退火温度对Bi3.15(Eu0.7Nd0.15)Ti3O12铁电薄膜力学性能的影响

利用金属有机物分解法(MOD)在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(111)衬底上制备了Bi3.15(Eu0.7Nd0.15)Ti3O12(BENT)薄膜,并经600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃退火处理。通过纳米压痕法测试了薄膜的硬度和弹性模量,采用X射线衍射(XRD)测量了薄膜的残余应力。BENT薄膜的晶粒尺寸随着退火温度的升高而不断变大。当晶粒尺寸从37 nm增大到46 nm时,薄膜的硬度值从8.4 GPa减少到3.1 GPa,弹性模量从171.5 GPa减小到141.6 GPa。随着退火温度从600℃升高到750℃时,薄膜的残余压应力值从–743 MPa减小到了–530 MPa。退火温度为600℃的BENT薄膜具有最大的硬度和弹性模量。     

PVD法制备(Ti,Al)N涂层中残余应力对其质量的影响

在国产离子镀和空心阴极离子镀复合镀膜机上,通过改变脉冲偏压值制备了(Ti,Al)N涂层。用X射线衍射仪对涂层的相组成进行了检测分析,并通过测得的衍射谱线计算了(Ti,Al)N涂层中的残余应力值;扫描电镜观察涂层表面微观形貌显示涂层表面存在"大颗粒"现象;用材料表面微纳米力学测试系统检测了涂层与基体间的结合力和涂层的硬度值。对涂层中残余应力与质量和性能之间关系的研究分析表明:(Ti,Al)N涂层中存在着残余压应力,且随脉冲偏压值的增加其值有先减小后增大的趋势;涂层中"大颗粒"现象随脉冲偏压值的提高能够显著得到减轻,涂层与基体间结合力得到提高,涂层的硬度值增大,涂层质量和力学性能均得到改善。     

类金刚石薄膜的表面纳米划擦性能评价

用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积在钛合金表面制备了类金刚石薄膜,利用纳米压入仪及其附件研究了薄膜与纳米划擦有关的力学性能．结果表明：随薄膜厚度的增加,其硬度略有增加,但增幅较小,弹性模量没有明显的相应规律;薄膜在划擦过程中,随载荷增加,先后经历薄膜变形、薄膜与基体共同变形及薄膜剥离三个阶段;在薄膜变形阶段,划擦对薄膜的损害较小;当压头进入薄膜一定深度后,划擦后薄膜与基体的变形不同步,造成薄膜沿划痕向两边形成整齐排列的小裂纹,呈鱼骨状;达到临界载荷值时,薄膜在界面处发生脆性剥落;随膜厚增加,薄膜的临界载荷增大,因其残余应力的相应增大而发生大面积脆性剥落．     

力学探针两步压入法研究(Ti,Al)N/AlN纳米多层膜的超硬效应

提出了采用毫牛力学探针技术对硬质薄膜的硬度和弹性模量等力学性能进行准确测量的两步压入法，并用此方法研究了（Ti,Al）N／AlH纳米多层膜的硬度和调制周期之间的关系。结果表明，该纳米多层膜体系的硬度和弹性模量随调制周期的减小单调增加，并在调制周期为1.3nm时达到最高值HV＝29.0GPa和E＝383.0GPa，表明（Ti,Al)N/AlN纳米多层膜存在超硬度和超模量效应。     

占空比对复合离子沉积TiZrN薄膜的影响

本文采用复合离子镀方法制备Ti Zr N薄膜,研究基体脉冲偏压占空比变化对薄膜结构和性能的影响规律。利用扫描电子显微镜观察薄膜表面的形貌;采用X射线衍射分析薄膜的微观结构;薄膜的沉积速率由XP-2台阶仪测得;通过维氏硬度计表征薄膜的硬度。实验结果表明:Ti Zr N薄膜的表面粗糙度和硬度都随着占空比的增加而减小;Ti Zr N薄膜的微观结构随占空比发生变化;Ti Zr N薄膜的沉积速率随占空比的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

喷丸处理对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接残余应力的影响

对2219铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和喷丸处理，采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量了搅拌摩擦焊和喷丸产生的残余应力，分析了残余应力的分布特征，研究了弹丸直径、弹丸材料、喷射距离等参数对搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力分布的影响。结果表明：焊接后，焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力，焊缝中心线±20 mm范围内的平均应力高达100.9 MPa,而远离焊缝的母材区域接近零应力状态；喷丸后，试样残余应力分布发生显著变化，表层残余应力表现为压应力，并且该压应力数值随着深度的增加先增大后减小，最后保持为拉应力；增大弹丸直径可提高最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度，但当弹丸直径继续增大至1.2 mm时，最大残余压应力值不再继续增大；选用合适的弹丸材料可获得理想的残余压应力分布情况；随着喷射距离的增大，最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度先增大后减小。     

半球谐振子金属化镀膜残余应力的测量方法及影响因素研究

半球谐振子金属化镀膜是半球谐振陀螺制造的重要工艺环节.镀膜过程所产生的薄膜残余应力对谐振子Q值有较大影响,决定着半球谐振陀螺零偏稳定性等最终性能.本文采用X射线衍射法测量薄膜残余应力,研究了镀膜工艺参数和膜层厚度对残余应力的影响,结果表明:薄膜残余应力均呈压应力状态;随着沉积速率的增大,薄膜应力先增大后减小,有转化为拉...     

磁控溅射制备(Ti,Al,Cr)N硬质薄膜及其力学性能的研究

用反应磁控溅射的方法通过改变Cr靶溅射功率在不锈钢基体卜沉积不同Cr含量TiAlCrN薄膜.采用台阶仪测量薄膜厚度;采用纳米压痕仪测量薄膜的硬度、弹性模量和薄膜与基体的结合力.沉积的TiAlCrN薄膜随着Cr含量增加,薄膜硬度先增大,而后减小;TiAlCrN薄膜的第一临界载荷和第二临界载荷均随Cr含量增加而增大.     

半金属铋薄膜导电特性和粗糙度的研究

本论文利用真空镀膜方法在云母片上生长半金属Bi薄膜,测量了薄膜生长厚度与电阻之间的关系,并用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了云母表面半金属薄膜电阻变化与薄膜粗糙度间的关系.生长初始阶段,薄膜先形成孤立的三维小岛(典型高度1 nm,直径10 nm,间距10 nm),随后互相聚结形成网状结构,薄膜不导通(R≥20 MΩ),粗糙度随膜厚增加而减小.当等效厚度d=1.74 nm时,薄膜导通(R≤13 MΩ),薄膜的形貌变为有小孔洞的连续状结构,粗糙度在此厚度附近达到最小值然后又增大.随着薄膜继续生长,连续状结构的厚度增加,薄膜电阻随之迅速减小,当d≥2.4 nm时薄膜电阻趋近于稳定值2kΩ.     

弧流对超薄四面体非晶碳膜的结构和性能的影响

使用45°双弯曲磁过滤阴极真空电弧系统(FCVA)制备超薄四面体非晶碳膜(ta-C),研究了弧流对薄膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明:当弧流由40 A增加到70 A时薄膜沉积速率提高,sp3的含量先增加后减小;当弧流为60 A时薄膜sp3的含量达到最大66%,密度也达到最大(3067 kg/m3)。残余压应力随着弧流的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,当弧流为40 A时薄膜的残余应力最小(4 GPa)。在碳膜沉积过程中碳源粒子有填充基体凹坑和减少基体缺陷的作用,使其表面非常光滑。超薄ta-C碳膜的表面粗糙度随着弧流的增加先降低后增加,当弧流为50 A时薄膜表面粗糙度最小(0.195 nm)。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.