高效液相色谱法测定酸奶中四种有机酸

测定酸奶中风味有机酸,精确评价酸奶风味,并对比3种发酵剂的发酵性能。使用3种直投式发酵剂以半工业化方式生产酸奶,测定3种酸奶在发酵及冷藏过程中的酸度变化,感官评定酸奶成品,并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析酸奶中的4种有机酸成分(乳酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸及甲酸)。结果表明:3种发酵剂产酸迅速,所产酸奶品质优良,M与自制发酵剂后酸化弱。冷藏期间3种酸奶中有机酸含量的变化存在细微差异。利用高效液相色谱法有效测定了酸奶中4种有机酸(乳酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸及甲酸),成功评定了3种发酵剂的发酵性能。     

不同酸奶发酵剂的发酵性能比较

前期在单菌株筛选的基础上,获得7种保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌组合的酸奶发酵剂。利用这7种发酵剂发酵制备酸奶,评价他们的产酸性能、后酸化能力,并分析所制备酸奶的物性学特性、乙醛和双乙酰产量,最后进行感官评价,以评价这些发酵剂的工业应用潜力。结果表明,7种酸奶发酵剂具有各自独特的发酵性能,可用于不同风味和质地酸奶的生产,具有工业开发潜力。     

嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901对酸奶发酵特性及抗氧化活性的影响

研究嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901在发酵酸奶过程中对酸奶特性及抗氧化活性的影响,开发出一种抗氧化活性强的酸奶发酵剂。通过选取嗜热链球菌S1、德式乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.0207发酵酸奶以及向其中加入嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901共同发酵制备酸奶,评价其产酸性能、活菌数含量,并分析所发酵酸奶的质构特性、乙醛和双乙酰产量,进行感官评价,最后对制备酸奶的体外抗氧化活性进行探索和研究,进而比较研究嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901对发酵酸奶的发酵性能和抗氧化能力。结果表明:用嗜热链球菌S1、德式乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.0207及嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901共同发酵的酸奶产酸速度快,5 h基本凝乳,与未添加嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901发酵的酸奶相比,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为3.55×10~8CFU/g、风味物质乙醛的含量为22.8μg/mL、双乙酰含量为7.5μg/mL,以及感官评分为86分,仅次于3号汉森发酵剂。与3号汉森发酵剂相比,添加KLDS 1.0901的2号发酵剂在清除自由基的体外抗氧化能力方面与其相近。     

半工业化生产酸奶与直投式发酵剂的性能评定

应用直投式发酵剂,以半工业化生产的方式制作酸奶,测定了酸奶的多种品质指标,评定了发酵剂的生产性能。车间处理鲜牛奶,投菌后测定发酵剂在0～7 h的产酸趋势,并分别以5、6 h和7 h为发酵终止时间,比较3种发酵时间所得酸奶在4℃冷藏期间的品质。发酵剂活力恢复较快,且发酵终止时间易于控制;酸奶在4℃贮藏前期酸度有略微增加,后期稳定;酸奶品质以发酵7 h为最佳,贮藏期间有略微变化。综合评定结果表明,直投式发酵剂的性能优良,在后续自主研发发酵剂的实验中可以作为参考对象。     

不同直投式酸奶发酵剂发酵性能的比较研究

为了比较六种不同国内外直投式酸奶发酵剂的发酵性能,对六种发酵剂进行酸奶发酵实验。根据不同酸奶的pH、滴定酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、乙醛和双乙酰含量、持水力、质构及感官评定等指标进行对比。结果表明：6号国外进口发酵剂产酸速度最快,3 h基本凝乳,酸奶中乳酸菌的活菌数最多（1.29×109 CFU/g）、风味物质乙醛的含量最高（22.17 μg/mL）以及感官评分最高（88分）。综合而言,6号进口发酵剂的发酵性能要优于其他五种国产发酵剂。     

引进直投型酸奶发酵剂菌种的分离及其复合发酵性能的研究

本文对引进酸奶发酵剂进行菌种分离与鉴定。结果表明，从发酵剂中分离到三株菌。其中一株鉴定为德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种，两株为嗜热链球菌。其在牛乳中发酵产酸产粘能力均较强。用之制作酸奶的最佳复合发酵接种量为4%，球菌与杆菌组合比例为2：2。产品质量优良。     

植物基杏仁酸奶的研制及不同发酵剂对酸奶品质的影响

该研究以杏仁为原料,经乳酸菌发酵制成植物基杏仁酸奶,通过单因素试验结合响应面法优化发酵工艺,并探究不同乳酸菌发酵剂对杏仁酸奶品质的影响。结果表明,最优的发酵工艺为料液比1 ∶10（g/mL）、发酵剂添加量0.6%、发酵温度40 ℃、发酵时间10 h,在该条件下,杏仁酸奶质地均匀、口感醇厚、色泽均一,感官评分为89.00,而不同类型发酵剂单发酵杏仁乳均能直接影响植物基杏仁酸奶品质,市售的酸奶发酵剂保加利亚乳杆菌及嗜热链球菌,能稳定有效发酵产酸,发酵制成的植物基杏仁酸奶各项品质指标均优于其他乳酸菌单发酵酸奶。     

内蒙古奶豆腐中优良乳酸菌的筛选及发酵性能研究

从内蒙古牧民家庭采集传统发酵的奶豆腐样品,通过溶钙圈法分离、纯化、筛选得到16株链状产酸较强的球菌,通过16S r DNA基因序列分析确定该16株链球菌均为嗜热链球菌。通过单菌株发酵酸奶,对其产酸性能、后酸化、持水性、蛋白水解能力进行分析,筛选出发酵性能最佳的菌株。结果表明,菌株T9和T16各方面的性能均比较好:具有较强的产酸能力,较弱的后酸,良好的持水性和蛋白水解能力,发酵酸奶能产生柔和的口感,浓郁的风味,在开发优良直投式酸奶发酵剂方面很有潜力。     

我国酸奶发酵剂的使用现状及发展趋势

酸奶发酵剂是制作酸奶所用的特定微生物培养材料.发酵剂的种类和酸奶的发酵方式对酸奶质量有着重要影响.本文比较了几种常见酸奶发酵剂的优缺点,并且指出直投式酸奶发酵剂是今后酸奶发酵剂的发展趋势.     

我国酸奶发酵剂的使用现状及发展趋势

酸奶发酵剂是制作酸奶所用的特定微生物培养材料.发酵剂的种类和酸奶的发酵方式对酸奶质量有着重要影响.本文比较了几种常见酸奶发酵剂的优缺点,并且指出直投式酸奶发酵剂是今后酸奶发酵剂的发展趋势.     

腌腊肉制品中乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其在腊肠中的应用

为筛选适合传统腌腊肉制品的优良乳酸菌菌株,从多种农家自制传统腌腊肉制品中分离纯化出9株优势乳酸菌。通过发酵特性筛选,得到一株性状优良菌株10M-7,并制备该菌株的干粉发酵剂,以未接种发酵剂腊肠为对照,分析此发酵剂对腊肠感官品质和微生物变化的影响。结果表明,10M-7菌株具有良好的产酸特性和抑菌性能。根据形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定其为植物乳杆菌,采用冷冻干燥法制备纯种发酵剂,并制作人工发酵腊肠。发酵剂组pH值在初期便迅速下降,且始终低于对照组;发酵剂组乳酸菌迅速生长繁殖,且葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌数量与对照组相比明显降低。感官评价表明,当添加量为10~4CFU/g原料肉时,能够很好地保持和改善产品风味,使产品整体感觉更好。     

发酵香肠乳酸菌发酵剂筛选标准

乳酸菌是发酵香肠最重要的发酵剂菌种。本文介绍了发酵香中乳酸菌的作用,乳酸菌发酵剂的发展历史,着重探讨了发酵香肠乳酸菌发酵剂筛选标准。     

The effects of a starter culture on the formation of biogenic amines in Turkish soudjoucks

The effects of starter culture containing Lactobacillus sake, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Staphylococcus carnosus plus Staphylococcus xylosus on the formation of biogenic amines during ripening of Turkish soudjoucks were investigated. Determination of eight different biogenic amines was carried out by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using diode array detection. It was found that aerobic plate counts (APC) decreased in the samples with added starter culture. Lactic acid bacteria counts increased in both the controls and samples with added starter during ripening. Total Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts decreased on the 30th day for vacuum packed and starter added samples. Yeast counts decreased only in vacuum packed and starter added samples on the 30th day. No biogenic amines were found in ground meat samples. Putrescine (PU) and tyramine (TYR) were determined in all control samples during the storage at 4°C. Starter addition inhibited formation of PU but not TYR.     

Influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on the properties of yoghurt fermented by ropy or non-ropy starter cultures

The paper describes studies on the influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on chemical and functional properties of yoghurt products. Reconstituted skim milk was heated for 20 min at 85 degrees C, 90 degrees C, or 95 degrees C. Ropy (producing exopolysaccharides, EPS) or non-ropy strains of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were used as starter culture for yoghurt manufacture. The studies have shown that the fermentation times decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was used, while they remained to a far extent unchanged if the non-ropy starter culture was applied. The lactic acid contents of the yoghurt products were in the same range when the milk was heated at 85 degrees C or 90 degrees C, while they were different when milk was heated at 95 degrees C. There was a tendency visible that an increase in preheating leads to increased L(+)- and decreased D(-)-lactic acid contents if the non-ropy culture was applied. Using the ropy culture, it was vice versa. A slightly decrease in proteolysis with increasing heat impact was to be noted with both starter cultures. Concerning the relation of proteolysis to acidification, the fermentation process could be subdivided into three sections with different slopes if the non-ropy starter culture was used, while a linear relation was found if the ropy starter culture was applied. Regarding final product characteristics it was found that the functional properties of yoghurt decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was applied, while they remained to a far extent unchanged when the non-ropy starter culture was used. It can be concluded from these studies that a preheating of milk at a temperature of 85 degrees C (20 min) is optimal in regard to final yoghurt product characteristics.     

Effect of Bacteriophage on the Activity of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures Used in the Production of Fermented Sausage

The effects of phage fri, which was isolated from a commercial meat starter culture, on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and on pH development in broth culture were determined. The influence of this phage on pH development in laboratory sausages produced with the aid of four commercial starter cultures was also assessed. In the presence of a phage-sensitive starter culture, phage fri inhibited the growth of the organism and prevented the development of low pH levels when grown in broth culture. In laboratory sausage, the phage-sensitive, lactic-acid starter cultures produced sufficient acid for an acceptable product in the presence of phage fri. Results suggested that product failure in the fermented meat industry due to phage infection would not be common.     

Improvement of Fermented Chinese Cabbage Characteristics by Selected Starter Cultures

Traditional fermented vegetables have inconsistent quality and high nitrite content, whereas a commercial starter culture could overcome these problems. A total of 34 lactic acid bacteria strains were screened from 2 homemade naturally fermented Chinese cabbages. Fermented characters of single starter or mixed cultures were examined, including acidification, growth rate, and nitrite depletion ability in the fermented culture. As a result, the combined starter culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii IWQ and Lactobacillus paracasei J21) was selected. The fermented Chinese cabbage resulted from this mixed starter culture had higher sugar content residue (30.5 mg/mL for mixed culture and 22 mg/mL for control). And the titratable acid of the cabbage fermented by the mixed starter was 110°T, which was twice higher than that of control sample. The selected starter culture also had a better texture and sensory qualities than that the starter cultures from a local fermented Chinese cabbage plant, especially for its significantly lower nitrite content (3.00 mg/kg for mixed culture and 4.49 mg/kg for control). The findings of this study form a database for further studies on the development of starter cultures for fermented cabbage production and could replaced the local plant starter culture.     

Influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on the properties of yoghurt fermented by ropy or non‐ropy starter cultures

The paper describes studies on the influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on chemical and functional properties of yoghurt products. Reconstituted skim milk was heated for 20 min at 85°C, 90°C, or 95°C. Ropy (producing exopolysaccharides, EPS) or non‐ropy strains of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were used as starter culture for yoghurt manufacture. The studies have shown that the fermentation times decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was used, while they remained to a far extent unchanged if the non‐ropy starter culture was applied. The lactic acid contents of the yoghurt products were in the same range when the milk was heated at 85°C or 90°C, while they were different when milk was heated at 95°C. There was a tendency visible that an increase in preheating leads to increased L (+)‐ and decreased D (–)‐lactic acid contents if the non‐ropy culture was applied. Using the ropy culture, it was vice versa. A slightly decrease in proteolysis with increasing heat impact was to be noted with both starter cultures. Concerning the relation of proteolysis to acidification, the fermentation process could be subdivided into three sections with different slopes if the non‐ropy starter culture was used, while a linear relation was found if the ropy starter culture was applied. Regarding final product characteristics it was found that the functional properties of yoghurt decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was applied, while they remained to a far extent unchanged when the non‐ropy starter culture was used. It can be concluded from these studies that a preheating of milk at a temperature of 85°C (20 min) is optimal in regard to final yoghurt product characteristics.     

木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对腊肉品质的影响

以不添加发酵剂的腊肉为空白对照,从理化特性、微生物分析、感官评价、香气活性化合物组成及电子鼻分析角度,研究木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对腊肉品质的影响。结果表明,添加葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对产品的品质影响较大。与空白组比,葡萄球菌混合发酵剂可显著提高产品的酸价（2.12→3.28?mg/g）、蛋白质降解指数（16.32%→19.24%）、红度值a*（9.25→11.08）、香气和接受度得分及氨基酸代谢源香气活性化合物的种类和含量（3-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁酸）,同时显著降低产品的过氧化值（0.15→0.07?g/100?g）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量（0.25→0.17?mg/kg）和脂肪氧化源香气活性化合物的含量（己醛和壬醛）,而对成品的基本理化指标（水分含量、水分活度、pH值）没有显著影响。电子鼻传感器能够将2?组产品区分开,说明加入发酵剂后,腊肉的风味有所改变。因此,通过添加木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂可以显著促进腊肉中蛋白质和脂肪的水解、改善产品的色泽,促进发酵风味快速形成,同时延缓脂肪氧化。     

米发糕的双菌发酵剂工艺研究

以早籼米为原料,利用酵母茵和乳酸茵复配制成米发糕的专用发酵剂,研究两种茵的培养及比例对米发糕品质的影响,确定适宜的工艺配方.结果表明:采用马铃薯培养基对酵母茵进行培养和增茵;采用麦芽浸汁粉培养基对乳杆菌进行培养和增茵;将茵悬液按数量比为酵母菌∶乳酸菌=107∶107进行混合后浓缩至6.5％,加入8.5％米粉,0.3％白糖和0.15％单甘酯,混匀于32℃下热风干燥至含水量为13％.发酵剂贮藏一段时间后制作的米发糕品质略有下降.     

常压鼓风干燥法制备直投式纳豆菌剂工艺

建立采用常压鼓风干燥法制备直投式纳豆菌剂的工艺。通过优化直投式纳豆菌剂的制备条件,得到其最佳制备工艺,并测定该菌剂的发酵性能和贮藏稳定性。结果表明,直投式纳豆菌剂的最佳制备工艺为:复合干燥保护剂为11.07%脱脂乳粉、6.41%谷氨酸钠和14.76%柠檬酸钠;纳豆菌菌泥与复合保护剂的混合条件为:菌泥与复合保护剂的混合比例(g/mL)1:7、复合保护剂的pH为6.0、菌泥与复合保护剂的平衡时间35 min;纳豆菌的载体基质为碎米粉,菌悬液与碎米粉的混合比例(mL/g)为1:2;菌剂的干燥条件为50℃干燥9 h,在此条件下制备出的纳豆菌剂活菌率达82.66%,含菌量为7.93×1010 cfu/g,该菌剂发酵性能和贮藏稳定性较好,在4℃或-20℃条件下贮藏180 d后活菌数及发酵活力无明显变化。故采用常压鼓风干燥法制成的直投式纳豆菌剂符合市售纳豆菌剂的标准要求,可推广至工业生产中,简化生产过程。