significant increase in G* in comparison with the control and the highest values of hardness after a 7‐day storage period regardless of the type of the fat used. The samples with coconut fat were assessed as the hardest. On the other hand, the samples with palm oil showed the lowest hardness (with the same hydrocolloid used). In the gelling hydrocolloids (κ‐ and ι‐carrageenan), only small changes in temperature of coil‐to‐helix transition were observed (in range of 2–7 °C) as a result of the addition of different types of fat.     

Effect of hydrocolloids on the rheological, microscopic, mass transfer characteristics during frying and quality characteristics of puri

Effect of hydrocolloids such as guar gum (GG), arabic gum (AG), carrageenan (CG), locust bean gum (LBG), xanthan gum (XN), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at 0.5% w/w level on rheological and quality parameters of puri from whole wheat flour was studied. Hydrocolloids like CMC, XN and HPMC increased the water absorption of puri dough, while it decreased in all other samples. The dough development time and mixing tolerance index values increased, while dough stability did not get affected. On addition of hydrocolloid, there was a reduction in the pasting temperature, while the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cold paste viscosity values increased. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness properties of the puri dough increased with the addition of hydrocolloids. All the hydrocolloids used in general helped in retention of moisture in the puri and hence remained softer and pliable, while there was a significant reduction in the oil content of puri samples containing hydrocolloids. Among the different hydrocolloids used, addition of guar gum at 0.5% w/w level led to puris having improved quality characteristics to a greater extent with respect to moisture retention, lowering of oil content upon frying with softer and pliable texture and better keeping quality. The mass transfer studies confirmed that the mass transfer co-efficient values for moisture loss and oil uptake were lower in puris with guar gum than control.     

亲水胶体对小麦玉米混合粉及馒头品质的影响

以玉米粉和小麦粉为原料,研究了黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋胶4种亲水胶体不同的添加量(0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%)对混合粉粉质特性(吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度)和小麦玉米混合粉馒头品质(比容、硬度、弹性、感官评分)的影响。用粉质仪测定混合粉的粉质特性,用体积测定仪测定小麦玉米混合粉馒头的比容,用质构仪测定小麦玉米混合粉馒头的硬度和弹性。结果表明:四种胶体均能增大混合粉的吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间,降低弱化度,但有一定的差异。黄原胶对粉质特性的影响最显著,然而添加了黄原胶的小麦玉米混合粉馒头品质较差。添加适量的瓜尔豆胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋胶可改善小麦玉米混合粉馒头的品质。其中,2%魔芋胶的比容最大,0.5%魔芋胶的硬度最小,2%羧甲基纤维素钠的弹性最大,感官评分最高。     

猪肉肠中亚麻籽胶、卡拉胶和黄原胶的相互作用

研究猪肉肠中亚麻籽胶、卡拉胶和黄原胶的相互作用。采用析因设计,在猪肉肠加工过程中,添加不同量的亚麻籽胶、卡拉胶和黄原胶,分析上述胶类对猪肉肠保水性、保油性的影响。结果表明：添加亚麻籽胶可显著地增强猪肉肠在60℃条件下烘20、40、60、80min的保水能力(P＜0.01)。卡拉胶对猪肉肠在60℃条件下烘20、40min的保水能力无显著性的影响,亚麻籽胶与黄原胶对猪肉肠在60℃条件下烘20、40min都有显著性交互作用(P＜0.05);保水能力从高到低依次为：亚麻籽胶、黄原胶、卡拉胶。亚麻籽胶对猪肉肠用乙醚浸提40min和60min的保油性有显著性的影响(P＜0.05),黄原胶和卡拉胶对保油性没有显著性的影响;保油能力高到低依次为：亚麻籽胶、黄原胶、卡拉胶。     

不同食用胶与牛肉糜结合力及凝胶性能的比较

为解决牛肉糜类产品失水析油、结构疏松的问题,通过设置空白对照组、3 g/kg瓜尔豆胶组、3 g/kg魔芋胶组、3 g/kg卡拉胶组,测定蒸煮损失、水分迁移、质构、扫描电镜的微观结构等,研究胶体结合牛肉糜能力对结构的影响。结果表明,在蒸煮损失、总汁液流失、水分损失、脂肪损失方面,瓜儿豆胶组比空白对照组分别下降了2.44%、5.93%、5.92%、1.42%。三种胶体在结合肉糜能力上表现为瓜儿豆胶组>魔芋胶组=卡拉胶组>空白对照组。空白对照组的硬度为27286.00 g,瓜尔豆胶组、魔芋胶组、卡拉胶组硬度分别下降至空白组的32.33%、55.58%、83.30%。空白对照组、瓜尔豆胶组、魔芋胶组、卡拉胶组的a^*分别为8.35、10.17、10.26、9.76;植物源胶体的T22均比空白对照组小(p<0.05),说明添加胶体后,对质子运动的束缚程度提高。微观结构上,瓜尔豆胶组与魔芋胶组脂肪颗粒均匀分布于整个网络中,几乎没有大空洞。结论:3 g/kg瓜尔豆胶组结合牛肉糜能力最高,对结构影响最大。     

复合亲水胶体对带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了六种亲水性胶体对带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响,以凝胶特性、持水力和白度等为指标,结合扫描电镜观察微观结构,应用响应面法开发鱼糜制品复合型凝胶增强剂。结果表明:在带鱼鱼糜中加入褐藻胶、魔芋胶、沙蒿子胶、卡拉胶、热凝胶多糖均可提高带鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,加入瓜尔豆胶降低带鱼鱼糜制品凝胶强度。响应面分析得到添加0.1%热凝胶多糖、0.19%魔芋胶、0.1%沙蒿子胶的带鱼鱼糜凝胶制品能够形成均匀、致密的三维网状结构,其凝胶强度是不添加亲水性胶体的3.58倍。      

食用胶对虾蛄中磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶分别添加到虾蛄磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白中,在不同食用胶、三聚磷酸钠添加量及不同温度下形成凝胶,研究食用胶对磷酸化蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：随着三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加,3 种食用胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性均提高;随着食用胶添加量的增加,卡拉胶与黄原胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性提高,魔芋胶添加量为0.1%时,其蛋白凝胶强度最高;随着温度的升高,魔芋胶与卡拉胶均对蛋白凝胶强度和保水性有显著性影响（P＜0.05）,但黄原胶对凝胶强度和保水性无显著影响（P＞0.05）。