基于静力凝聚的高精度变截面梁单元及其几何非线性分析研究

基于Euler-Bernoulli梁单元基本假定,通过静力凝聚获得截面特性沿单元轴向连续变化的变截面梁单元高精度刚度矩阵,并提出一种基于随动坐标法求解变截面梁杆结构大位移、大转动、小应变问题的新思路。首先依据插值理论和非线性有限元理论推导出三节点变截面梁单元的切线刚度矩阵,然后使用静力凝聚方法消除中间节点自由度,从而得到一种新型非线性两节点变截面梁单元。结合随动坐标法,在变形后位形上建立随动坐标系,得到变截面梁单元的大位移全量平衡方程。实例计算表明,该新型变截面梁单元具有较高的计算精度,可应用于变截面梁杆系统大位移几何非线性分析。     

梁杆结构二阶效应分析的一种新型梁单元

推导了一种计及梁杆二阶效应的新型两结点梁单元。首先依据插值理论构造了三结点Euler-Bernoulli梁单元的位移场:使用五次Hermite插值函数建立梁单元的侧向位移场,二次Lagrange插值函数建立梁单元的轴向位移场,进而由非线性有限元理论推导了单元的线性刚度矩阵和几何刚度矩阵,然后使用静力凝聚方法消除三结点梁单元中间结点的自由度,从而得到一种考虑轴力效应的新型两结点梁单元。实例分析表明,此新型梁单元具有很高的计算精度,使用此单元进行梁杆结构分析可获得相当准确的二阶位移和内力。     

基于等参公式的三节点梁单元

为了提高非线性分析的计算精度和效率,详细介绍了基于等参公式的三节点梁单元,推导了这种梁单元考虑几何非线性的切线刚度矩阵,并给出了高斯积分点的分布。在此基础上编制有限元程序,考虑了单元的大转角、大位移和剪切变形的影响,并采用von-Mises屈服准则和Zeigler随动硬化法则考虑了材料非线性的影响。与试验结果和通用程序的对比分析表明,这种方法具有较高的精度和效率,并且能方便地用于变截面杆系结构的空间双重非线性分析。     

预应力结构非线性分析的索单元理论

本文将预应力结构中的张拉索处理为具有两个铰接节点的索单元,导出了索单元中总分布荷载的表达式和索的大位移增量刚度矩阵以及索元的一致质量矩阵,基于虚功原理建立了索元的静动力非线性平衡方程。应用本文理论可以分析拉索预应力结构的静力非线性问题、基本动力特性及非线性动力反应过程,可以跟踪不同的预应力张拉次序和过程。算例表明:本文方法具有较高的计算精度。     

计及二阶效应的一种变截面梁精确单元刚度阵

推导一种精确的Bernoulli-Euler变截面梁单元,解决了传统变截面梁单元在结构稳定性分析中存在的计算精度较低的问题,以常见的外形沿轴向按线性变化的变截面梁为例,给出梁单元的精确刚度阵。放弃传统有限元通过插值理论构建变形场,并通过虚位移原理获取单元刚度阵的方法,直接从计入二阶效应的单元平衡微分方程中得到变截面梁的载荷位移关系,进而得到有限元格式的变截面梁精确刚度阵。借助于变截面梁单元刚度阵,可导致与精确的微分方程解析法同样的计算精度。通过与几个经典算例和ANSYS计算结果比较表明:该精确刚度阵可直接应用于结构稳定性分析,获得变截面梁结构精确的欧拉临界力。     

解析型几何非线性圆拱单元

为研究圆拱结构几何非线性内力和位移计算以及平面内稳定分析问题,基于圆拱几何非线性静力分析模型,构造了解析位移形函数,进而利用能量法和势能变分原理,构造了解析型几何非线性圆拱单元,给出了单元列式;同时将该文模型通过理论退化,得到了不考虑轴向变形的无压缩圆拱模型,进一步得到了解析型无压缩几何非线性圆拱单元,并将此单元应用于圆拱的平面内稳定分析。研究结果表明:采用本单元模型进行平面内分岔失稳分析得到的失稳临界荷载系数与经典Timoshenko模型、Dinnik模型及静力法模型计算结果一致,相对误差为0%;平面内分岔失稳的临界荷载与平面内极值点失稳的临界荷载一致。该文单元具有解析型、高精确性以及良好的适用性,可用于任意工况下圆拱结构几何非线性位移、内力和平面内稳定分析。     

带有沙漏控制的相对自由度壳元

针对一点积分的八节点相对自由度壳单元存在的沙漏现象，提出采用拟应变法解决该问题的方法，并对锁死问题进行研究。给出了带有沙漏控制的八节点相对自由度壳元内的坐标、位移插值公式，推导了拟应变的表达式，通过Hu-Washizu变分原理，建立了有限元求解方程。利用Wilson非协调位移模式，单元的计算精度得到了明显改善。算例表明：基于八节点相对自由度壳单元，本文给出的沙漏控制算法能够有效的解决线性静力问题，并且具有较高的计算精度。     

高层结构剪力墙局部分析的高精度单元

高精度元系指其具有较高阶的位移函数，且由于单元的应力可由结点位移参数直接算出，因而具有高的精度。现有的局部分析软件中，所用的高精度元的类型比较单一，且存在内部自由度，要通过静力凝聚消去，计算效率不高，妨碍了其在工程中的应用。本文给出的新高精度元，推导简单，无内部自由度，因而不需要静力凝聚，精度也较高。     

垂直界面裂纹应力强度因子的加料有限元分析

为求解裂尖位于界面上的垂直双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子,发展了一种加料有限元方法。该方法应用Williams本征函数展开和线性变换方法求解裂尖渐进位移场,将该位移场加入常规单元位移模式中,得到加料垂直界面裂纹单元和过渡单元的位移模式,给出加料有限元方程。建立了典型垂直界面裂纹平面问题的加料有限元模型,求解加料有限元方程直接得到应力强度因子,与文献结果对比表明该方法具有较高的精度,可方便地推广应用于垂直界面裂纹的计算分析。     

改进共旋坐标法的Timoshenko梁单元非线性分析

为提高空间Timoshenko梁单元非线性问题的计算精度,在共旋坐标法的基础上,提出了一种改进的Timoshenko梁单元几何非线性分析方法。利用虚功原理得到改进空间梁单元的刚度矩阵;使用有限质点法中的逆向运动思路计算单元局部坐标系下的刚体旋转矩阵;根据整体坐标系与局部坐标系之间旋转角度的转化以及微分关系,求得空间梁单元的切线刚度矩阵;编制了相应的有限元程序,对多个经典的大变形结构进行几何非线性分析。计算结果印证了该文所提出改进方法的正确性,同时与传统共旋坐标法相比,具有更高的精度。     

EQUILIBRIUM BASED ITERATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE NON-LINEAR BEAM PROBLEM

The paper describes a procedure for the non-linear analysis of structures which are an assemblage of beams with material non-linearities of general type; the approach uses the equilibrium integrals and a consistent iterative formulation at the element level, within the general framework of the displacement method for the solution of the global structural problem. The application of different approaches to the non-linear beam problem is presented and discussed including the traditional stiffness and flexibility approach and some mixed formulations. The proposed equilibrium-based approach is shown to be more accurate and more robust than the traditional compatibility-based approach, on which most of the non-linear beam elements available today are based. Similar advantages are also found with respect to an approach based on the three-field mixed assumed strain method. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A beam finite element for magneto-electro-elastic multilayered composite structures

A new finite element based upon an elastic equivalent single-layer model for shear deformable and straight magneto-electro-elastic generally laminated beam is presented. The element has six degrees of freedom represented by the displacement components and the cross-section rotation of its two nodes. The magneto-electric boundary conditions enter the discrete problem as work-equivalent forces and moments while the electro-magnetic state characterization constitutes a post-processing step. The element possesses the superconvergence property for the static problem of beams with uniform cross-section and homogenous material properties along the beam axis direction. Moreover, it is free from the shear locking phenomenon. The developed finite element is validated through comparison with plane-stress results for piezoelectric and magneto-electro-elastic structures. Last, applications for more complex magneto-electro-elastic systems are described.     

On the thermal problem for composite beams using a finite element semi-discretisation

The paper deals with steady state thermo-elastic problems in beam-like structures and it is composed of three theoretical sections. The first part presents a two-dimensional finite element procedure to compute the temperature distribution within a beam cross section subjected to prescribed boundary conditions. It allows the beam cross section to be modelled taking into account any kind of thermal anisotropy or inhomogeneity.

The second part is devoted to the structural thermo-elastic problem in a beam having arbitrary non-homogeneous, anisotropic material properties over the cross section but constant along the axis; the extension of a well-known semi-discretisation procedure to take into account anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients is presented. In this way it is possible to compute strains and stresses related to temperature distributions on the cross section computed, using the method outlined in the first part of the paper.

The third part describes the procedure to evaluate thermal equivalent loads suitable for a three dimensional frame analysis.

Some examples are presented and the results are compared either with their theoretical counterparts or with numerical results obtained from a full three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

Hybrid finite element for analysis of functionally graded beams

A hybrid finite element model is presented, where stiffness and mass distributions over a beam with functionally graded material (FGM) are accurately modeled for both elastic and inelastic material responses. Von Mises and Drucker-Prager plasticity models are implemented for metallic and ceramic parts of FGM, respectively. Three-dimensional stress-strain relations are solved by a general closest point projection algorithm, and then condensed to the dimensions of the beam element. Numerical examples and verification studies on a proposed element demonstrate accuracy and robustness under inelastic material response as well as capturing fundamental, higher, and mix modes of vibration frequencies and shapes.     

Free vibration analysis of arches using curved beam elements

The natural frequencies and mode shapes for the radial (in‐plane) bending vibrations of the uniform circular arches were investigated by means of the finite arch (curved beam) elements. Instead of the complicated explicit shape functions of the arch element given by the existing literature, the simple implicit shape functions associated with the tangential, radial (or normal) and rotational displacements of the arch element were derived and presented in matrix form. Based on the relationship between the nodal forces and the nodal displacements of a two‐node six‐degree‐of‐freedom arch element, the elemental stiffness matrix was derived, and based on the equation of kinetic energy and the implicit shape functions of an arch element the elemental consistent mass matrix with rotary inertia effect considered was obtained. Assembly of the foregoing elemental property matrices yields the overall stiffness and mass matrices of the complete curved beam. The standard techniques were used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the curved beam with various boundary conditions and subtended angles. In addition to the typical circular arches with constant curvatures, a hybrid beam constructed by using an arch segment connected with a straight beam segment at each of its two ends was also studied. For simplicity, a lumped mass model for the arch element was also presented. All numerical results were compared with the existing literature or those obtained from the finite element method based on the conventional straight beam element and good agreements were achieved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土梁非线性有限元分析方法

针对钢筋混凝土结构有限元分析中,材料进入非线性阶段后,难以通过梁理论准确描述混凝土截面和钢筋应力状态的问题,提出了基于柔度法和分布式塑性理论的钢筋混凝土梁单元材料非线性方法——网格截面法。这种方法采用平面等参单元将梁单元网格化,由单元轴向积分点位置截面网格积分点的混凝土应力描述单元截面应力分布,同时考虑钢筋对刚度的贡献,并通过对截面网格材料的积分计算积分点位置的截面刚度矩阵,再利用力插值函数和能量原理得到梁单元的柔度矩阵,进而对柔度矩阵求逆计算单元刚度矩阵。通过算例验证该方法在钢筋混凝土承载力分析时的准确性。     

三维实体退化虚拟层合梁单元在钢曲梁极限承载力分析中的应用

提出采用三维实体退化虚拟层合梁单元计算钢曲梁极限承载力的方法。考虑结构的几何非线性和材料非线性,利用该单元编制了极限承载力计算程序,并将其应用于钢曲梁极限承载力的分析。计算实例表明,该单元收敛快,稳定性好,在单元数较少的情况下,具有较高的精度。由于能克服壳体单元或梁段单元法的缺陷,该计算方法具有更强的通用性。     

基于柔度的网格截面非线性梁单元

梁单元材料非线性有限元求解时,材料进入非线性阶段后,难以通过梁理论准确描述截面的应力状态,该文据此提出了基于柔度法和分布式塑性理论的梁单元材料非线性方法-网格截面法,这种方法采用平面等参单元将梁单元网格化,由单元轴向积分点位置截面网格积分点的应力描述单元截面应力分布,并通过对截面网格材料的积分得到积分点位置的截面刚度,并运用基于柔度的有限元方法,通过力插值函数和能量原理得到梁单元的柔度矩阵,进而对柔度矩阵求逆以计算单元刚度矩阵。同时讨论了该方法在进行结构材料非线性有限元分析时的优越性。最后通过算例验证了上述结论。     

Multiscale modeling for mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites subjected to different types of loading

Multiscale modeling was presented for the nonlinear properties of polymer/single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanocomposite under tensile, bending and torsional loading conditions. To predict the mechanical properties of both armchair and zigzag SWNTs, a finite element (FE) model based on the theory of molecular mechanics was used. For reducing the computational efforts, an equivalent cylindrical beam element was proposed, which has the unique advantage of describing the mechanical properties of SWNTs considering the nonlinearity of SWNT behavior. For a direct evaluation of the rigidities of the proposed equivalent beam, the data obtained through atomistic FE analyses of SWNT were fitted to six different equations, covering the three types of loading for both armchair and zigzag configurations. The proposed equivalent beam element was then used to build a cylindrical representative volume element (RVE) using which the effects of the interphase between SWNT and the polymer on the mechanical properties of RVE could be studied. It was found that while the interphase has a small effect on the nanocomposite stiffness, the ratio of (SWNT length)/(RVE length) dramatically affects the nanocomposite stiffness.     

Three‐dimensional modelling of intergranular fatigue failure of fine grain polycrystalline metallic MEMS devices

This paper presents a 3D finite element model to investigate intergranular fatigue damage of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and to account for the effects of topological randomness of material microstructure on fatigue lives. The topology of MEMS material grain structures is modelled using randomly generated 3D Voronoi tessellations. Continuum Damage Mechanics is used to model progressive material degradation due to fatigue. A new 3D micro‐grain debonding procedure is developed to consider both intergranular crack initiation and propagation stages. The fatigue damage model is then used to investigate the effects of microstructure randomness on the variability in fatigue life of cantilever MEMS devices. Three different types of randomness are considered: (1) topological disorder due to random shapes and sizes of the material grains, (2) variation in material properties considering a normally (Gaussian) distributed elastic modulus and (3) material defects or internal voids. The stress–life results obtained are in good agreement with experimental data. The progression of damage and the overall crack pattern obtained from the microcantilever beam model are consistent with empirical observations.