UHMWPE纤维纬编针织复合材料的制备工艺研究

以超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维为原料,实现其在电脑横机上的编织,将6层纬平针织物、6层罗纹织物以及6层畦编织物分别通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型技术(VARTM)复合成复合材料板。VARTM工艺的最大优点是模具简单、成本低、模具抽真空形成负压使纤维与树脂分布更均匀。综合考虑UHMWPE纤维特点及VARTM工艺的工艺条件,实验用树脂为粘度低、浸润性好的环氧树脂;为使制备的复合材料均衡对称,采用(0°,90°)3s铺层方式;成功制备出了比较理想的纬平针、罗纹和畦编UHMWPE纤维纬编针织增强复合材料,为后续UHMWPE纤维纬编针织复合材料力学性能的研究及其拓展领域的应用奠定了一定的理论和实验基础。     

不同结构UHMWPE纤维纬编针织复合材料压缩性能

针对高性能超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）纤维的特性,成功编织出纬平针、罗纹、畦编3种针织物。采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型（VARTM）技术,分别制备出6层纬平针、6层罗纹以及6层畦编织物复合材料板。对3种结构复合材料进行压缩试验,并比较分析了比压缩强度-应变曲线、比压缩能量-应变曲线、比压缩能量-应变拟合曲线,分析了压缩过程中的能量吸收情况及材料的破坏形式。结果表明:纬平针结构复合材料的比压缩强度和比压缩能量均最大,其次是罗纹,畦编最小;且3种结构复合材料的压缩破坏过程均不属于脆性破坏;由于材料表现出较好的柔韧性,试样的比压缩能量与压缩应变呈线性相关;相同结构复合材料纵、横向比压缩强度-应变曲线和比压缩能量-应变曲线几乎重合。基体沿增强结构呈分层现象的破坏和树脂的塑性变形是材料的主要破坏形式。      

不同层数的超高分子量聚乙烯纬平针织复合材料冲击损伤

研究了不同层数超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维/环氧树脂纬平针织复合材料的冲击性能,并讨论了其冲击损伤模式。复合材料板分别为4、6、8层纬平针织结构,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺层合而成,以不同的冲击能量(10~55J)冲击复合材料板直至层合板被穿透,得到冲击能量与吸收能量关系图以及接触力-挠度曲线。分析了不同冲击能量下,复合材料中织物的损伤形式和破坏过程。研究结果表明:在3种针织结构复合材料中,8层纬平针织结构承受载荷的能力最强,6层纬平针织结构次之,4层纬平针织结构最差;随着冲击能量的增加,3种试样的冲击挠度均增大;基体开裂、纤维断裂是试样被渗透时有效的损伤模式,基体和纤维断裂是试样被穿孔时有效的损伤模式。     

双轴向衬纱纬编玄武岩纤维复合材料弯曲性能

经纬纱和针织纱分别选用不同线密度的高模高强玄武岩纤维,以不同衬纱方式编织出机织针织复合(CWK)织物和多层双轴向纬编(MBWK)织物,并以其作为增强体,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺制备了玄武岩纤维/乙烯复合材料.对两种复合材料0°、90°和45°方向的弯曲性能进行测试,分析比较了弯曲应力-应变特征曲线及纱线强度.结果表明:两种复合材料具有较好的弯曲性能,0°和90°方向的弯曲性能均优于各自45°方向的,弯曲应力-应变曲线均表现出一定的塑性破坏特征;MBWK织物增强复合材料0°和90°方向的弯曲性能又分别高于CWK织物增强复合材料0°和90°方向的弯曲性能;复合材料中经纱和纬纱的屈曲程度不同,致使MBWK织物增强复合材料的比模量和纱线强度均高于CWK织物增强复合材料,两种复合材料的弯曲性能受不同衬纱方式的影响,而两种复合材料试样的弯曲破坏形态相近.研究结果为双轴向衬纱纬编玄武岩纤维复合材料的应用提供了参考.     

双轴向衬纱纬编玄武岩纤维复合材料弯曲性能

经纬纱和针织纱分别选用不同线密度的高模高强玄武岩纤维, 以不同衬纱方式编织出机织针织复合(CWK)织物和多层双轴向纬编(MBWK)织物, 并以其作为增强体, 采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺制备了玄武岩纤维/乙烯复合材料。对两种复合材料0°、 90°和45°方向的弯曲性能进行测试, 分析比较了弯曲应力-应变特征曲线及纱线强度。结果表明: 两种复合材料具有较好的弯曲性能, 0°和90°方向的弯曲性能均优于各自45°方向的, 弯曲应力-应变曲线均表现出一定的塑性破坏特征; MBWK织物增强复合材料0°和90°方向的弯曲性能又分别高于CWK织物增强复合材料0°和90°方向的弯曲性能; 复合材料中经纱和纬纱的屈曲程度不同, 致使MBWK织物增强复合材料的比模量和纱线强度均高于CWK织物增强复合材料, 两种复合材料的弯曲性能受不同衬纱方式的影响, 而两种复合材料试样的弯曲破坏形态相近。研究结果为双轴向衬纱纬编玄武岩纤维复合材料的应用提供了参考。     

苎麻纬编针织复合材料的研制

用RTM成型工艺对用苎麻和玻璃纤维设计、织造的米拉诺罗纹加衬纬和变化畦编加衬纬纬编针织物与树脂进行复合，并测试和分析了织物复合前后的拉伸性能。结果发现，纬编针织复合材料的拉伸性能主要取决于衬纬纱；变化畦编加衬纬复合材料的强度比米拉诺加衬纬的高；苎麻纤维织物的刚度影响复合材料的增强效果。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料防弹性能影响因素及破坏机制

以超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维、S-玻璃纤维、芳纶1414纤维和杂环芳纶纤维增强聚烯烃(Polyolefin,PO)和水性聚氨酯(Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU)树脂,采用热压工艺制备正交单向无纬(UD)结构复合材料装甲板;通过装甲板弹道极限速度测试,研究了纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响因素;通过体视显微镜观察装甲板侵彻破坏形貌,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的破坏机制。结果表明:UHMWPE纤维增强PO树脂基复合材料的防弹性能与UHMWPE纤维的强度和模量呈正相关,但纤维模量对复合材料防弹性能的影响随着纤维模量的增大而逐渐变弱;在WPU树脂体系下,四种纤维的防弹性能由高到低依次是UHMWPE纤维、杂环芳纶纤维、芳纶1414纤维、S-玻璃纤维;纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板中纤维破坏方式有迎弹面纤维被剪切冲塞、中部被纤维拉伸变形后剪切、背弹面纤维被拉伸断裂,中部纤维拉伸变形是消耗子弹动能的主要方式。     

多层连接碳纤维纬编双轴向衬纱织物增强复合材料的层间剪切性能

研究了三层连接、四层连接、五层连接的碳纤维纬编双轴向多层衬纱织物增强复合材料在0°和90°方向的层间剪切性能,结果表明:随着纤维体积含量的增加其层间剪切强度提高。复合材料的层间剪切载荷-挠度曲线趋于线性变化,达到最大值后载荷突然下降,表现出脆性断裂的特征。层间剪切试样断口形貌的分析结果表明,增强体结构对复合材料的层间剪切性能有显著的影响,试样的剪切破坏形式是分层破坏,在各织物组之间产生的裂纹较多。     

层间混杂复合材料装甲板防弹性能及其防弹机制

为研究层间混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹性能及其防弹机制,采用钢芯弹侵彻层间混杂复合材料装甲板。以超高分子量聚乙烯（Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE）纤维、对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维作增强纤维,水性聚氨酯（Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU）树脂和环氧树脂（Epoxy resin,EP）作基体,采用热压工艺制备单向（Unidirectional,UD）结构的层间混杂复合材料装甲板。研究混杂比例、防弹面和树脂基体对混杂复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响以及弹击后混杂复合材料装甲板的破坏形貌,分析混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹机制,并对复合材料装甲板的破坏机制进行了分析。结果表明:混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹性能优于其任一单一纤维复合材料装甲板;WPU的防弹性能要优于环氧树脂;以UHMWPE纤维复合材料充当防弹面时,混杂复合材料装甲板具有更好的防弹性能;纤维拉伸变形和装甲板分层是纤维复合材料装甲板主要的吸能方式。      

纤维类别对三维浅交弯联复合材料弯曲性能影响的数值模拟

借助绘图软件PRO/E建立一种三层三维浅交弯联机织复合材料结构细观模型,并借助大型有限元软件ANSYS对该复合材料的弯曲力学性能进行模拟分析。分别将纤维材料定义为玻璃纤维和碳纤维,树脂基体定义为环氧树脂E51。对比在1kN的弯曲载荷作用下,两种不同类别纤维作为增强体时的复合材料、纤维增强体和树脂基体的应力、应变分布情况,预测复合材料的破坏形式,并与实验结果定性对比。结果表明,玻纤作为增强体时比碳纤维表现出更大的弯曲应力和弯曲应变,更容易发生破坏;1kN弯曲载荷作用下复合材料的破坏形式主要为纤维增强体的变形,树脂基体的碎裂以及纤维增强体和树脂基体间的脱粘。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.