pH对水稻秸杆发酵产酸特性的影响

采用锥形瓶反应器及室内培养方法,研究pH对水稻秸杆厌氧产酸的影响。结果表明,酸化产物的组成与pH有关,乙酸和丁酸在不同的pH值下总为主要产物;pH>7时,明显有丙酸生成;酸化的最佳pH值为7,此条件下挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量最高可达11.634 g/L,总固体(TS)的去除率可达51%。     

厌氧消化酸累积条件下强化产甲烷研究与应用

厌氧消化系统在实际运行中易受多种条件的影响,导致挥发性脂肪酸积累,挥发性脂肪酸的积累进一步抑制产甲烷作用,最终导致厌氧消化系统崩溃。分析了pH值、挥发性脂肪酸的种类和浓度是酸累积抑制产甲烷的原因,综述了利用投加嗜酸产甲烷菌和丙酸产甲烷菌的生物强化技术与投加磁铁矿、纳米零价铁、活性炭、生物炭、石墨烯的外源强化技术消除酸累积取得的效果,展望了未来研究方向可从加强酸累积对产甲烷抑制作用的机理探究,以及利用数学模型对酸累积的过程进行预警和调控等方面开展。     

厌氧发酵产氢细菌的厌氧操作与紫外线诱变技术

结合几种厌氧操作,即Hungate滚管分离法、厌氧培养瓶分离法、平板夹层厌氧法和培养皿平板分离法,对乙醇型产氢发酵细菌进行紫外诱变及突变体分离筛选,比较证明在提供厌氧操作条件下(厌氧操作箱),直接涂布平板分离法是培养、分离、筛选严格厌氧产氢突变菌株的最佳方法,通过对分离培养基成分的调整及观测菌落的生长突变及分离效果,确定紫外分离厌氧产氢突变菌株的分离培养基。同时确定乙醇型发酵产氢细菌紫外辐射的最适照射时间控制在3 m in之内,突变菌株遗传稳定性的传代次数至少控制在6次。紫外诱变获得的高效稳定产氢突变体的产氢能力比对照菌株提高40%—65%。     

外源添加剂强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响研究

挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）是污水生物处理中反硝化脱氮和厌氧释磷过程必需的碳源,还能作为底物生产高附加值的产品,而利用剩余污泥进行厌氧发酵是产VFA的重要途径之一。为了提高污泥产酸效率,利用外源添加剂促进和强化污泥厌氧发酵产酸的研究逐渐引起重视。文章总结了抗生素、表面活性剂、植物化学物质和盐类四类外源添加剂对污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程的影响,分别从外源添加剂对污泥的增溶、水解、产酸和产甲烷四个过程进行了分析,同时阐述了外源添加剂在污泥中的降解、残留状况,最后提出对两种或两种以上的外源添加剂联用促进产酸和寻找能促进污泥产酸的共发酵基质也是今后的研究重点。     

Ca(OH)2预处理对污泥厌氧消化的影响

水解是厌氧消化的限速步骤,本文采用Ca(OH)_2对污泥进行预处理以增大污泥中溶解性有机物浓度,促进厌氧消化的水解阶段并提高甲烷产量。实验结果表明在预处理的过程中添加Ca(OH)_2能够提升溶解性多糖、蛋白、sCOD的浓度。将污泥进行厌氧发酵实验后发现经过Ca(OH)_2预处理后的污泥能够提升20. 3%～49. 2%的产甲烷率。通过修正的Gompertz模型可以较好地模拟厌氧消化的动力学过程,相关度系数均大于0. 98。实验结果说明Ca(OH)_2预处理能够有效促进污泥中能源的回收。     

原料比例和pH值对厨余垃圾和废纸联合厌氧消化的影响

以厨余垃圾和废纸为原料,考察了不同原料比例和酸化阶段pH对消化稳定性及产甲烷性能的影响. 结果表明,原料比例为厨余垃圾/废纸100:0的厌氧消化由于挥发性脂肪酸抑制不能形成稳定的产甲烷过程. 原料比例83:17时,酸化阶段pH为6.5, 7.2和7.9的3组厌氧消化甲烷产率(以挥发性固体计)分别为313, 346和360 mL/g,COD去除率为86.3%, 93.2%和95.2%,甲烷含量稳定在70%~80%. 原料比例62:38、pH为6.5, 7.2和7.9的3组厌氧消化甲烷产率分别为97, 247和279 mL/g,COD去除率为32.6%, 80.5%和86.8%,甲烷含量稳定在60%~80%.     

pH值对硫化砷渣稳定化效果影响试验探究

为了使毒性较大的硫化砷渣有较好的稳定化固化效果,先用m(重铬酸钾)∶m(三氯化铁)=1∶1.6作为硫化砷渣的稳定化药剂,在探究出稳定化药剂的最佳加入量以后,使用生石灰粉作为pH调节剂、水泥做固化剂,结果使砷的浸出毒性低于《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》(GB18598-2019)的要求。结果表明,稳定化药剂(重铬酸钾和三氯化铁质量比为1∶1.6)的加入量(质量比)为140%,pH在11.5～12.0时稳定化效果显著。最优结果为pH=11.90,As=0.536 mg/L。     

挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮对污泥厌氧消化中病原指示微生物灭活的影响

通过外源添加不同浓度挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨氮,模拟研究剩余污泥固态中温(35℃)厌氧消化条件下,VFA和氨氮浓度对病原指示微生物灭活效果的影响。试验结果表明:经过VFA组持续8 d和氨氮组持续28 d的厌氧消化后,消化液中的总大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌的杀灭率均达到99.9%以上;且初始VFA和氨氮浓度越高,消化系统中病原指示微生物的灭活效果越好。厌氧消化结束后,高浓度VFA组和氨氮组粪大肠杆菌均在检测限以下,表明剩余污泥固态厌氧消化中产生的高浓度VFA和氨氮能够提高剩余污泥消化残渣的生物安全性。     

pH对高温厌氧耗氢产甲烷及微生物群落的影响

随着化石燃料的枯竭,以厌氧耗氢产甲烷菌为功能优势菌群的异位（或离位）加氢沼气生物提纯工艺备受关注。本文考察了高温条件下不同初始pH对厌氧耗氢产甲烷过程及微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明,半连续流反应器中不同初始pH变化对产甲烷量影响不大,在以H₂/CO₂为基质的厌氧体系中,厌氧耗氢产甲烷过程是甲烷产生的主要途径。比产甲烷活性研究结果进一步表明碱性条件（初始pH=8.5～9.0）耗氢产甲烷污泥对氢气消耗率提高,产甲烷迟滞期缩短至6.9h,且甲烷产率高达19.8mL CH₄ /(gVS?h)。通过高通量测序技术对不同初始pH条件下的产甲烷古菌群落进行分析,3个样本均以厌氧耗氢产甲烷菌为主导,酸性和中性条件古菌群落属水平上相似,以Methanothermobacter为主,其相对丰度分别为90.6%、91.6%;而碱性条件下以Methanobacterium为主,其相对丰度可达83.6%,还发现了Methanomassiliicoccus,其相对丰度可达7.7%。碱性条件下Methanobacterium相对丰度的提高和Methanomassiliicoccus的富集,可能是碱性条件下比产甲烷活性提高的主要原因。     

苦荞麦麸的化学成分研究

苦荞麦是凉山州高寒山区彝族人民的主要粮食作物和主要经济作物,年产量已达14万t,目前已经开发出了苦荞茶、荞麦酒等很多苦荞产品;而苦荞的两种副产物苦荞麦麸和苦荞秸秆至今还没有人研究。凉山州苦荞麦麸的年产量达到了5万t,苦荞的麦麸目前只能作为最简单猪饲料;为了更好地开发和利用苦荞麦麸,有必要先对其中所含的化学成分进行研究和测定。经研究测定苦荞麦麸中水溶物含量为8.21%、综纤维素含量为71.50%、木质素含量为14.60%、蛋白质含量为2.52%。     

Anaerobic acidogenesis of dairy wastewater: the effects of variations in hydraulic retention time with no pH control

The performance of a laboratory‐scale mesophilic acidogenic reactor was evaluated in this study, in terms of volatile fatty acid production and distribution, with respect to variations in hydraulic retention time (HRT). The continuous flow‐completely mixed anaerobic reactor, coupled with a conventional gravity settling tank and a continuous recycling system, was operated in a hydraulic retention time ranging between 24 and 12 h, and up to an organic loading rate of about 9.3 kg COD m^?3 d^?1, without pH control. The acid production gradually increased proportionally to the organic loading rate, with decrease in hydraulic retention time. The highest degree of acidification and the rate of acid production were 56% and 3.1 g dm^?3 d^?1 at 12 h of HRT. Variations in hydraulic retention time affected volatile fatty acid production and distribution substantially, for the range investigated. Acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids were commonly produced during acidogenesis of dairy wastewater. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合两相中温厌氧消化效果探析

研究了不同HRT条件下餐厨垃圾与污水污泥联合两相中温厌氧消化系统的运行效果。结果表明当产酸相HRT为5 d时,产酸反应器挥发酸产量最高,且丙酸含量较小,产酸效果最佳。当产甲烷相HRT为20 d时,产甲烷反应器运行效果较佳,沼气产率达到0.69 L/g VS去除、甲烷含量为71.3%、VS去除率为64.7%。该文采用动力学控制方法即可基本实现产酸相和产甲烷相的分离,产酸相和产甲烷相p H分别为4.6~5.5、7.3~7.4;虽然产酸相仍存在轻微的产甲烷作用,但并不影响有机物的水解和酸化,也不影响两相系统的运行效果。     

厌氧发酵制氢研究进展

厌氧发酵制氢有很多的优越性,发展潜力大。引用了大量文献资料,全面介绍了目前国内外关于厌氧发酵制氢的研究情况,包括厌氧发酵制氢的发展动态及影响因素,最后提出了未来厌氧发酵制氢的发展趋势。     

Seed Oils of Five Black Tartary Buckwheat Cultivars with Biochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties

Black tartary buckwheat oils (BTBOs) were extracted from five major industrial tartary buckwheat cultivars grown under similar agronomical activities and environmental conditions. These oils were characterized for the bioactive compounds containing fatty acids, β‐carotene, lutein, α‐, β‐, δ‐ and γ‐tocopherol, and for their antioxidant properties. The total tocopherol contents that were obtained ranged from 704.66 to 1156.19 mg/kg, with γ‐tocopherol (588.98–977.91 mg/kg) as the main component. The concentration of lutein ranged from 253.14 to 429.63 mg/kg, which was almost ten times higher than that of β‐carotenoid (46.71–69.2 mg/kg), indicating that black tartary buckwheat seed oils were a good source of lutein. The predominant fatty acids were unsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) (35.27–40.61 %) and linoleic acid (C18:2) (38.25–42.90 %). Excellent values of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were obtained and the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of 13.89 mmol Trolox equiv/g oil was detected in the variety of Chuanqiao No. 1, which was clearly separated by principal component analysis (PCA) on the basis of the highest content of tocopherols and carotenoids. Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that tocopherols and carotenoids were the major contributors to the antioxidant activities of the BTBOs. This study demonstrates that lipophilic extraction in the tartary buckwheat seed contains many interesting bioactive compounds, which are beneficial for human health.     

Effect of pH on microbial hydrogen fermentation

The influence of initial pH of the culture medium on hydrogen production was studied using sucrose solution and a mixed microbial flora from a soybean‐meal silo. Hydrogen production was not observed at pH values of 3.0, 11.0 and 12.0 but low production was observed at pH values 5.0 and 5.5. The pH of the experimental mixture decreased rapidly and produced hydrogen gas within 30 h. Methane was not detected at initial pH values between 6.0 and 10.0. The sucrose degradation efficiency increased as the initial pH value increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The maximum sucrose degradation efficiency of 95% was observed at pH 9.0. The maximum specific production yields of hydrogen, VFAs and alcohols were 126.9 cm³ g^?1 sucrose (pH of 9.0), 0.7 gCOD g^?1 sucrose (pH of 8.0) and 128.7 mgCOD g^?1 sucrose (pH of 9.0), respectively. The relationship between the hydrogen ion concentration and the specific hydrogen production rate has been mathematically described. The best kinetic parameters on the specific hydrogen production rate were K_OH = 1.0 × 10^?7 mol dm^?3 and K_H = 1.1 × 10^?4 mol dm^?3 (r² = 0.86). The maximum specific hydrogen production rate was 37.0 cm³ g^?1 VSS h^?1. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

钠盐浓度对厌氧产氢颗粒污泥从蔗糖中产氢的影响

This work evaluated the effects of sodium ion concentration, ranging from 0 to 16000mg·L-1(Na ), on the conversion of sucrose to hydrogen by a high-activity anaerobic hydrogen-producing granular sludge. At the optimum sodium ion concentration [1000-2000mg·L-1(Na )] for hydrogen production at 37℃, the maximum sucrose degradation rate, the specific hydrogen production yield and the specific hydrogen production rate were 393.6-413.1mg·L-1·h-1, 28.04-28.97ml·g-1, 7.52-7.83ml·g-1·h-1, respectively. The specific production yields of propionate, butyrate and valerate decreased, with increasing sodium ion concentration, whereas the specific acetate production yield increased, meanwhile the specific production yields of ethanol and caproate were less than 55.3 and 12.6mg·g-1, respectively. The hybrid fermentation composition gradually developed from acetate, propionate and butyrate to acetate with the increase in sodium ion concentration.     

Influence of pH on the acid-phase anaerobic digestion of primary sludge

This study explored the effect of pH on the acid-phase anaerobic digestion of primary sludge. Controlled and uncontrolled pH experiments were conducted using two bench-scale, continuous-flow reactors having different configurations: a completely mixed reactor (CMR) with clarifier and solids recycling, and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) unit. Results indicate that the specific rates of VFA production and COD solubilization, in either system, were not affected by the variation in pH between 4·3 and 5·2, but at higher pH values (5·9–6·2) a significant decline (by 25–30%) in both parameters was observed. Analysis of the degradation behavior of the three important organic classes (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) revealed that each class followed an individual trend with respect to pH changes. Acetic acid was the major end-product of acidogenic digestion in both reactors, regardless of pH. The percent VFA distribution did not appear to be influenced by pH variation, except for propionic and butyric acids. Besides VFAs, small amounts of formic acid, ethanol, and lactic acid were also formed at all pH values tested.     

污泥厌氧发酵产酸机理及应用研究进展

为了实现污水中污泥减量化和资源化,对其进行厌氧消化是目前国际上应用最广泛的处理方法。酸化阶段的重要产物——挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）不仅可以作为污水脱氮除磷的碳源,还是合成生物质塑料聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHAs）的理想底物。简单介绍了污泥厌氧发酵产酸的代谢机理和微生物机理,对近年来污泥厌氧发酵产酸的研究成果进行了梳理,重点论述了底物种类、预处理技术、pH值、发酵温度等因素对污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响及研究进展,总结并对比了不同底物类型、发酵温度、酸性和碱性条件下都可影响发酵产酸的产量及酸种类分布,而污泥预处理技术则倾向于提高酸的产量,对酸种类分布影响不大。介绍了污泥厌氧发酵产酸在合成PHAs、生物能源和污水的脱氮除磷等方面的应用情况。最后,针对污泥厌氧发酵产酸会因底物有机成分不同,导致酸化效率有所差异,同时控制底物种类、pH值和温度等因素不仅影响产酸量,还会影响产酸类型和产物种类。提出了今后的研究方向主要是深入分析不同底物的酸化效率差异原因、污泥定向发酵产酸,实现总VFAs中各种酸比例调控。