Catalytic Liquefaction of Coal and Refining of Products

Abstract

I have been asked to consider the present state of the art in the catalytic liquefaction of coal and refining of products by catalytic means and to suggest some directions for research and development in this very important area of our energy program. This is a large order, as any review of what has been done and what is known about coal liquefaction will quickly show. Coal liquefaction by catalytic means has a long history and has been prached on a commercial scale in various parts of the world. It has had a profound influence on the processing of petroleum. In developing this subject and trying to discern new directions it is very worthwile to review briefly the history of coal liquefaction by catalysis to determine how we have arrived at the present state. By doing this we can also gain knowledge of the constrains imposed on successful developments in this area. It should therefore be possible to determine dirctions for making the processes simpler amnd easier. If nothing else, it will make our attempts to see new things more efficient. Furthermore, the history of coal liquefaction is very interesting and is worth reviewing for itself.     

德国煤液化精制联合工艺──IGOR工艺

德国矿冶科研和测试技术有限公司（ＤＴＭ）开发了一种将煤加氢液化与加氢精制过程结成一体的联合工艺（ＩＧＯＲ），可以直接得到加氢裂解、重整的合格原料油，提高了煤制油的产率。本文介绍了联合粗油精制新工艺的开发过程和在工艺开发装置（ＰＤＵ）以及中试装置上的试验和结果。     

煤液化产品的中间相微观结构分析

以不同溶剂、不同反应温度、不同氢初压及不同煤种所制取的煤液化产品为主。观察了这些产品经不同温度炭化后中间相球体的产生、长大及结合过程,并探讨了这些中间相球体的产生和所形成焦炭结构间的关系。     

Catalytic Liquefaction of Highly Inert Refining Residue over an Attapulgite-Supported Niobium Catalyst

Catalysis Letters - Natural lignin would not be readily utilized due to its heterogeneity and structural complexity, moreover, the reactivity of the lignin that experienced the acid biorefinery...     

泡桐直接催化液化产物的红外光谱分析

用红外光谱法考察了温度对泡桐生物质直接催化液化的影响,结果认为：生物质液化分三个阶段进行,第一阶段：小于240℃,主要是半纤维素的液化阶段,纤维素的某些葡萄糖基也开始脱水;第二阶段：240～330℃,是纤维素糖苷键和木质素支链断裂阶段;第三阶段：330～360℃,是纤维素的完全液化和木质素的深度液化阶段。水溶性油官能团随温度变化不大,是由芳香烃、有机酸、醛、酮、醇、酯、醚等组成的复杂混合物,含氧量高,需要进一步精制。     

催化裂化装置回炼加氢石脑油对产品的影响

加氢石脑油作为催化裂化装置急冷油进入提升管进行回炼,对回炼加氢石脑油期间产品分布和产品性质有较为明显的影响。干气、液化气和柴油收率明显下降,汽油收率明显升高,汽油辛烷值和芳烃含量也呈下降趋势,稳定汽油有效烯烃含量明显降低,对醚化反应操作有较大的影响。通过分析催化裂化装置回炼加氢石脑油对产品分布和产品性质的影响,为未来生产调整提供数据参考。     

Separation of Solids from Coal Liquefaction Products via Countercurrent Solvent Deasphalting

Abstract

Counter-current deasphalting is a key unit operation in the Dow Liquefaction Process. The Dow developed deasphalter removes typically 99.8–99.9% of the ash and 94–95% of the toluene insoluble hydrocarbons from the coal liquefaction product.

The deasphalted oil, after separation from solvent, contains less than 0.05% ash. Deasphalted coal liquefaction product, a low sulfur, low residue, premium synthetic oil, constitutes 40% of the net liquefaction products. The deasphalter residue typically contains 40% ash and up to 25% hydrocarbonaceous coal solids. It has a heating value of approximately 9000 BTU/1b and is produced as a viscous pumpable fluid. These properties are important in the Dow Process where deasphalter residue is gasified to generate the hydrogen for the liquefaction step. The solvent used in the deasphalter is a paraffinic 50–75° light oil cut from the liquefaction unit.

The counter-current deasphalting technology is based on the results from model and batch studies and results from the operation of two different 23 kg/hr continuous deasphalters. Operational parameters which have been studied include: extraction temperature and pressure, solvent to oil ratio, feedrate, coal oil composition and variations in column design.

The mass transfer which occurs during the deasphalting of coal liquefaction product is accompanied by interfacial tension gradients which develop naturally during the extraction process. The resulting interfacial convection (referred to as a Marangoni instability) profoundly enhances the rate of the extraction process and greatly simplifies the design of the extraction column.     

煤直接液化升温阶段气体产物组成关联模型

为了预测煤直接液化升温阶段气体内部不同产物组分分布情况,通过回归分析大量实验数据,对煤直接液化反应的气体集总内不同气体分子组成分布进行了关联性研究,建立了煤直接液化升温阶段气体产物组成与反应条件、液化反应产物集总组分分布的预测关联模型。利用SPSS软件回归得到了相应模型参数,并对关联模型进行了拟合优度检验。结果表明,拟合的CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C4,CO,CO2和H2S组分与实验值相对偏差分别为1.1%,1.0%,6.0%,9.8%,9.3%,0.5%和0.4%,说明拟合效果较好。     

生物质液化及提质改性研究进展

综述了近年来国内外生物质热化学转化技术的研究状况。介绍了生物质液化技术现状及生物质油精制提炼方法,包括苯酚液化、多元醇液化、弗托合成、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化等。指出了现存问题和未来发展方向。     

Ignition of Fuel Slurries Based on Waste Products of Coal Processing and Oil Refining

Results of an experimental study of conditions and characteristics of ignition of fuel slurries prepared on the basis of typical waste products of coal washing and oil refining are reported. The main attention is paid to analyzing the differences in the characteristics and conditions of ignition of organic coal–water slurries prepared on the basis of coal washing waste products (nonbaking, coking, low-caking, fat, gas, and flame coals are considered). The ignition delay time and the minimum (threshold) temperature of ignition of the examined slurries are estimated. Conclusions on the influence of the properties and concentrations of the slurry components on the combustion initiation characteristics are formulated.     

神华煤液化残渣的液化特性研究

液化残渣有着许多不同于未液化煤的特性,研究液化残渣的特性对整个煤炭液化工艺过程以及对液化厂的经济性和环境保护都具有极大的现实意义。通过高压釜液化神华煤液化残渣,从液化恒温反应时间、温度和氢初压对神华煤液化残渣的液化特性影响进行了研究,为煤液化残渣的液化机理研究奠定基础。     

农林剩余物的液化及液化产物利用研究进展

从液化方法、液化机理及液化产物利用等方面对农林剩余物的研究进展进行了综述,指出存在的主要问题并提出了合理建议,为农林剩余物的高值化应用提供了参考。     

典型煤气化和煤液化技术进展

发展煤化工即符合我国油、气短缺,煤炭相对丰富的国情,也是煤炭清洁高效利用的有效途径。本文主要对煤化工的龙头技术—煤气化和目前煤化工的热点领域—煤液化进行了分析阐述,对这两个煤化工的关键技术的进展及产业现状进行了讨论,希望以健康友好的发展方式解决目前煤化工产业的存在的现实问题,实现我国煤化工事业的科学有序发展。     

香蕉假茎苯酚液化及其产物树脂化制备胶黏剂

以苯酚为液化试剂、硫酸为催化剂对香蕉假茎进行液化,探讨液化条件对液化反应的影响,并结合傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)和成分分析研究了不同液化时间的液化物性质差别,同时以液化产物制备环氧树脂胶黏剂,并对其性能进行表征。单因素试验结果表明:优化条件为催化剂用量(占原料的质量分数)30%、反应温度150℃、液固比4:1和液化时间90 min; FT-IR分析表明:40 min和90 min液化产物官能团相似且具有芳香衍生物和酚羟基特性;成分分析和TGA分析表明:40 min残渣中纤维素保留量比90 min高;性能测试表明,90 min液化产物环氧树脂胶黏剂的剪切强度可达7.26 MPa,玻璃化温度(T_g)可达78℃。在优化的反应温度、催化剂用量和液固比的条件下,液化时间对残渣率和液化产物官能团的影响较小,但对残渣中纤维素含量的影响较大,液化产物适合制备生物质环氧树脂胶黏剂。     

煤炭液化技术的发展与商业前景

介绍了煤炭液化技术在国内外的发展状况,分析了煤液化技术的经济性和环保性。     

生物质溶剂液化及生物油品质提升技术综述

综述了生物质溶剂液化过程中原料、溶剂、催化剂、液固比、温度、反应气氛、压力、反应时间、停留时间、加热速率等因素对液化反应的影响。进一步分析了多种生物油提质改性的方法,主要有催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化、添加物质、乳化、重整制氢、萃取等,旨在为生物质液化条件的优化以及生物油的规模化应用提供依据。     

煤炭直接液化工艺的探讨

煤炭液化技术是能源利用的发展趋势,本文对四种主要直接液化工艺的工艺状况、技经指标等进行了对比,为企业选择合理的直接液化路线提供方向.     

煤液化技术进展及展望

简述了煤的液化技术发展概况、煤液化反应机理及工艺分类,介绍了国内外煤液化典型流程,如德国IGOR工艺、南非Sasol煤间接液化工艺、日本NEDOL工艺、美国HIT工艺等,分析了煤的直接液化技术和间接液化技术的优缺点,提出了煤液化技术的发展趋势:开发新型催化剂、开发新型溶剂、工艺和设备的改革、配煤技术的研究、煤间接液化技术与煤化工技术的融合等。     

氢气在煤液化反应中的作用

综述了近年来关于煤液化反应中氢气的作用及供氢机理方面的研究成果 ,并介绍了提高煤液化中活性氢的方法。