Effect of enzyme type and hydrolysis conditions on the in vitro angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity and ash content of hydrolysed whey protein isolate

Removal of salts from protein hydrolysate mixture on large scale is very difficult and relatively inefficient. Selecting practical proteinase system and hydrolysis conditions for the production of whey protein isolate (WPI) enzymatic hydrolysates with high angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and low ash content is very useful. The effect of alcalase, neutrase, trypsin and their combined system, i.e. alcalase‐neutrase and trypsin‐neutrase, under two different hydrolysis conditions, i.e. pH‐controlled and pH‐spontaneous drop, on the formation of ACE‐inhibitory peptides and the characteristics of WPI hydrolysate was investigated. Results showed that the ACE‐inhibitory activity of WPI hydrolysate obtained with alcalase was significantly higher than that of its trypsin or neutrase hydrolysate obtained at the same hydrolysis time by both pH‐controlled and pH‐spontaneous drop method (P < 0.05). The WPI hydrolysate obtained after 3 h incubation with alcalase plus 2 h with neutrase under pH‐spontaneous drop condition possessed the highest ACE‐inhibitory activity of 54.30% and the lowest ash content of 2.95%. This is practical as a functional ingredient in the food industry because of its high ACE‐inhibitory capability, commercial availability in large supply of alcalase and neutrase and no needing for additional desalting process.     

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities of peptides prepared from tuna cooking juice and spleen proteases

Tuna cooking juice is a by‐product from the tuna canning industry. In this study, tuna cooking juice was hydrolysed by proteases extracted from the spleen. Tuna cooking juice showed the highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities after hydrolysis for 270 and 180 min, respectively. The hydrolysate was further fractionated by ultrafiltration. The permeate exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities when passed through 1 and 5 kDa cut‐off membranes, respectively. Gel filtration chromatography was used to determine the MW of bioactive peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities. Those peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities were the MW range of 238–829 Da and 1355–1880 Da, respectively. These results suggest that the tuna cooking juice and the spleen protease extract are a potential source of bioactive peptides that can be utilised as bioactive ingredients in functional food and nutraceuticals.     

Bioactive peptide production by hydrolysis of porcine blood proteins in a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor

BACKGROUND: During slaughter a hog produces approximately 3 L of blood. However, only a small proportion of porcine blood is currently used in food, feed or fertiliser, most of it being treated as waste and discarded. In this study the possibility of hydrolysing porcine blood proteins by enzyme in a membrane reactor for the production of bioactive peptides was investigated. Red blood corpuscles, blood plasma and defibrinated blood plasma were hydrolysed by various proteases, and the hydrolysates were evaluated for bioactive properties. RESULTS: The hydrolysate produced by hydrolysing red blood corpuscles with a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin had the highest angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.58 mg mL^?1) and scavenging effect on α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (65%) after 6 and 10 h of hydrolysis respectively. When the hydrolysis was carried out in an enzymatic membrane reactor with an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:5 and a residence time of 100 min, the process reached steady state in 2 h. The ACE‐inhibitory activity of the product during the steady state process was 86% and its scavenging effect on DPPH was 54%. The membrane process also decolourised the enzyme‐hydrolysed product, thus improving the appearance of the product. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that hydrolysates of porcine blood possess antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Using red blood corpuscles as the substrate, the hydrolysis could be carried out in a membrane reactor with a mixture of proteases to produce bioactive peptides continuously. Therefore processing of porcine blood in an enzymatic membrane reactor is a potential method for producing a health‐promoting product. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant, antihypertensive and antimicrobial properties of ovine milk caseinate hydrolyzed with a microbial protease

BACKGROUND: Bioactive peptides might be released from precursor proteins through enzymatic hydrolysis. These molecules could be potentially employed in health and food products. In this investigation, ovine milk caseinate hydrolysates obtained with a novel microbial protease derived from Bacillus sp. P7 were evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activities. RESULTS: Antioxidant activity measured by the 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid method increased with hydrolysis time up to 2 h, remaining stable for up to 4 h. Hydrolysates showed low 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging abilities, with higher activity (31%) reached after 1 h of hydrolysis. Fe²⁺‐chelating ability was maximum for 0.5 h hydrolysates (83.3%), decreasing thereafter; and the higher reducing power was observed after 1 h of hydrolysis. ACE‐inhibitory activity was observed to increase up to 2 h of hydrolysis (94% of inhibition), declining afterwards. 3 h hydrolysates were shown to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium fimi, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium expansum. CONCLUSION: Ovine caseinate hydrolyzed with Bacillus sp. P7 protease presented antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial activities. Hydrolysis time was observed to affect the evaluated bioactivities. Such hydrolysates might have potential applications in the food industry. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Peptide enriched functional food adjunct from soy whey: A statistical optimization study

Soy whey is generated as a process waste while preparing soy based food products tofu, causing environmental pollution and also representing an economic penalty against the industrial process. Therefore, its valorization is of prime importance to the industry. The present investigation aims to convert this proteinaceous waste into bioactive peptide enriched hydrolysate. Soy whey protein was enzymatically treated with the Aspergillus awamori nakazawa protease. Respective protease was efficient to produce antioxidant peptide beholding radical scavenging ability of 40–50% at normal conditions. Remarkable increase in the radical scavenging activity upto 70% was noticed at the response surface methodology (RSM) based optimized condition: temperature 40°C, salt concentration (NaCl) 0.05 M, surfactant concentration (Triton-X 100) 0.0075%, hydrolysis time 80 min, and enzyme to substrate concentration 164 IU/g of soy whey protein. The present study emphasizes the biotransformation of proteineceous waste into antioxidant peptide rich soy whey protein hydrolysate to be considered as additives for food preparation and formulation.     

体外模拟消化对大米谷蛋白结构及水解产物生物活性的影响

通过体外模拟消化,研究不同消化时间下谷蛋白结构与抗氧化和血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性的关系.利用内源荧光光谱和傅里叶变换红光谱测定谷蛋白水解过程结构变化.通过测定水解产物抗氧化能力和ACE抑制率表征酶解产物的活性,利用四极杆串联飞行时间质谱鉴定具有抗氧化...     

驼乳与牛乳乳清蛋白酶解工艺优化及其产物抗氧化能力分析

为了研究不同蛋白水解酶对驼乳和牛乳抗氧化能力的影响,向驼乳和牛乳乳清蛋白中添加不同蛋白水解酶,探究乳清蛋白抗氧化活性肽的最佳制备条件,并对其抗氧化能力进行比较分析。首先从3种蛋白酶中筛选出最佳用酶,在此基础上以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-Trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH)自由基的清除率为响应值,进行单因素和响应面试验,同时研究了驼乳和牛乳乳清蛋白抗氧化肽对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子的清除效果。结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶水解物的能力最强,水解度可达15%。驼乳乳清蛋白最佳酶解工艺为酶解pH6.4,酶解温度55 ℃,底物浓度2.73%,DPPH自由基清除率可达71.9%。牛乳乳清蛋白最佳酶解工艺为酶解pH6,酶解温度54 ℃,底物浓度4%,DPPH自由基清除率达69.9%。在最佳酶解条件下,驼乳乳清蛋白酶解液的·OH清除率为58.2%,O₂-·清除率为67.2%;牛乳乳清蛋白酶解液·OH清除率为52.2%,·O₂-清除率为60.7%。驼乳乳清蛋白酶解液的抗氧化性在不同程度上均高于牛乳乳清蛋白酶解液,驼乳和牛乳乳清酶解液的DPPH自由基清除能力较强,其次是O₂-·清除能力,·OH清除能力最弱。     

Protein hydrolysate from tilapia frame: antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor properties

The effect of varying the aminopeptidase concentration and hydrolysis time in the production of a protein hydrolysate from tilapia frame (TFPH) was evaluated in terms of the obtained antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activities. Minced tilapia frame was subjected to hydrolysis using three concentrations Flavourzyme^® 1000 L [Brenntag Ingredients (Thailand) Company Limited (Public), Bangkok, Thailand] [0%, 1% and 2% (w/w)] and two hydrolysis times (0 and 1 h). The enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time both significantly affected the antioxidant and ACE inhibitor properties. The use of 2% (w/w) Flavourzyme^® 1000 L for 1 h yielded the highest levels of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil free radical scavenging (90.4%), metal chelating (91.8%), thiobarbituric acid activity ratio (81.9%), and ACE inhibition (83.8%). In addition, this TFPH contained a higher net amount of amino acids and a larger peptide molecular weight distribution compared to the unhydrolysed tilapia frame supernatant. Thus, TFPH may be a suitable supplement to improve the functionality of food products.     

Fractionation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity from pea and whey protein in vitro gastrointestinal digests

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of pea and whey protein produced high angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 0.070 and 0.041 mg protein ml^?1 respectively. Ultrafiltration/centrifugation using a membrane with a molecular weight cut‐off of 3000 Da decreased the IC₅₀ value to 0.055 mg protein ml^?1 for pea permeate and 0.014 mg protein ml^?1 for whey permeate. Further fractionation by reverse phase HPLC gave IC₅₀ values as low as 0.016 mg protein ml^?1 for pea and 0.003 mg protein ml^?1 for whey. Consequently, these purification steps enriched the ACE inhibitory activity of the pea digest more than four times and that of the whey digest more than 13 times. HPLC profiles after digestion and ultrafiltration indicate that high ACE inhibitory activity is due to short and more hydrophobic peptides. The results also suggest that potent ACE inhibitory peptides were present alongside low active peptides in whey hydrolysate, while all peptides had more or less the same ACE inhibitory activity in pea hydrolysate. In addition, the hydrolysates and enriched fractions will resist in vivo gastrointestinal digestion after oral administration. Hence these ACE inhibitory peptides, as part of functional foods, can play significant roles in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于乳清蛋白粉水解产物抗氧化活性优化酶解工艺

通过提高乳清蛋白粉水解产物(Whey protein powder hydrolysate,WPPH)的抗氧化活性,对乳清蛋白粉的酶解工艺进行优化。首先以WPPH水解度及抗氧化活性(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、总抗氧化能力)为指标,从4种蛋白酶中筛选得到酶解效果较好的胰蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶。然后通过单因素与正交试验确定双酶协同水解乳清蛋白粉的最适酶解条件。结果表明:复合酶最优酶解条件为菠萝蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶以1:1的比例同时添加,pH6.0、温度50℃、酶底比0.3%、底物浓度3 g/100 mL、酶解时间2.5 h,在此条件下WPPH水解度达到34.24%,分子量低于1000 Da的肽段占比在50%以上,DPPH自由基清除率91.42%±0.51%、羟自由基清除率80.85%±0.47%、总抗氧化能力(46±0.65)μmol/L。在本研究确定的酶解工艺条件下,乳清蛋白粉水解产物具有较强的抗氧化活性,在天然抗氧化剂和保健食品领域有一定的开发利用价值。     

Optimization of peptic hydrolysis parameters for the production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory hydrolysate from Acetes chinensis through Plackett-Burman and response surface methodological approaches

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important physiological role in regulating blood pressure. The elevation of blood pressure could be suppressed by inhibiting ACE. ACE inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins could exert antihypertensive effects without side effects. Acetes chinensis is a marine shrimp suitable for the production of ACE inhibitory peptides. The principal objective of this study was to screen for the significant variables, and further to optimize the levels of the selected variables, for the enzymatic production of ACE inhibitory peptides from Acetes chinensis. RESULTS: Plackett–Burman design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the peptic hydrolysis parameters of Acetes chinensis to obtain a hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity. The peptic hydrolysis variables were subject to a Plackett–Burman design for screening the main factors. The selected significant parameters such as pH, hydrolysis temperature and enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio were further optimized using a central composite design. The optimized conditions were: pH 2.5, hydrolysis temperature 45 °C, E/S ratio 17 800 U kg^?1 shrimp and substrate concentration 200 g L^?1. The results showed that 3–5 h hydrolysis could result in a hydrolysate with ACE inhibition IC₅₀ of 1.17 mg mL^?1 and a high DH of 25–27%. CONCLUSION: Plackett–Burman design and RSM performed well in the optimization of peptic hydrolysis parameters of Acetes chinensis to produce hydrolysate with ACE inhibitory activity. A hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity and high degree of hydrolysis was obtained, so that the yield of ACE inhibitory peptides in it was high. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

鸭肉蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化特性

为了解酶解时间、蛋白酶种类对鸭肉蛋白酶解产物抗氧化特性的影响,分别用复合蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶和胰酶对鸭肉进行单酶酶解和双酶分步酶解（胰酶＋复合蛋白酶、胰酶＋风味蛋白酶）,制备不同时间段的酶解产物,并对其自由基清除能力（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（hydroxyl radical,·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（superoxide radical,O2－·））和总还原力进行分析。结果表明：各鸭肉蛋白酶解产物的DPPH自由基清除率随着酶解时间的延长而增加,但·OH和O2－·清除率及总还原力随着酶解时间的延长先增加后降低（P＜0.05）。在5 种鸭肉蛋白酶解产物中,复合蛋白酶酶解物表现出最强的DPPH自由基清除能力（75.70±1.54）%、·OH清除能力（59.41±1.24）%和O2－·清除能力（98.50±4.51）%,但用双酶分步酶解得到的酶解产物表现出最强的总还原力（0.330±0.017）。因此鸭肉蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化特性受酶解时间和蛋白酶种类的影响,复合蛋白酶是制备鸭肉蛋白源抗氧化肽的最适蛋白酶。     

Two Novel Bioactive Peptides from Antarctic Krill with Dual Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitory Activities

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are considered useful in managing 2 often associated conditions: diabetes and hypertension. In this study, corolase PP was used to hydrolyze Antarctic krill protein. The hydrolysate (AKH) was isolated by ultrafiltration and purified by size‐exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) sequentially. The in vitro inhibitory activities of all AKHs and several fractions obtained against ACE and DPP‐IV were assessed. Two peptides, purified with dual‐strength inhibitory activity against ACE and DPP‐IV, were identified by TOF‐MS/MS. Results indicated that not all fractions exhibited dual inhibitory activities of ACE and DPP‐IV. The purified peptide Lys‐Val‐Glu‐Pro‐Leu‐Pro had half‐maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of 0.93±0.05 and 0.73±0.04 mg/mL against ACE and DPP‐IV, respectively. The other peptide Pro‐Ala‐Leu had IC₅₀ values of 0.64±0.05 and 0.88±0.03 mg/mL against ACE and DPP‐IV, respectively. This study firstly reported the sequences of dual bioactive peptides from Antarctic krill proteins, further provided new insights into the bioactive peptides responsible for the ACE and DPP‐IV inhibitory activities from the Antarctic krill protein hydrolysate to manage hypertension and diabetes.     

一种新型抗氧化五肽的纯化、鉴定与表征

以黑鲨鱼皮为原料,利用蛋白酶酶解制备和分离纯化抗氧化多肽,并探究其抗氧化机理。以1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率为主要指标,以水解度为辅助指标,优化酶解工艺条件。通过反相高效液相色谱和电喷雾四极杆飞行时间质谱分离纯化和鉴定氨基酸序列并探究其体外抗氧化活性。结果显示,最佳水解蛋白酶为碱性蛋白酶,最优酶解工艺为pH 8.0、酶添加量311 U/mL、底物质量分数3%、酶解温度45 ℃、酶解时间4.9 h,所得的酶解液DPPH自由基清除率为77.61%,水解度为14.21%。经反相高效液相色谱分离,得到组分F19的DPPH自由基清除能力最强。经鉴定,选择抗氧化活性高的总离子流色谱峰（保留时间为10.02 min左右）进行一级质谱和二级质谱分析,获得纯化的新型抗氧化五肽,其分子质量为461 Da,氨基酸序列结构为Pro-Gly-Gly-Thr-Met,其DPPH自由基清除率为75.01%（1.0 mg/mL）,氧自由基吸收能力（以Trolox当量计）为2490.01 μmol/g。新型五肽的Pro和Met在抗氧化中起到关键性作用。本研究为黑鲨鱼皮抗氧化五肽的抗氧化机理及其构效关系提供了一定理论依据。     

Utilisation of chickpea protein isolates for production of peptides with angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity

Chickpea protein isolates and the protease alcalase were used for the production of protein hydrolysates that inhibit angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE). The highest degree of inhibition was found in a hydrolysate obtained by 30 min of treatment with alcalase. This hydrolysate was used as starting material for the purification of ACE‐inhibitory peptides. After Biogel P2 gel filtration chromatography and HPLC C₁₈ reverse phase chromatography, four peptides with ACE‐inhibitory activity were purified. Two of them were competitive inhibitors of ACE, while the other two were uncompetitive inhibitors. These results show that chickpea proteins are a good source of ACE‐inhibitory peptides when hydrolysed with the protease alcalase. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of degree of hydrolysis on functional properties, antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of egg white protein hydrolysate

Functional properties, antioxidant, and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of egg white protein hydrolysate (EWPH) prepared with trypsin at different degree of hydrolysis (DH) were investigated. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, and ACE inhibitory activity increased with DH at first and then decreased gradually. Hydrolysates with 12.4% DH had the highest antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities. As DH increased, the solubility of EWPH increased while the emulsifying and foaming properties decreased. The functional properties of EWPH were also controlled by pH. Ultrafiltration of the hydrolysate with 12.4% DH revealed that the fractions of molecular weight lower than 3 kDa exhibited the highest antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities. The results indicated that EWPH with different DH have different bioactive and functional properties and EWPH by controlled hydrolysis may be useful ingredients in food and nutraceutical applications with potential bioactive properties.     

Antioxidant activity,functional properties and bioaccessibility of whey protein hydrolysates

The main objective of this study was to produce the functionally improved whey protein hydrolysate with high bioaccessible antioxidant activity. The hydrolysate with highest antioxidant activity, mainly composed of hydrophilic antioxidant peptides and suitable for preventing oxidation in polar food matrices, was produced by tryptic hydrolysis conducted at 37 °C and an enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio of 0.5%. The hydrolysate exerted significantly improved antioxidant activity (80.0%), digestibility (95.9%) and bioaccessibility (124.6%) compared to the native whey proteins (32.1%, 87.1% and 106.3%, respectively) as widely used food supplement. The high bioaccessibility indicates the preservation of hydrolysate bioactivity during the process of gastrointestinal digestion, as a particular challenge in its application.     

Determination of reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein for manipulating production of bioactive peptides with antioxidant activity,angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity and Ca‐binding properties

To manipulate enzymatic hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) muscle protein for production of bioactive peptides, its reaction kinetics was intensively studied. The study showed that the production of peptides with different bioactive properties including antioxidant activity, angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and Ca‐binding property and their kinetics were affected by the degree of hydrolysis and substrate concentration. A comparative study on reaction kinetics found that the kinetic parameters for the production of each bioactive peptide are unique, that is, the maximum initial velocity, V_max, for hydrolysis of protein was as high as 1.07 mg mL^?1 min^?1, but that for the production of peptides with antioxidant activity and Ca‐binding property were very low, range of 7.14–66.7 μg mL^?1 min^?1, and that for the production of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity was the lowest, at 2.57 μg mL^?1 min^?1. This knowledge of reaction kinetics of protein hydrolysis would be useful for manipulating and optimising the production of peptides with desired bioactive properties.     

固定化瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶酶解乳清蛋白生产ACE抑制肽的条件优化

以乳清浓缩蛋白WPC-80为原料,研究固定化瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶酶解WPC-80生产血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensinⅠ-converting enzyme,ACE）抑制肽的工艺条件。通过单因素试验和响应面方法研究了酶解温度、酶解pH值、底物与酶质量比（[S]/[E]）、酶解时间对固定化瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶制备ACE抑制肽的影响,确定了酶解乳清蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的最佳工艺条件为：温度37 ℃、pH 7.5、[S]/[E]＝15%、酶解时间8 h。在此条件下,酶解产物的水解度为（6.05±0.36）%,ACE抑制率为（59.54±0.61）%。     

酶解法制备鲟鱼皮活性肽条件优化及抗氧化能力

为提高从鲟鱼皮中提取的生物活性肽含量,以鲟鱼皮胶原蛋白为主要材料,以蛋白酶酶解后的肽得率为 主要考察指标,在单因素试验基础上利用正交试验分析加酶量、酶解温度、酶解时间对鲟鱼皮活性肽得率的影 响,并优化酶解条件。在此基础上以新鲜猪肉为模型,考察鲟鱼皮活性肽溶液处理对猪肉组织抗氧化酶（总超氧 化物歧化酶（total-superoxide dismutase,T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、 谷胱甘肽S转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST））活力的影响。结果表明：酶解鲟鱼皮胶原蛋白的最适 酶为碱性蛋白酶,最佳工艺条件为加酶量12 000 U/g、酶解温度60 ℃、酶解时间4 h,在此条件下,肽得率为 （12.59±0.98）%;鲟鱼皮活性肽可以提高猪肉组织T-SOD、GSH-Px和GST活性,具有抗氧化功效。