RH生产超低碳钢的脱碳速率及工艺优化

 通过RH超低碳钢脱碳工业试验,对RH精炼过程工艺参数进行全程跟踪。重点对表观脱碳速率常数Kc进行了测定和评价。结果表明,RH脱碳过程分为3个阶段：抽真空阶段、吹氧脱碳阶段和自然脱碳阶段。稳定生产碳含量小于0.002%(质量分数,下同)的超低碳钢的优化工艺参数为：进站碳含量0.05%~0.06%,氧含量0.04%~0.06%;吹氧期的起始真空度12~15kPa,吹氩强度0.015m3·t-1·min-1;自然脱碳时间大于15min,吹氩强度0.015m3·t-1·min-1,终脱氧前的氧含量＜0.035%。     

RH-KTB脱碳过程中的数学模拟

在质量平衡模型的基础上,考虑到钢包顶渣与钢液之间的传氧行为,建立了能够同时准确预报碳、氧含量的脱碳模型.考察了提升气体流量、真空度压降模式、KTB吹氧时机以及初始碳、氧含量对RH脱碳的影响.根据模型计算结果,提出了合理的初始氧碳比,并以此作为KTB吹氧的判断依据.     

RH处理超低碳钢中总氧含量预报模型

根据300 t钢包RH真空处理超低碳铝镇静钢工业生产数据,建立了RH处理过程钢中总氧含量(氧化物夹杂含量)的预报模型。模型综合考虑了RH脱碳结束时钢中的初始氧[O]0及钢包渣中(FeO+MnO)的质量分数、吹氩流量、真空度、处理时间等因素的影响。模型计算值与实测值误差为±(3.5~8.0)%,说明该模型是可信的;利用模型分析讨论了RH操作过程的工艺因素对钢水总氧含量的影响。     

无取向电工钢冶炼过程氧含量控制

无取向硅钢的磁性能与钢的洁净度水平密切相关。为实现对无取向电工钢冶炼过程氧含量的合理控制,分析了无取向电工钢冶炼过程碳氧含量变化数据,热力学计算转炉终点临界碳含量与炉渣α_FeO。结果表明:随着转炉终点碳含量的降低,终点氧含量升高且波动范围大,合理出钢碳含量应控制为0.03%～0.05%;为满足炉渣中T.Fe≤24%的现场生产要求,终点碳含量应高于0.031%;钢包底吹氩气可有效降低钢液中过剩氧,降低钢液的平均碳氧积;据现场生产数据,RH精炼前理想碳、氧含量应控制为0.025%～0.035%和500×10^-6～650×10^-6,相应转炉终点碳含量控制为0.03%～0.04%。     

低碳钢RH精炼脱碳工艺技术研究

为优化低碳钢RH轻处理脱碳工艺,对RH轻处理过程碳和氧的变化规律进行了工业生产实践。结果表明,RH轻处理过程中ln(w[C]_0/w[C]_t)与轻处理时间t呈线性关系,斜率为0.147 5 min~(-1);RH出站时钢水[O]含量控制≤0.015%,有利于提高钢水洁净度;RH进站初始碳含量在0.05%左右时,在真空度为4 k Pa条件下,经过真空脱碳处理5 min左右后,结束碳含量控制在0.025%以下,结束氧含量控制在0.015%以下;成品非金属夹杂物级别也相对降低。     

SPHC精炼夹杂物控制实践

重钢股份公司一炼钢厂对生产低碳低硅钢SPHC采用了BOF+RH+CC生产工艺,通过大量的生产实践,综合可浇性分析得出,在精炼工序RH处理过程中通过控制驱动气体流量、纯脱气处理时间、真空度、铝氧升温、前期加强碳脱氧工艺等处理模式,能够有效的去除SPHC钢种夹杂物,使中包连浇炉数和可浇性大幅度提高,保证了铸坯质量和生产顺行,为公司的达产达效做出贡献。     

QD08生产RH真空精炼脱碳影响因素分析

结合芜湖新兴铸管炼钢部RH自然脱碳冶炼低碳钢QD08的生产实际,从热力学和动力学的角度出发,考虑初始碳氧含量以及真空度变化等因素,研究RH的碳氧反应,系统分析和研究低碳钢QD08钢生产的工艺制度。RH真空处理过程中,随真空处理时间延长,真空度降低,真空室内PCO降低,碳氧浓度积呈降低的趋势,真空室内因发生碳氧反应进行脱碳,RH自然脱碳满足热力学条件;RH自然脱碳反应速度取决于:[C]、[O]元素在钢液内部的传质系数、真空处理时间、抽真空的速度和脱碳速率,并具有一定的规律。对RH自然脱碳及其反应机理进行探讨,并且为利用RH装置生产低碳钢提供了重要技术支持。     

太钢80t RH脱碳工艺分析

对太钢第二炼钢厂80t RH生产冷轧硅钢脱碳原理及影响脱碳的主要因素进行了分析。经分析可知,真空度、到站钢水碳氧含量、脱碳时间以及合金含量都直接影响冷轧硅钢碳含量。采用快速提高真空度、降低到站钢水碳含量、使用高品位合金都有助于提高脱碳效果,降低冷轧硅钢碳含量。     

250 t钢包RH精炼脱碳动态控制实践

为了提高RH脱碳效果,缩短RH精炼周期,从热力学和动力学理论上对RH脱碳进行分析,从实践上对RH脱碳处理进行动态控制工艺优化。吹氧加铝升温工艺优化后,超低碳钢成品碳合格率从94%左右提高到100%,RH处理10 min即可把碳脱到0.002%左右,与工艺优化前对比,成品碳质量分数从0.001 5%～0.002%降低到0.001%～0.001 4%。研究了压降对脱碳速率的影响,结果表明,压降速度越快,脱碳速率越高,预抽真空可以提高脱碳效率和获得更低的终点碳含量。研究了脱碳结束时氧含量与脱碳终点碳含量的关系,结果表明,脱碳结束时氧质量分数在0.025%～0.035%范围内,能满足脱碳终点碳质量分数小于0.002%的要求。     

RH精炼过程增氮行为探讨

为了在RH精炼过程对氮的质量分数进行稳定控制,通过热力学计算分析钢水成分、RH真空度等对理论平衡氮质量分数的影响,分析RH提升气体从吹入上升管到进入真空室过程中压力的变化对平衡氮质量分数的影响。从动力学角度分析气相中的传质阻力、界面化学反应阻力、液相中的传质阻力共同作用于钢液的增氮、脱氮过程。提出RH处理过程的3种增氮途径及其对应的平衡氮质量分数。当钢种要求氮质量分数大于真空度下的理论平衡氮质量分数时,RH处理过程存在增氮、脱氮共存的状态。在氮质量分数变化过程中,当脱氮速度等于增氮速度时,钢液中氮质量分数达到动态平衡,不再发生变化。在真空度为5 kPa的条件下,RH钢液中氮质量分数达到动态平衡,不再发生变化时对应的氮质量分数为0.010 0%。     

气泡搅拌和炉渣成分对低碳钢水洁净度的影响

在80t氧气转炉、钢包吹氩和RH真空处理工序进行净化钢水的试验,考察反应器内氩气流量、真空脱气操作和顶渣成分对低碳钢水全氧含量的影响以及夹杂物的尺寸分布和全氧的排除速率,改进操作的结果表明,二次精炼后低碳钢水全氧w[T.O]降低到0.001%。     

RH精炼真空度对超低碳钢夹杂物去除的影响

 大尺寸非金属夹杂物是引起超低碳钢冷轧钢板表面线状缺陷的重要原因。以IF钢为例,铸坯中大尺寸夹杂物主要有3类,即结晶器保护渣卷入后被凝固坯壳捕获;连铸过程中钢水二次氧化产生且未上浮去除的;钢液中未充分去除的夹杂物在浸入式水口处粘连、堵塞,后续堵塞物脱落被凝固坯壳捕获。钢液一次脱氧生成的夹杂物中,不低于100 μm的夹杂物在RH处理过程中较容易去除,100 μm以下的夹杂物受钢液的流动影响较大,特别是不超过20 μm的夹杂物由于其上浮时间长、钢液流动的跟随性好,去除难度较大。RH是超低碳钢最重要的精炼设备,也是夹杂物去除的关键环节,研究RH去除20 μm夹杂物的新技术具有重要的意义。研究了RH脱碳结束加铝后真空度对夹杂物去除的影响,创新性提出了低真空度去除不超过20 μm夹杂物的新技术。研究结果表明,与高真空度处理工艺(常规工艺)相比,低真空度(压力5 kPa)处理的钢液中夹杂物数量降低更显著,中间包钢液总氧质量分数平均降低0.000 2%,钢液增氮水平相当。冷轧钢板因炼钢原因导致的线状缺陷降级率比常规工艺降低了29%。夹杂物在钢液中的跟随性理论分析表明,低真空度处理工艺下RH内钢液循环流量和钢液流速减小,降低了RH处理过程中夹杂物随钢液的跟随性,提高了不超过20 μm夹杂物的去除效率,有效改善了水口堵塞程度、提高了轧板表面质量。     

120 t RH-LF生产低碳钢QD08的工艺实践

介绍了芜湖新兴铸管有限责任公司炼钢厂采用RH-LF精炼法生产低碳钢QD08的工艺实践。通过对转炉出站钢水初始条件,RH真空脱碳原理和过程控制,后续LF冶炼3个方面的分析研究,结果表明,初始钢水控制条件为[C] 0.04%～0.10%,[0]>300×10^-6,转炉终点出钢温度T≥1 650℃。随真空处理时间延长,真空度降低,真空室内PCO减少,碳氧浓度积呈降低的趋势,真空室内因发生碳氧反应进行脱碳,RH真空脱碳满足热力学条件;脱碳速率的变化规律为先增大后减小,脱碳速率有一定的规律;RH真空处理后的钢水需在LF完成脱硫、升温、合金化等操作,并且需保证终渣量20～23 kg/t,终渣（FeO）+（MnO）<1.2%,碱度R≥3.5等工艺条件。     

汽车齿轮钢8620RH的洁净度

以抚顺特殊钢股份有限公司一炼钢厂的生产数据为实践依据,以改善汽车齿轮钢8620RH的夹杂物和氧质量分数两个洁净度指标为目的,使用扫描电镜分析冶炼过程中LF炉(钢包精炼炉)初期、LF炉末期、VD（真空脱气）处理前以及软吹后4个节点的钢液中夹杂物形貌和成分,明确钢中夹杂物的演变过程。通过降低电炉终点氧质量分数分析LF精炼炉渣成分,强化LF炉白渣精炼操作以及控制VD处理后的软吹效果等措施,达到汽车齿轮钢8620RH氧质量分数平均值为0.001 17%,B类夹杂物中B细不高于1.5级、B粗不高于0.5级的冶炼控制水平。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Application of the Model and Results (II) ‐ Non‐equilibrium Factors and their Influences on the Decarburization Process

The results, which were obtained by applying the novel three‐dimensional mathematical model proposed and developed earlier [1] to model and analyse the decarburization process of molten steel during the RH and RH‐KTB refining in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser, showed that under the conditions of the present work, the contributions of the flow, mass diffusion and chemical reactions and other non‐equilibrium processes to the Raleigh‐Onsager dissipation function are not large throughout vacuum circulation refining of molten steel. Thus, it is held everywhere in the whole flow field of the system that the value of the non‐linear dissipation factor is approximately equal to one. The entropy generation and energy dissipation in the system rapidly decrease with increasing refining time. Compared to the work done by the drag force while the bubbles passing through the liquid phase as well as by the viscous and turbulent flow and diffusion processes, the carbon‐oxygen reaction itself plays a more governing role to the entropy production and energy dissipation in the system. The RH refining process of low and ultra‐low carbon steels seems to be close to the linear zone of the non‐equilibrium state. The influences of the viscous and turbulent flow dissipation as well as diffusion processes on the non‐equilibrium activity coefficients of the carbon and oxygen in the molten steel may almost be neglected. Except in the regions where the chemical C‐O reaction takes place (the up‐snorkel zone and the bath in the vacuum vessel), the non‐equilibrium components of the non‐equilibrium activity coefficients of the carbon and oxygen in the molten steel at the other places in the degasser are all tending towards one. The non‐equilibrium effects (mainly, the C‐O reaction itself) give a restraining role on the decarburization of liquid steel in the RH refining process. This model is able to model more reasonably and precisely the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation refining of molten steel in comparison to a model without considering the non‐equilibrium effects.     

酒钢低碳低硅铝镇静钢硅的控制实践

分析了低碳低硅铝镇静钢增硅的机理，结合酒钢CSP工艺实际，对增硅环节进行了改进和控制，使低碳低硅铝镇静钢：Si≤0．03％命中率由原来的37％提高到现在的82％以上；Si≤0．04％命中率由原来的75％提高到现在的95％以上，创造了很好的经济效益。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Application of the Model and Results (I) ‐ Decarburization Process and Influences of Some Technological Factors

A novel three‐dimensional mathematical model proposed and developed for the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of molten steel has been applied to the refining process of molten steel in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser. The decarburization processes of molten steel in the degasser under the conditions of RH and RH‐KTB operations have been modelled and analysed, respectively, using the model. The results demonstrate that the changes in the carbon and oxygen contents of liquid steel with the treatment time during the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes can be precisely modelled and predicted by use of the model. The distribution patterns of the carbon and oxygen concentrations in the steel are governed by the flow characteristics of molten steel in the whole degasser. When the initial carbon concentration in the steel is higher than 400 · 10⁻⁴ mass%, the top oxygen blowing (KTB) operation can supply the oxygen lacking for the decarburization process, and accelerate the carbon removal, thus reaching a specified carbon level in a shorter time. Moreover, a lower oxygen content is attained at the decarburization endpoint. The average contributions at the up‐snorkel zone, the bath bulk and the free surface with the droplets in the vacuum vessel in the refining process are about 11, 46 and 42% of the overall amount of decarburization, respectively. The decarburization roles at the gas bubble‐molten steel interface in the up‐snorkel and the droplets in the vacuum vessel should not be ignored for the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes. For the refining process in the 90‐t RH degasser, a better efficiency of decarburization can be obtained using an argon blow rate of 417 I(STP)/min, and a further increase in the argon blowing rate cannot obviously improve the effectiveness in the RH refining process of molten steel under the conditions of the present work.