单轴动态加载下冻土的力学性能实验研究

为研究冻土单轴加载下的冲击动态力学性质,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)在-28～-3℃不同负温下对人工冻土进行了应变率范围800～1500s-1的冲击实验.获得了人工冻土在不同温度与不同应变率下的应力应变关系,发现人工冻土具有显著的应变率效应和温度效应,即冻土动强度随应变率增大和温度的降低而增大.单轴高应变率加载下,冻土没有明显的屈服现象,加载后试样完全破坏.     

分层介质动态力学性能的实验研究

采用Φ75mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,对由普通混凝土与泡沫混凝土组合的分层介质的动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,应力波通过普通混凝土时的衰减仅为其原来峰值的5%¹0%,应力波通过泡沫混凝土时其峰值衰减为原来的1/5。由此说明在含泡沫混凝土与普通混凝土的分层介质中,泡沫混凝土提供削波与延缓应力波作用时间的作用,普通混凝土则为其提供较高强度。通过对分层介质应力衰减和动量变化的分析表明,分层介质在动态力学行为上表现为较大的塑性和应变率相关性,其应力衰减主要取决于泡沫混凝土材料。     

分层介质动态力学性能的实验研究

采用Φ75mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,对由普通混凝土与泡沫混凝土组合的分层介质的动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,应力波通过普通混凝土时的衰减仅为其原来峰值的5%~10%,应力波通过泡沫混凝土时其峰值衰减为原来的1/5。由此说明在含泡沫混凝土与普通混凝土的分层介质中,泡沫混凝土提供削波与延缓应力波作用时间的作用,普通混凝土则为其提供较高强度。通过对分层介质应力衰减和动量变化的分析表明,分层介质在动态力学行为上表现为较大的塑性和应变率相关性,其应力衰减主要取决于泡沫混凝土材料。     

钢纤维超高强混凝土动态力学性能

采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对不同纤维体积率的钢纤维超高强混凝土进行不同应变率的冲击压缩试验,结果表明钢纤维超高强混凝土是应变率敏感材料,并测出其应变率敏感阀值,当应变率超过阀值后,钢纤维超高强混凝土的强度、韧度与弹性模量都随纤维体积率的增加而显著提高,在高应变率下,超高强混凝土基体成粉碎性破坏,而钢纤维超高强混凝土呈现出“裂而不散”的破坏形态。     

冲击载荷下环氧树脂动态压缩力学响应实验研究

为了从细观角度研究碳/环氧复合材料的动态力学性能,利用分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置对其组分材料TDE86#环氧树脂体系进行动态冲击压缩实验,获得不同应变率加载条件下环氧树脂的应力一应变曲线,基于应力-应变曲线分析了应变率对环氧树脂动态压缩力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:环氧树脂具有明显的应变强化效应,随着应变率的增加,环氧树脂的强度基本没有变化,最大应力时的应变逐渐减小,动态模量和压缩刚度有很大程度的提高.     

泡沫硅橡胶动态力学性能的实验研究

泡沫硅橡胶在缓冲减振方面有独特的优良性能,但由于它是一种柔性材料,波速和波阻抗均极低,因此实验研究其动态力学性能具有很大困难,本文首次实现了利用霍普金森压杆技术对泡沫硅橡胶作冲击压缩实验,得到了高应变率下的应力￣应变曲线,结果表明,该材料具有强烈的应变率敏感性。     

三维四向编织复合材料动态压缩性能实验研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)研究了三维四向编织碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料在动态压缩载荷作用下的力学性能。在横向对复合材料进行了动态压缩实验,得到了应变率从900/s―1500/s下的应力-应变曲线,并且与准静态压缩下的结果进行了对比。分析比较了应变率对三维编织复合材料横向压缩强度和模量的影响。实验中根据SHPB理论假设,采用波形整形技术,使得试件在加载过程中处于应力平衡和均匀变形状态。实验结果表明:压缩强度和模量具有一定的应变率强化效应;与准静态结果相比,在高应变率下的复合材料的强度和模量有明显的增大,并表现出明显的脆性。还分析了应变率对复合材料破坏模式的影响。     

Fe-36Ni高温高应变率动态力学性能及其本构关系

为研究Fe-36Ni因瓦合金的动态力学性能及其本构关系,在20～800℃和10-3～104 s-1的应变率内,采用电子万能试验机和高温分离式霍普金森压杆分别对Fe-36Ni因瓦合金进行准静态实验和动态压缩实验,得到其高温、高应变率下的应力-应变曲线.结果表明,Fe-36Ni因瓦合金的流动应力表现出较强的应变率和温度敏感性,随着应变率的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而减小.采用改进应变率项和温度项的Johnson-Cook本构方程拟合了Fe-36Ni因瓦合金在高温、高应变率下的动态塑性本构关系,拟合结果与试验数据吻合很好.     

水泥砂浆在围压下的动态力学性能

水泥砂浆在不同应力状态、不同加载条件下,表现出截然不同的力学性能。利用分离式霍普金森压杆做了一维应力、被动围压和主动围压下水泥砂浆的冲击压缩实验,分别得到了这三种加载条件下的应力-应变曲线,讨论了应力状态、加载条件及应变率对水泥砂浆力学性能的影响,最后研究了用于描述水泥砂浆塑性的破坏准则。     

Dynamic compression of cellular cores: temperature and strain rate effects

Cross-linked polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foams were examined under quasi-static and high strain rate compression loading using a servo-hydraulic testing machine and a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus consisting of polycarbonate bars for strain rates up to 1900 s⁻¹. Three foam densities were examined viz. 75, 130, and 300 kg/m³. Each core density has been subjected to compressive loading at room and elevated temperatures. A reverse trend in failure modes was observed when moving from room to elevated temperatures at high strain loading, which was not found in quasi-static testing at elevated temperatures. Accordingly, post-impact tests were conducted to evaluate the residual strength of the foam cores subject to elevated temperatures and HSR. Results of the post-impact test revealed that the foam cores are still capable of taking some loading. The residual strength of cores was fairly constant regardless of temperature therefore recovery of volume does not signify an increase in residual strength of cores.     

Dynamic mixed-mode I/II delamination fracture and energy release rate of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites

Mixed-mode open-notch flexure (MONF), anti-symmetric loaded end-notched flexure (MENF) and center-notched flexure (MCNF) specimens were used to investigate dynamic mixed I/II mode delamination fracture using a fracturing split Hopkinson pressure bar (F-SHPB). An expression for dynamic energy release rate G_d is formulated and evaluated. The experimental results show that dynamic delamination increases linearly with mode mixing. At low input energy E_i ? 4.0 J, the dynamic (G_d) and total (G_T) energy rates are independent of mixed-mode ratio. At higher impact energy of 4.0 ? E_i ? 9.3 J, G_d decreases slowly with mixed I/II mode ratio while G_T is observed to increase more rapidly. In general, G_d increases more rapidly with increasing delamination than with increasing energy absorbed. The results show that for the impact energy of 9.3 J before fragmentation of the plate, the effect of kinetic energy is not significant and should be neglected. For the same energy-absorption level, the delamination is greatest at low mixed-mode ratios corresponding to highest Mode II contribution. The results of energy release rates from MONF were compared with mixed-mode bending (MMB) formulation and show some agreement in Mode II but differences in prediction for Mode I. Hackle (Mode II) features on SEM photographs decrease as the impact energy is increased but increase as the Mode I/II ratio decreases. For the same loading conditions, more pure Mode II features are generated on the MCNF specimen fractured surfaces than the MENF and MONF specimens.     

Mechanical behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites at varying strain rates

The choice of composite materials as a substitute for metallic materials in technological applications is becoming more pronounced especially due to the great weight savings these materials offer. In many of these practical situations, the structures are prone to high impact loads. Material and structural response vary significantly under impact loading conditions as compared to quasi-static loading. The strain rate sensitivity of both carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) are studied by testing a single laminate configuration, viz. cross-ply [0°/90°] polymer matrix composites (PMC) at strain rates of 10⁻³ and 450 s⁻¹. The compressive material properties are determined by testing both laminate systems, viz. CFRP and GFRP at low to high strain rates. The laminates were fabricated from 48 layers of cross-ply carbon fibre and glass fibre epoxy. Dynamic test results were compared with static compression test carried out on specimens with the same dimensions. Preliminary compressive stress–strain vs. strain rates data obtained show that the dynamic material strength for GFRP increases with increasing strain rates. The strain to failure for both CFRP and GFRP is seen to decrease with increasing strain rate.     

玻璃钢动态力学性能的实验研究

利用分离式Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆研究了国产环氧玻璃钢和聚脂玻璃钢在平均应变率为－１０＾３／ｓ下的动态力学性能，给出了这两种材料在冲击压缩下的弹性模量和能量吸收率，为新型飞行保护头盔的设计提供了材料的实验依据。     

Strain rate effects on the compressive property and the energy-absorbing capacity of aluminum alloy foams

The strain rate sensitivity of various relative densities, open-cell aluminum alloy foams fabricated by a powder metallurgical method is investigated under compression loading. Their response to strain rate has been tested over a wide range of strain rates, from 10⁻³ to 2600 s⁻¹ at room temperature. Within this range, the experimental results show that the yield strength and the energy absorbed increase with an increase of strain rate. However, the yield strength of higher relative density foams increases bilinearly with the logarithm of strain rate, and the yield strength of lower relative density foams shows only a linear increase. The compaction strain slightly decreases with an increase of strain rate. The higher relative density aluminum alloy foams are more sensitive to strain rate than the lower relative density foams.     

冲击载荷下玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态本构关系

为了研究玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态本构关系,利用Ф100mm分离式霍普金森压杆装置,对玄武岩纤维增强混凝土进行冲击压缩试验,得到了动态应力-应变曲线,对试验数据进行了分析,根据试验结果,通过叠加应变率强化效应和损伤软化效应,对混凝土静态Ottosen非线性弹性本构模型进行修正,建立了玄武岩纤维增强混凝土损伤型的动态本构模型,确定参数并将理论模型计算结果与试验结果进行了对比。研究表明,玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态性能存在明显的应变率强化效应,动态强度增长因子和峰值应变与应变率对数之间存在近似函数关系;建立模型的方法可行,理论模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,建立的本构模型可用来描述玄武岩纤维混凝土的动态力学行为,并能为玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的进一步研究和工程应用提供参考依据。     

Mechanical properties of ceramic fiber-reinforced concrete under quasi-static and dynamic compression

The research herein is made on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of ceramic fiber reinforced concrete (CRFRC for short) through the adoption of a hydraulically-driven testing system as well as a 100-mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. As test results have turned out, such quasi-static properties as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of CRFRC increase with the rise in the volume fraction of fiber. Within the strain range of 20–120 s⁻¹, the effect of the axial strain acceleration on the dynamic strength of CRFRC could be ignored. Therefore, the dynamic increase ratio (DIF) derived from SHPB tests can truly reflect the dynamic enhancement of CRFRC. The dynamic strength, critical strain and specific energy absorption (SEA) of CRFRC are sensitive to the strain rate. The addition of ceramic fiber to plain concrete can significantly improve its properties—dynamic strength, critical strain and energy absorption. And also, an analysis is conducted of the mechanism for strengthening and toughening the concrete.     

湿热环境下Carbon/Epoxy复合材料层合板动态压缩性能

随着纤维增强复合材料的广泛应用, 研究其在湿热环境下的动态力学性能具有重要的理论研究意义与工程应用价值。首先对碳纤维增强环氧树脂基(Carbon/Epoxy)复合材料层合板试件进行了湿热处理, 其后采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)技术开展了干/湿态试件高应变率压缩实验并对实验结果进行分析。结果表明: 材料脱(吸)湿过程呈现出两段式特点, 存在二次脱(吸)水现象; Carbon/Epoxy复合材料层合板的强度在垂直铺层方向具有显著的应变率敏感性, 随着应变率从1 500 s-1增加至6 000 s-1, 其强度增加近3倍, 与此同时应变率对其弹性模量的影响却非常微弱; 此外, 湿热处理有助于提升该材料的动态力学性能, 经20 d吸湿后材料动态强度有最大12.45%的增幅, 吸湿使得材料动态强度的上升在应变率较低时比较明显。      

结构力学性能测试仪器的应用状况及发展趋势

介绍结构力学性能测试的应用领域及相关测试仪器的分类及发展历程,分析了当前结构力学性能测试仪器的技术发展趋势,对市场发展前景及行业需求容量进行了预测。