震源振动器平板损伤机理及其疲劳寿命预测研究

振动器是可控震源地震信号激发的关键装置,长期宽、高频地震波激发致使振动器平板焊接部位出现裂纹甚至疲劳失效,这不仅会大大减短平板工作寿命,而且严重影响震源信号质量。由此,对平板开裂断口的微观形貌进行分析,掌握平板疲劳损伤区域内损伤特征、裂纹扩展规律,揭示平板开裂断口损伤机理。针对平板疲劳损伤模式和特点,开展平板“三点弯曲”疲劳试验,拟合平板S—N曲线,预测平板疲劳寿命,并与采用断裂力学法的疲劳寿命计算结果进行比较。结果表明,经疲劳试验参数修正的S—N曲线法的精度高于断裂力学法,可准确预测震源振动器平板的工作寿命。研究成果为延长震源振动器平板的疲劳寿命、增强其可靠性提供了科学的理论支持,有助于提高我国油气勘探技术及相关工程装备的研发水平和国际竞争力。     

基于模糊综合评价法的可控震源振动器平板疲劳可靠性分析与优化

平板作为可控震源振动器的核心部件,其焊接部位的疲劳可靠性直接影响其自身的使用寿命和地震信号的激发品质.为了准确得到振动器平板焊接部位的疲劳可靠性,基于模糊综合评价法对其进行可靠性分析.首先,确定振动器平板疲劳可靠性影响因素的集合,并通过多位专家打分评估的方式建立影响因素的权重矩阵和评价矩阵,进而得到平板疲劳可靠性的模糊...     

Evaluation of fatigue life of aluminum alloy wheels under radial loads

This paper is concerned with generation of S–N curve for aluminum alloy (Al) A356.2-T6 and estimation of fatigue life under radial fatigue load. The S–N curve is developed by conducting tests at different stress levels under constant amplitude loading. Tests are conducted on alloy wheels for fatigue life evaluation under radial loads. Finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out by simulating the test conditions to analyze stress distribution and fatigue life of the alloy wheels. It is observed from analysis that the prediction of fatigue life using FEA is found to be in close agreement with the corresponding experimental observations. An attempt has been made by conducting parametric study to suggest a suitable safety factor for reliable fatigue life prediction.     

Research on the Models of Automotive Suspension Springs Stress

This paper introduced two methods of automotive suspension springs stress analysis,the FEA(finite element analysis) and the experimental measurement,through which the maximum stress is found located where the cylinder number is the integer multiple of the first half cycle from the spring end.By scattering or removing the maximum stress points,optimum design,which is based on the cosmosworks method,will promote the fatigue reliability and the employ life of the springs.     

Rapid method for low cycle fatigue properties: thickness effect on the fatigue crack initiation life of welded joints

Welded assemblies are commonly used in the shipbuilding industry. Because of the combination of stress concentration and cyclic loading, welded joints could be a critical area for fatigue damage. Thus, knowing stress and strain histories at the critical points of the structure is necessary, particularly when a confined plasticity occurs, to determine the fatigue life of welded assemblies. To avoid time‐consuming nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA), simplified estimation methods of the elastic–plastic strain/stress can be used. In a previous work, an approach to estimate stress state at critical points was developed and employed in the case of double‐notched specimens. The present paper focuses on welded joints in order to validate this strategy with the aim to estimate the fatigue crack initiation life of T‐joints. To go further, a parametric approach has been adopted to take into account the local geometries of welded joints and to determine the constraint operator without any FEA. The results predicted by this approach are compared with experimental fatigue results.     

A global procedure for the time-dependent reliability assessment of crane structural members

This paper aims at developing a probabilistic fatigue assessment procedure for crane structural members, using a structural reliability method, namely the stress–strength interference method. A crane member strength law is found by fitting fatigue life distribution parameters using finite element results and experimental data. The stress model is developed by using on-site data to determine probabilistic parametric distributions defining crane member loading. The efficiency of the proposed stress–strength interference method for tower crane member reliability assessment in fatigue is demonstrated on a jib chord member connection.     

Fatigue life prediction of a rubber mount based on test of material properties and finite element analysis

Failure analysis and fatigue life prediction are very important in the design procedure to assure the safety and reliability of rubber components. The fatigue life of a rubber mount was predicted by combining test of material properties and finite element analysis (FEA). The natural rubber material material’s fatigue life equation was acquired based on uniaxial tensile test and fatigue life tests of the natural rubber. The strain distribution contours and the maximum total principal strains of the rubber mount at different loads in the x and y directions were obtained using finite element analysis method. The critical region cracks prone to arise were obtained and analyzed. Then the maximum total principal strain was used as the fatigue parameter, which was substituted into the natural rubber’s fatigue life equation, to predict the fatigue life of the rubber mount. Finally, fatigue lives of the rubber mount at different loads were measured on a fatigue test rig to validate the accuracy of the fatigue life prediction method. The test results imply that the fatigue lives predicted agree well with the test results.     

可控震源振动器平板-大地接触性质与能量传递研究

大地的表面形貌是影响可控震源振动器平板与大地之间接触性质的因素之一。为了掌握大地表面参数对可控震源振动器平板-大地接触系统接触性质及振动特性的影响规律，基于分形理论建立了三维粗糙大地表面形貌，构建了振动器平板-大地接触模型，得到了不同大地表面形貌及材料参数下振动器平板与大地之间的接触力-变形曲线；建立了振动器平板-大地接触振动动力学方程，并计算了振动器平板的位移响应以及能量传递。结果表明：振动器平板与大地之间接触力的非线性随大地表面粗糙度的增大而增大，振动器平板-大地接触系统的固有频率随大地表面粗糙度的增大而减小；粗糙表面的接触模型中振动器平板每一周期向大地传递的能量随时间的增大而减小。同时，大地表面材料参数的非线性也会影响平板-大地接触系统的振动响应和能量传递。由此可知，大地表面的粗糙度和材料的非线性是限制可控震源高频输出的重要原因。研究结果将为可控震源的优化和高频拓展提供参考。     

Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life Assessment of a Gas Turbine Rotor Through Reliability Approach

Turbine rotor is a critical and life-limiting component in gas turbine engines. The thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) life of a turbine rotor was studied using reliability method. The fatigue life was estimated using (a) Marrow’s model and (b) Smith–Watson–Topper model. The creep life was estimated based on Larson Miller equations and finite element analysis. The cumulative fatigue–creep damage was estimated, and the turbine rotor TMF life was estimated against the data variation. The reliability approach takes care of material property variations, load variations and geometrical variations. These variations bring out the scatter in component stress–strain and further into life. The scattered life spells out the component reliability. The TMF life was modeled as Weibull distribution, and the reliability was estimated. The component was tested for structural integrity through hot cyclic spin test, and the results were compared with the predictions. The blade growth and strain estimations using Marrow and SWT–creep methods were found in good agreement with the test values.     

随机振动载荷下塑封球栅阵列含铅焊点疲劳寿命模型

对塑封球栅阵列(PBGA)封装器件Sn37Pb焊点进行了正弦振动、随机振动实验,得到各个载荷下焊点的疲劳寿命结果。建立了三维有限元模型,进行与实验条件一致的有限元分析,计算焊点的应力;将实验结果与有限元计算相结合,并基于Steinberg寿命预测模型,发展了随机振动载荷下焊点疲劳寿命预测方法。结果表明,疲劳寿命模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,该方法可应用于PBGA封装焊点在随机振动载荷下的疲劳寿命评估,为PBGA封装器件的设计与使用提供指导。     

Fretting fatigue behaviour of shot-peened Ti-6Al-4V at room and elevated temperatures

Fretting fatigue behaviour of shot‐peened titanium alloy, Ti‐6Al‐4V was investigated at room and elevated temperatures. Constant amplitude fretting fatigue tests were conducted over a wide range of maximum stresses, σ_max= 333 to 666 MPa with a stress ratio of R= 0.1 . Two infrared heaters, placed at the front and back of specimen, were used to heat and maintain temperature of the gage section of specimen at 260 °C. Residual stress measurements by X‐ray diffraction method before and after fretting test showed that residual compressive stress was relaxed during fretting fatigue. Elevated temperature induced more residual stress relaxation, which, in turn, decreased fretting fatigue life significantly at 260 °C. Finite element analysis (FEA) showed that the longitudinal tensile stress, σ_xx varied with the depth inside the specimen from contact surface during fretting fatigue and the largest σ_xx could exist away from the contact surface in a certain situation. A critical plane based fatigue crack initiation model, modified shear stress range parameter (MSSR), was computed from FEA results to characterize fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour. It showed that stress relaxation during test affected fretting fatigue life and location of crack initiation significantly. MSSR parameter also predicted crack initiation location, which matched with experimental observations and the number of cycles for crack initiation, which showed the appropriate trend with the experimental observations at both temperatures.     

FDM技术中加热底板样式对翘曲变形的影响研究

针对熔融沉积成型（fused deposition modeling,FDM）过程中存在的典型缺陷--翘曲变形,以加热底板样式为研究重点,对比ANSYS数值模拟结果与成型实验数据,探究普通加热底板与九宫格加热底板对成型件翘曲变形量的影响。在数值模拟过程中,采用生死单元技术建立2种加热底板上成型件温度场模型,再采用热-力间接耦合的方法分析成型件的应力分布,最后得到成型件翘曲变形的位移云图,分析2种加热底板上成型件的翘曲变形量。在进行成型实验时,分别在普通加热底板与九宫格加热底板上打印试件,再进行2种加热底板成型件的4个角点的翘曲变形量的测量。对比2种加热底板上成型件在ANSYS数值模拟与成型实验中的最大翘曲变形量,结果表明：九宫格加热底板相比普通加热底板能更好地减小由成型件残余应力导致的翘曲变形,即在实际打印成型过程中,不需要对3D打印机的生产参数作任何调整,只需要将工作平台处的普通加热底板换为九宫格加热底板则能极大地减小成型件的翘曲变形,有助于得到具有较高质量精度的成型产品,这对提高成型产品质量具有重要的参考意义。     

The relationship between extrusion die line roughness and high cycle fatigue life of an AA6082 alloy

The effect of surface finish on the fatigue life of hollow extruded AA6082 was studied by comparing results from specimens with as-extruded surfaces to results from specimens with polished surfaces. Extrusion die lines are the main contributor to surface roughening, and since die lines are parallel to the extrusion direction, distinct variations exist between fatigue lives of as-extruded specimens taken longitudinal and transverse to the extrusion direction [Nanninga N, White C, Furu T, Anderson O, Dickson R. Effect of orientation and extrusion welds on the fatigue life of an Al–Mg–Si–Mn alloy. Int J Fatigue 2008;30(9):1569–78]. Polishing specimen surfaces eliminated much of the variation between specimen orientations. Fatigue lives of polished specimens containing extrusion seam welds transverse to the loading direction were also studied. The seam weld did not appear to significantly affect the fatigue life. Die lines were modeled as notches and finite element analysis (FEA) was used to estimate a linear-elastic stress concentration factor for approximating fatigue run-out values for specimens with as-extruded surfaces loaded transverse to the die lines. The predicted run-out stress values based on the FEA match well with those obtained experimentally.     

Fatigue life assessment of centrifugal compressor impeller based on FEA

Fatigue life assessment of centrifugal compressor impellers has been a critical issue in industrial practice and application. In this paper, both centrifugal load and aerodynamic load have been considered in the analysis of the impeller life using finite element analysis (FEA). The analysis showed the regions of stress concentration and the mean stress of the finite element at the maximum stress point. The S–N curve of the impeller is therefore fitted by a computational model. The model is proved to be reliable by comparing the computed results with the experimental data. Thereby the failure mechanism of the impeller can be expressed analytically and its reliability can be assessed online.     

Effects of machining parameters on fatigue behavior of machined threaded test specimens

The effects of machining parameters on the fatigue strength of fine-machined threaded specimens were investigated by comparing with the endurance limits of circumferentially notched specimens with the same profile. A four-point rotary bending fatigue test machine was used to obtain constant bending moment and pure alternating stress along the thread. All specimens were machined from SAE 4340 steel, the typical material used for deep well oil drilling pipes. Notched specimens were fine-machined according to ASTM standards, while the threaded specimens were machined under the optimized cutting conditions, which maximize tool life and geometric precision, as well as under selected modified conditions. Endurance limits of all specimens after 2 × 10⁶ cycles were experimentally determined and S–N curves were plotted for 90% reliability for all experiments. The effects of cutting force, radial feed, tool wear, and two thread cutting methods on the fatigue strengths of the threaded specimens were determined. Experimental results show that the fatigue strengths of threaded specimens lie within a large range, depending on machining conditions, as compared to circumferentially notched specimens. The most influential factors on the fatigue strength of threaded specimens are tool wear and cutting velocity, while the effects of cutting method and radial feed are less significant.     

Notched fatigue behavior including load sequence effects under axial and torsional loadings

Notch effects on axial and torsion fatigue behaviors of low carbon steel were investigated. Fully-reversed tests were conducted on thin-walled tubular specimens with or without a transverse circular hole. A shear failure mechanism was observed for both smooth and notched specimens and under both axial and torsion loadings. The notch effect was more pronounced under axial loading, in spite of higher stress concentration factor in torsion. The commonly used nominal S–N approach with fatigue notch factor in conjunction with von Mises effective stress resulted in overly conservative life predictions of both smooth and notched torsion fatigue lives. Neuber’s rule yielded notch root stress and strain amplitudes close to the FEA results for both axial and torsion loadings. The local strain approach based on effective strain obtained from Neuber’s rule or FEA resulted in poor correlation of the fatigue life data of smooth and notched specimens. The Fatemi–Socie critical plane parameter represented the observed failure mechanism and resulted in very good correlations of smooth and notched specimens fatigue data under both axial and torsion loadings. In block loading tests with equal number of alternating axial and torsion cycles at the same stress level, beneficial effect of axial loading was observed. Possible potential reasons for this unexpected behavior are discussed.     

Stepped‐isothermal fatigue analysis of engine piston

Stepped‐isothermal fatigue failure is the main failure mechanism of modern engine pistons under bench reliability test condition. This paper presents a methodology for stepped‐isothermal fatigue analysis of engine pistons, which consists of a fatigue criterion, evaluation of temperature and stress distribution by finite element analysis and the final life prediction. The major character of the methodology is the fatigue definition of engine pistons with respect to engine load change cycle and a damage‐based fatigue criterion accounting for the nonlinear creep–fatigue damage. Taking as an example, the fatigue life of an engine piston was predicted by the proposed analysis procedures. The analysis results showed that the most critical area was located in the throat edge. Moreover, the proposed methodology can give a relatively accurate and reasonable life prediction for an engine piston under the loading condition of bench reliability test, with a benefit of decreasing the needed component's reliability tests and design time.     

Reliability‐Based Design Optimization Considering Probabilistic Degradation Behavior

This article proposes a reliability‐based design optimization methodology by incorporating probabilistic degradation in the fatigue resistance of material. The probabilistic damage accumulation is treated as a measure of degradation in the fatigue resistance of material and modeled as nonstationary probabilistic process to capture the time‐dependent distribution parameters of damage accumulation. The proposed probabilistic damage accumulation model is then incorporated into reliability‐based design optimization model by building a dynamic reliability model inferred from the stress–strength interference model. The proposed approach facilitates to capture the dynamic degradation behavior while optimizing design variables at an early design stage to improve the overall reliability of product. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated using suitable examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of aluminium alloy wheels under bending loads

This paper presents the details of S–N curve for aluminium alloy (Al) A356.2‐T6 and fatigue life of alloy wheels under bending load of cornering fatigue test (CFT). Development of S–N curve has been carried out by conducting rotary bending fatigue test at different stress levels as per Standards IS 5075. The rotary bending fatigue test has been performed under constant amplitude fatigue loading. The CFT of the wheel in normal driving mode has been carried out as per the procedure given in Japanese Industrial Standard Disc Wheels (JIS D_4103). It has been observed from the test that the cracks are initiated at the spoke and hub joining area closer to spanner hole on the front face of the wheel. Fatigue life of the alloy wheel has been predicted by finite element analysis (FEA), simulating the realistic test conditions. From finite element analysis, it has been observed that the maximum stress occurs at the mounting face of the wheel. Further, it has been observed that there is significant difference between the computed fatigue life and experimental value. Parametric study has been carried out for reliable fatigue life estimation and proposed an appropriate safety factor for fatigue life estimation under rotary bending test.     

Application of a combined high and low cycle fatigue life model on life prediction of SC blade

A combined high and low cycle fatigue life prediction model for nickel-base single crystal (SC) has been presented to analyze the low cycle fatigue (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF) life of SC blade. In the paper, a power law function of life model based on crystallographic theory is adopted to predict the LCF life. A power law function based on elastic analysis is adopted to predict the HCF life. Furthermore, the LCF and HCF experiments at different temperature are carried out to obtain the model parameters. The predicted results show that the model is reasonable for LCF and HCF. The linear life model introduced in the paper satisfies the combined high and low cycle fatigue life prediction of nickel-base single crystal superalloy. Special attention is put on the combined high and low cycle fatigue life of SC turbine blade. The resolved shear stress and first-order vibration stress are analyzed by the crystallographic rate dependent finite element analysis (FEA) and orthotropic elastic FEA, respectively. It is shown that the prediction model can be well used in the fatigue life prediction of SC blade.