氮-钒微合金化对低碳耐候钢强韧性的影响

利用真空感应炉冶炼氮-钒微合金化的低碳耐候钢,结合金相显微镜和透射电镜分析了耐候钢的显微组织,并通过拉伸、冲击试验和断口分析表征了实验钢的强韧性.力学试验结果表明,氮-钒微合金化耐候钢具有良好的塑性和强韧性组合.金相组织分析表明,加氮加钒耐候钢中主要组织为等轴铁素体和少量离异型珠光体(体积分数5%),体积分数约30%的铁素体晶粒中有类似粒状贝氏体组织生成;弥散析出的VN质点细化了铁素体晶粒,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为7.8 μm.     

含钒钢的沉淀和晶粒细化

此项工作集中研究钒、氮、碳在控制奥氏体和铁素体内V（C，N）沉淀上的作用，以及在促成晶粒内铁素体的形成而使晶粒细化和通过中间相和不规则沉淀而形成沉淀强化上的作用。在某一给定钒含量下，铁素体沉淀强化的程度取决于氮、碳的可利用量。已有结论表明，氮是一种非常可靠的合金元素。它可以增加钒微合金钢的屈服强度：每增加0．001％氮，可增加约6MPa的强度，并且基本上与工艺条件无关。碳在沉淀强化上的作用较为复杂，目前的结构表明，随着碳含量的增加，钒微合金钢的沉淀强化作用急剧增强，每增加0．01％碳，可增加约5．5MPa的强度。其原因是，在相变期间，铁素体和过冷奥氏体之间亚稳定均势，极大地增加了碳在铁素体内的可溶性，因而有利于大量的V（C，N）微粒核化。碳的这种作用，在用于热轧钢筋和型材生产的中碳钢中，特别明显。试验结果表明，钒不仅可以有效地用于沉淀强化，而且也可以用于铁素体晶粒细化。钒有助于两种晶粒内核化铁素体的形成，生成多边（自发）铁素体和针状（侧板）铁素体。晶体内多边铁素体在氮化钒（VN）微粒上核化。在等温保持期或奥氏体范围内缓冷期内，钒氮微粒在奥氏体内生长。在低温约450℃时，在等温相变期间，针状铁素体微结构在钒微合金钢中形成。针状铁素体微结构在含高，中或非常低的氮含量的钒微合金钢中获得。这就说明钒本身可以促成针状铁素体的形成。     

热变形对钒氮微合金钢连续冷却相变的影响

在Gleeble-3800热力模拟试验机上,进行了钒氮微合金钢在未变形和多道次轧制条件下的模拟试验,通过热膨胀法和金相-硬度法,建立了试验钢的静态和动态CCT图;应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对组织和析出相进行了观察,分析了变形条件对显微组织的影响,研究了该试验钢的连续冷却相变行为。结果表明,变形促进了铁素体和珠光体相变,在较大冷速下获得了一定量的铁素体组织。同时变形也促进了钒的碳氮化物析出,利于铁素体相变以及组织的细化。在两种条件下,均可获得一定量的贝氏体组织,且在较大冷速下的贝氏体转变开始温度有所升高。     

低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体中的析出动力学

控制VN在奥氏体中的有效析出是利用VN诱导晶内铁素体细化铁素体晶粒的关键技术。采用应力松弛方法研究了低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体区的等温析出行为。结果表明：试验钢的析出-温度-时间曲线(PTT)呈典型的C形,本试验条件下析出开始时间最短的“鼻子”温度为870℃左右。钢中的碳、氮含量以及变形量对PTT曲线有较大影响,它们增加均使C曲线向左移,特别是氮含量对V(C,N)析出的影响最显著。在碳含量约为0．10％的试验钢中,当氮含量从0．0036％增加到0．0140％时,可使870℃的析出开始时间从400s缩短到70s左右。     

V（C，N）在奥氏体中析出的动力学行为及其对晶粒细化的作用

控制VN在奥氏体中的有效析出是利用VN诱导晶内铁素体细化铁素体晶粒的关键技术。本文采用应力松弛法研究了低碳钒氮微合金钢V（C，N）在奥氏体区的等温析出行为，结果表明，试验钢的析出-温度-时间（PTT）曲线呈典型的“C”形状，本实验条件下析出开始时间最短的“鼻子”温度为870℃左右。增加钢中的碳、氮含量以及形变量等对PTT曲线有较大影响，均使“C”曲线向短时间方向移动，特别是氮含量对V（C，N）析出的影响最显著。V的高温析出促进了铁素体形核，产生了明显的晶粒细化效果。     

卷取温度对Ti-Nb微合金钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

利用试验轧机和热处理炉进行了低碳Ti-Nb微合金钢的模拟轧制和卷取试验，研究卷取温度对微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，随着卷取温度的降低，钢的相变过程逐步由扩散型相变过渡到切变型相变，微观组织由等轴铁素体依次转变为多边形铁素体、粒状贝氏体、板条贝氏体；由于析出强化和相变强化的综合作用，卷取态试验钢强度先降低后升高，延伸率持续降低；卷取过程微合金碳氮化物的析出强化导致卷取态试验钢强度高于空冷态试验钢，且随着卷取温度的降低，卷取态试验钢较空冷态试验钢强度的增量逐步降低；Ti-Nb微合金钢的卷取温度设定在560～630℃时，钢屈服强度744～754 MPa，延伸率19%～20.9%，可获得良好的综合性能。     

合金元素对大线能量焊接用钢组织性能的影响

为阐明钢中常用合金元素对大线能量焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的影响规律,设计了不同合金质量分数的试验钢,并进行氧化物冶金工艺处理,考察了各试验钢模拟焊接CGHAZ冲击韧性和组织特征。结果表明,低碳高锰有利于韧性的改善,但存在合适的碳质量分数范围,极低碳时需抑制晶界铁素体生成;添加质量分数为0.01%的铌时可保持较高的CGHAZ韧性,但过量的铌促进贝氏体生成而导致韧性恶化;添加质量分数为0.05%的钒时能提高基体强度并保持优良CGHAZ韧性,更高质量分数时因碳化物大量析出导致韧性下降;在一定范围内提高镍和铜质量分数可综合改善钢板强度和CGHAZ韧性;铬和钼的添加可抑制晶界转变产物,促进微细针状铁素体组织生成,但在试验钢成分下较多的M/A使得CGHAZ韧性未得到有效改善。     

钒氮非调质钢的组织变化特征

利用光学显微镜、扫描和透射电镜观察和分析了不同钒、氮含量非调质钢经奥氏体热变形后以不同速度冷却到室温的显微组织.结果表明,随氮含量增加或钒含量减少,珠光体增多;钢中有大量的不仅在先共析铁素体且在珠光体铁素体中析出的小于3 nm的纳米级析出相;冷速增加,铁素体变细且数量减少,继而出现贝氏体、马氏体,同时钒、钛的析出相尺寸变小,成分由以(Ti,V)N为主,转以(Ti,V)C为主.     

钒微合金化钢的技术进展与应用

摘要：介绍了钒微合金化技术的最新进展以及钒钢的开发与应用情况。氮是含钒钢中有效的合金元素,含钒钢中增氮,优化了钒在钢中的析出,显著提高沉淀强化效果。采用钒氮微合金化设计,配合适当的轧制工艺,促进V(C,N)在奥氏体中析出,起到了晶内铁素体形核核心作用,实现了含钒钢的晶粒细化。最新的研究成果表明钒微合金化可以提高双相钢、贝氏体钢、相变诱导塑性钢、孪晶诱导塑性钢、热成型马氏体钢等汽车用先进高强度钢的强度并改善使用性能,显示出良好的应用前景。钒氮微合金化技术在中国高强度钢筋、高强度型钢、非调质钢、薄板坯连铸连轧高强度带钢等产品中获得广泛应用,大大促进了中国钒微合金化钢的发展。     

钒对高氮钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过实验室模拟试验,研究了高氮钒钢的金相组织和形变诱导铁素体体积分数,分析了钒对高氮钒钢变形诱导相变的影响.试验结果表明,钒的加入促进了形变诱导铁素体相变,细化了铁素体晶粒,提高了形变诱导铁素体体积分数.     

Low carbon manganese steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen

With the objective of studying the effect of vanadium and nitrogen microalloying on microstructure and strength of low carbon steels with different manganese contents, three series of low carbon steels (0.1% C) with manganese content (between 0.8 and 3.5%), vanadium content (up to 0.17%) and nitrogen content (up to 0.025%) have been designed and investigated in the hot forging condition using a preheating and finish forging temperatures of 1200 and 950°C, respectively. Steels with a manganese content up to 2.3% revealed ferrite-pearlite structures, whereas higher manganese contents from 2.7 to 3.5% resulted in the formation of bainitic structures. A pronounced effect of manganese on the mechanical properties of steels was detected at lower manganese contents < 1.5%, due to solid solution and grain refining effects, and higher manganese contents > 2.3, due to bainite formation. Manganese content in the range of 1.5-2.3% had less pronounced effect due to solely solid solution hardening. Vanadium microalloying effectively increased the strength of steels through solely precipitation strengthening or both precipitation strengthening and grain refining effect. The effectiveness of vanadium was greatly enhanced by increasing the nitrogen content. The grain refinement of vanadium-nitrogen microalloying seems to be due to inhibition of austenite grain growth as a result of precipitation of vanadium nitride in austenite during forging. Precipitation strengthening of these steels is achieved by precipitation of vanadium carbide and nitride in ferrite or bainite. Nitrogen enhanced the precipitation strengthening of vanadium microalloyed steels which could be attributed to the finer vanadium nitride dispersion precipitates compared with vanadium carbide. Up to 70% of the total nitrogen content of steel precipitates as vanadium nitride which could be achieved with V/N ratio of about 6-7. Microalloying of low carbon-manganese steels (0.1% C and 1.8% Mn) with 0.15% vanadium and 0.025% nitrogen was found to be effective in attaining high levels of yield and ultimate tensile strengths of 835 and 940 N/mm², respectively in the forging condition.     

高强度含铜钢奥氏体连续冷却转变产物的强韧性

研究了高强度含铜钢HSLA80和HSLA100奥氏体连续冷却转变产物的强度和韧性随冷却速率的变化规律,探讨了连续冷却过程中形成的Cu沉淀的特征和熟化规律.在Gleeble3800热模拟试验机上进行0.1℃·s-1至20℃·s-1的连续冷却实验,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了显微组织和Cu沉淀.结果表明,随冷却速率提高,HSLA80的连续冷却转变组织由多边形铁素体向块状铁素体和贝氏体转变,在冷速0.1~1℃·s-1范围内Cu发生沉淀,两者综合作用造成随冷却速率提高钢的硬度分阶段变化,而韧性逐渐提高;HSLA100的连续冷却转变组织以贝氏体为主,且不发生Cu的沉淀,随冷却速率提高钢的硬度基本保持不变,但韧性发生剧烈变化.连续冷却过程中形成的Cu沉淀在等温过程中的熟化符合Ostwald熟化规律,半径随时效时间t1/3变化.      

Influence of V(C,N) Precipitates on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Cooled C-Mn-V

The effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of acicular ferrite and/or bainite has been investigated.In particular,this paper deals with the influence that N through its combination with V,as V(C,N) precipitates,has on the decomposition of austenite.Likewise,the intragranular nucleation potency of V(C,N) precipitates is analyzed through the continuous cooling transformation diagrams (CCT) of two C-Mn-V steels with different contents of N.Results reported in this work allow us to conclude that acicular ferrite can only be achieved alloying with vanadium and nitrogen,meanwhile bainite is promoted in steels with a low level of nitrogen.It is concluded that higher strength values are obtained in acicular ferrite than in bainitic steel but a similar brittle-ductile transition temperature (BDT),and lower values of impact absorbed energy (KV) has been recorded in nitrogen-rich steel.     

Different Roles for Vanadium as a Microalloying Element in Structural Steels

Vanadium is the most versatile of the microalloying elements used in steels.The present paper describes three separate ways in which vanadium is used to optimize mechanical properties in different products.Firstly,precipitation of V(C,N) during the γ→α transformation or in ferrite during cooling provides strengthening that is especially useful in long products and forgings.Additionally,VN particles which precipitate in austenite act as efficient intra-granular nucleants for ferrite,contributing improved strength and toughness in suitable process routes such as seamless pipe production.Thirdly,vanadium is supremely effective in preventing recovery in martensite and bainite.In this way it can be applied to maintain strength and reduces variability of properties in hot rolled strip steels.     

钒对耐火钢显微组织及高温性能的影响

 通常采用控轧控冷方式生产耐火钢Mo-Nb复合合金化。采用电子显微镜、相分析和三维原子探针等方法,研究了不同热轧工艺条件下钒对含钒耐火钢的室温和600 ℃拉伸性能的影响,探讨了微观组织与力学性能之间的关系。结果表明,添加钒后能形成细小弥散分布的析出物,配合控制贝氏体比例后能有效地提高室温和高温力学性能;钒在热轧态耐火钢中主要固溶于先共析铁素体内,再加热至600 ℃时热轧态被“隐藏”的钒存在明显的析出,进一步提高了含钒耐火钢的高温性能。     

Transmission electron microscopy studies of thermomechanically control processed multiphase medium-carbon microalloyed steel: Forged, rolled, and low-cycle fatigued microstructures

A ferrite-bainite-martensite (F-B-M) microstructure was produced in a medium-carbon microalloyed (MA) steel through two routes, namely, low-temperature finish forging and rolling, followed by a two-step cooling (TSC) and annealing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to study the microstructural evolution in control forged and rolled material after TSC followed by annealing (TSCA). A TEM investigation was also carried out on samples low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tested at low and high total strain amplitudes of 0.4 and 0.7 pct in case of the forged steel (F-B-M(F)TSCA) and 0.55 and 0.8 pct for the rolled steel (F-B-M(R)TSCA), respectively. Microstructural changes accompanying the LCF testing were identified. The two-step cooled microstructure processed through forging (F-B-M(F)TSC) as well as rolling (F-B-M(R)TSC) revealed a complex multiphase microstructure, along with films and blocks of retained austenite. In both microstructural conditions, vanadium carbide precipitates were too fine to be identified after the TSC treatment. Annealing after TSC produced a stress-free microstructure. The F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure predominantly consisted of granular/lower bainite, lath martensite, and polygonal ferrite with interlath films as well as blocks of retained austenite, while the F-B-M(R)TSCA microstructure predominantly consisted of lath martensite, granular/lower bainite, and polygonal ferrite with interlath strips/films of retained austenite. Lath martensite content was higher in the F-B-M(R)TSCA condition than in the F-B-M(R)TSCA condition. In both conditions, vanadium carbide precipitates could be seen after annealing. Fatigue-tested F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure up to a total strain amplitude of 0.4 pct and F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure up to a total strain amplitude of 0.55 pct were stable. Lath martensite did not undergo deformation and in both microstructural conditions dislocation cell structures were not observed in the ferrite or bainite regions. The interlath retained austenite strips/films played a significant role in preventing the softening during fatigue loading. First, it was stable up to a total strain amplitude of 0.4 and 0.55 pct in the respective microstructures. Second, it underwent heavy deformation during fatigue loading at high total strain amplitudes, thereby accommodating the strain. Fatigue-tested F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure at a total strain amplitude of 0.7 pct and F-B-M(R)TSCA microstructure at a total strain amplitude of 0.8 pct revealed deformed bainite/martensite laths, dislocation cells, and slip bands in the ferrite regions, which are characteristic features of cyclic softening. The retained austenite transformed to martensite through a strain-induced transformation mechanism and, at that stage, the microstructure contained in addition dislocation-rich bainite and ferrite.     

氮在非调质钢中的作用

介绍了氮在非调质钢中的有益作用。非调质钢中增氮,改变了钒在相间的分布,促进Ｖ（Ｃ,Ｎ）析出,使析出相的颗粒尺寸明显减小,从而增强了钒的沉淀强化作用、大幅度提高钢的强度。氮通过促进Ｖ（Ｃ〉Ｎ）析出,有效地钉扎奥氏体－－铁素体昌细化了铁素体晶粒。增氮还可促进晶内铁素体的形成,进一步细化了铁素体组织。对微钛处理非调质钢,增氮提高了ＴｉＮ颗粒的稳定性,更有效地阻止奥氏体晶粒长大,充分利用廉价的氮元素,在保     

轧制工艺对V-N-Ti钢焊接粗晶热影响区组织和韧性的影响

摘 要: 为了分析大线能量焊接下接头低温韧性的影响因素,研究轧制工艺对V-N-Ti钢粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)组织和韧性的影响。试验结果表明,当终轧温度从950降低到800 ℃,且t_8/5(从800冷却到500 ℃的时间)为180 s时,CGHAZ中铁素体面积百分数从91.2%降低到53.9%,贝氏体面积百分数从0%增加到31.1%,-20 ℃冲击功从182降低到92 J。上述现象是由于终轧温度影响了母材中尺寸为30~70 nm的富Ti-(Ti,V)(C,N)粒子的成分。与低温终轧相比,高终轧温度条件下母材中富Ti-(Ti,V)(C,N)粒子的V元素含量较高,这使其在焊接加热过程中更易发生溶解,并在焊接冷却过程中以细小富Ti-(Ti,V)(C,N)析出,钉扎奥氏体晶界;焊接冷却过程中,富Ti-(Ti,V)(C,N)可以作为V元素的析出核心促进VN的析出,提高了其铁素体形核能力,改善了CGHAZ组织和韧性。     

Precipitation and fine structure in medium-carbon vanadium and vanadium/niobium microalloyed steels

Hot-rolled and continuously cooled, medium-carbon microalloyed steels containing 0.2 or 0.4 pct C with vanadium (0.15 pct) or vanadium (0.15 pct) plus niobium (0.04 pct) additions were investigated with light and transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope was conducted on precipitates of the 0.4 pct C steel with vanadium and niobium additions. The vanadium steels contained fine interphase precipitates within ferrite, pearlite nodules devoid of interphase precipitates, and fine ferritic transformation twins. The vanadium plus niobium steels contained large Nb-rich precipitates, precipitates which formed in cellular arrays on deformed austenite substructure and contained about equal amounts of niobium and vanadium, and V-rich interphase precipitates. Transformation twins in the ferrite and interphase precipitates in the pearlitic ferrite were not observed in either of the steels containing both microalloying elements. Consistent with the effect of higher C concentrations on driving the microalloying precipitation reactions, substructure precipitation was much more frequently observed in the 0.4C-V-Nb steel than in the 0.2C-V-Nb steel, both in the ferritic and pearlitic regions of the microstructure. Also, superposition of interphase and substructure precipitation was more frequently observed in the high-C-V-Nb steel than in the similar low-C steel.     

The significant impact of Ti content on microstructure–toughness relationship in the simulated coarse-grained heated-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

This study aims to investigate the influence of Ti addition on microstructure and toughness in the simulated coarse-grained heated-affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength low-alloy steels. The steels with low and high Ti content respectively were subjected to 100?kJ/cm heat input welding thermal cycle. The results indicated that the second-phase particles were mainly oxide covered with MnS and fine (Ti,Nb)N precipitate in low-Ti steel, which were modified to the oxide surrounded by TiN and coarse (Ti,Nb)N precipitate in high-Ti steel. Compared with low-Ti steels, the coarser precipitates induced larger austenite grain in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. Moreover, the wrapping of TiN decreases the ability of inclusion to promote the nucleation of acicular ferrite, resulting in lower fraction of acicular ferrite in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. Content of martensite-austenite constituent increased in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. They were all responsible for the degeneration in toughness in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel.