从红心萝卜废渣中提取异硫氰酸酯

以提取完色素的红心萝卜废渣为原料,采用不同的有机溶剂、料液比、温度、提取次数、提取时间等条件,提取其中的异硫氰酸酯,希望提高红心萝卜废渣的综合利用价值。     

紫甘蓝花色苷的热降解动力学研究

探讨在不同温度和pH条件下紫甘蓝花色苷的热稳定性和降解动力学。以80%乙醇浸提,D-101大孔吸附树脂分离纯化制备紫甘蓝花色苷,在50、60、70、80 ℃温度范围内,于不同pH(2.0~6.0)体系中测定不同时间点的花色苷含量,研究其热降解动力学参数和褐变指数。结果表明,紫甘蓝花色苷热稳定性和褐变反应受温度和pH的影响,且其降解速率与时间呈良好线性关系,符合一级动力学模型。随着温度的升高,不同pH下花色苷的半衰期t_1/2均呈下降趋势,最大值为83.51 h(50 ℃,pH3.0),最小值为4.43 h(80 ℃,pH6.0),且各pH(2.0~6.0)体系的活化能E_a依次为42.30、45.31、38.85、26.83、31.20 kJ/mol。此外,其褐变指数随热处理时间延长、温度升高及pH增大而增大。     

Pungency levels of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown in different seasons in Australia

White Radish, or daikon (Raphanus sativus) is a popular root vegetable in East Asian countries but there are increasing export opportunities for lower cost agricultural countries such as Australia. The Japanese processing white radish cultivar, Hoshiriso, was grown in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia and accumulation of the characteristic pungent flavour component, 4-methylthio-3-trans butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC) during growth was determined. MTBITC concentration was found to be higher in roots grown in autumn and spring than in winter and summer. There was considerable change in MTBITC concentration during growth in all seasons with a maximum concentration occurring 9 weeks after sowing for roots grown in autumn and winter, and after 13 weeks for spring- and summer-grown roots.     

桑葚汁花色苷及其色泽热降解动力学研究

对热处理过程中桑葚汁中花色苷及其色泽降解动力学进行了研究。结果显示桑葚汁中花色苷及其色泽的热降解动力学都是符合一级反应动力学,并且均可用Arrhenius方程表示,其反应活化能分别为44.1、50.51kJ/mol。同时结果表明,热处理过程中色泽和花色苷含量之间有很好的线性关系,可表示为a/a0=0.8806(c/c0)+0.1124(R2=0.9714)。这表明生产中采用色度仪即时测得的色泽值代替费时的光谱法测定的花色苷含量可以用来监测加工过程中花色苷的降解情况,以利于在线品质控制。     

Variations in the soluble sugar and organic acid contents in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars

The radish is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that is mainly consumed in Far Eastern Asian countries. Because chemical indexes indicating the quality of a radish have not been established, we investigated the variations in the contents of the soluble sugars and organic acids that influence taste among seven radish cultivars. In terms of the total soluble sugar content, which is a strong index of sweetness, Koshin, Kouto, and Shogoin were the three highest among the seven cultivars. Sobutori, which is the most common radish cultivar in Japan, was the lowest. The total organic acid contents varied among the seven cultivars, although they were five to thirteen times lower than the total soluble sugar contents. These results indicate that there are variations in the soluble sugar and organic acid contents among radish cultivars; therefore, these contents may be used as chemical indexes for the quality of radishes.     

Steam radish sprout (Raphanus sativus L.): active substances,antioxidant activities and non-targeted metabolomics analysis

Various active substances, antioxidant activities and primary differential metabolite profiles were investigated to assess the nutritional quality of radish sprouts steamed for 0–300 s. The levels of flavonoids, total phenolic content and isothiocyanate in radish sprouts decreased with increased steaming time, and DPPH radical scavenging activity levels and superoxide dismutase levels also exhibited a downward trend (P < 0.05). By contrast, total phenolic acid, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and reducing power levels exhibited significant increases in the early short-term steaming process (P < 0.05). Steaming for 30 s promoted the accumulation of vitamin B₂, whereas, steaming for 300 s promoted the accumulation of phospholipids and myristic acid to a greater extent than steaming for 30 s. Overall, there was a partial non-decreased nutritional indicator in short-term steaming of radish sprouts, and a longer steaming time positively affected the differential metabolites.     

Thermal degradation kinetics of anthocyanins and visual colour of Urmu mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Urmu mulberry (Morus nigra L.) juice was concentrated from 15.02 to 45.20 °Brix by rotary vacuum evaporator at 40 °C. The objectives of this study were to determine the titratable acidity, soluble solid content, antioxidant capacity, total monomeric anthocyanins and total phenolic matter in prepared concentrate, to investigate the thermal degradation kinetics of anthocyanins and Hunter colour parameters (L^∗, a^∗, b^∗) and total colour difference (TCD^∗) and to develop a relationship between visual colour and anthocyanin during thermal processing at 60, 70 and 80 °C. Monomeric anthocyanin degradation showed a first order reaction kinetics. The zero order, first order and a combined kinetics model were applied to the changes in Hunter colour parameters (L^∗, a^∗ and b^∗) and total colour difference (TCD^∗). All colour parameters followed an apparent combined kinetics model. The degradation of anthocyanins showed positive correlation with a^∗, b^∗ and L^∗ and negative correlation with TCD^∗.     

Phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts and mature taproots

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are members of the cruciferous vegetable family that contain many classes of biologically active phytochemicals. This study determined the phytochemical composition of the sprouts and mature taproots of 8 radish varieties. Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold). The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties. The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin. Radish sprouts were between 9- and 59-fold more potent than the corresponding mature taproot at activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably transfected hepatoma cell line. The ARE activity of the radish sprouts and mature taproots was significantly correlated with the total isothiocyanate concentration of the radishes. Practical Application: Understanding the influence variety and developmental stage has on the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables provides important information for further studies examining the in vivo effects of radish treatment and foundation for providing recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease through dietary intervention.     

Identification of anthocyanins isolated from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their degradation kinetics

Black rice is rich in anthocyanins-plant pigments. The aim of this work was to identify anthocyanins in black rice using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization — mass spectrometry with diode array detection. Four different anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) were identified in black rice. Thermal stability of the four anthocyanins in black rice extract was studied at selected temperatures (80 °C, 90 °C and 100 °C) in the range of pH 1.0–pH 6.0. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of anthocyanins followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The temperature-dependent degradation was adequately modeled on the Arrhenius equation. The calculated values of activation energies (Ea), t_1/2 and k were different for the four anthocyanins. The degradation rate of monomeric anthocyanin increased with increasing heating temperature and pH values. Especially, as heating temperature increasing to 100 °C and pH value to 5.0.     

Thermal degradation kinetics of aqueous anthocyanins and visual color of purple corn (Zea mays L.) cob

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Thermal degradation kinetics and Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) of aqueous anthocyanins from purple corn cob were studied at selected temperatures (70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C) at pH 4.0. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of anthocyanin and Hunter color C, a and ΔE parameters followed the first-order reaction kinetics, while Hunter color h° and b parameters followed zero-order reaction kinetics. The calculated values of activation energies (Ea) were 18.3, 35.9, 37.1, 31.6, 34.9 and 30.0 kJ/mol for anthocyanins, C, a, ΔE, h° and b parameters, respectively. The higher Ea indicated that greater temperature sensitivity of visual color as compared to anthocyanins content. The degradation of anthocyanins showed positive correlation with C (R² > 0.909), a (R² > 0.860) and ΔE (R² > 0.940), while the degradation of anthocyanins showed negative correlation with h° (R² > 0.828) and b (R² > 0.735) during heating.

Industrial relevance

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Purple corn cob is dark purple to almost black color due to its high content of anthocyanins, which makes this byproduct a good source of anthocyanins. In this study, the excellent linear correlation between Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) and content of anthocyanins showed that the Hunter color parameters may also be used instead of anthocyanins content during heating. The advantage of using the visual Hunter color parameters may be measured as on-line quality control parameters during thermal processing of food industry.     

Efficient purification of cryoprotective dehydrin protein from the radish (Raphanus sativus) taproot

Dehydrin is a protein that is related to cold stress tolerance in plants. Because dehydrin shows potent cryoprotective activity, it has the potential to be used in food storage applications. In this paper, we presented an efficient purification method for native dehydrin from radishes (Raphanus sativus). Immunoblot analysis using an anti-Arabidopsis KS-type dehydrin antibody revealed that the related dehydrin accumulates in the radish taproot. The radish dehydrin that accumulated in the vascular tissues of the taproot was purified through two simple chromatographic steps: immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by anion exchange chromatography. The yield was higher than yields previously reported on a fresh weight basis. The cryoprotective activity for malate dehydrogenase shown by purified dehydrin was more potent than that shown by small molecule cryoprotectants. This suggests that the radish is an appropriate source for the production of native dehydrin.     

Thermal inactivation kinetics parameters of browning enzymes in starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) juice

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal inactivation kinetics of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in starfruit juice. It followed the Malaysia Food Regulations 1985 and CODEX STAN 247-2005. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were the main sugars in starfruit juice. The total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and total phenolics content of the starfruit juice produced were 8.13 ± 0.25 °Brix, 3.80 ± 0.05, 0.43% ± 0.02% malic acid, and 93.67 ± 4.96 mg GAEL⁻¹, respectively. Thermal inactivation kinetics of PPO and POD followed the first-order kinetic model. The decimal reduction time at 83.6 °C (D_83.6) of PPO and POD was 198.48 and 98.4 s, respectively, while the thermal resistance constant (z value) of PPO and POD was 12.8 and 5.4 °C, respectively. In conclusion, PPO might be a suitable signal for thermal processing on starfruit juice since it has higher heat resistance than POD.     

Cancer preventive effect of Thai rat-tailed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef)

The cancer preventive effect of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef (Thai rat-tailed radish) extract was evaluated against the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. HPLC and GC–MS were used to identify the phytoconstituents in Thai rat-tailed radish extract. Thai rat-tailed radish extract showed high cytotoxicity against HCT116 with an IC₅₀ at 9.42 ± 0.46 μg/ml. Apoptosis induced by Thai rat-tailed radish extract was confirmed (a) by DAPI staining which demonstrated nuclei morphological changes, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation and (b) by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry. GC–MS analysis of Thai rat-tailed radish extract revealed two isothiocyanates; sulforaphane and sulforaphene, whose cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction effect were evident, giving Thai rat-tailed radish extract its anticancer attributes. This is the first report on the cancer preventive effect of Thai rat-tailed radish extract against HCT116 colon cancer cell line, through apoptosis induction.     

Inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprout production by calcinated calcium

The inhibitory effect of calcinated calcium on the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during fresh radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprout production was studied. It was revealed that the addition of 0.4% (wt/vol) calcinated calcium into radish sprouting medium which was artificially contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 (3.0 to 3.2 log CFU/ml) completely inhibited the growth or inactivated the microorganism. When radish seed extract was used instead of radish sprout production, the same extent of growth inhibition or inactivation was observed with much lower amounts (0.07%) of calcinated calcium under similar experimental conditions. The findings suggested that calcinated calcium may be useful to control E. coli O157:H7 contamination during the production of radish sprouts.     

白萝卜间歇微波热风耦合干燥过程干燥特性分析

对比不同的间歇微波功率与热风耦合干燥及间歇微波干燥对白萝卜干燥特性（水分比、有效扩散系数和活化能）、中心与表面温度和颜色的影响。结果表明,有效扩散系数随水分含量的下降先缓慢上升后快速上升,活化能随水分含量的降低先缓慢升高后快速升高,Logistic模型能很好地反映活化能和水分之间的关系,并且单独进行间歇微波干燥的样品的活化能较高。干燥条件设定为间歇比5 s/20 s,热风温度30 ℃的样品其在干燥过程中物料中心温度最低,中心温度与物料表面温度相差最少,且干燥产品颜色最好。     

桑葚果浆中花色苷及其色泽的热降解动力学

为了研究桑葚果浆加工中花色苷和色泽的热降解规律,测定了不同温度(75、80、85、90℃)下桑葚果浆花色苷含量和色泽值的影响,并建立了花色苷与色泽值的相关性。结果表明:桑葚果浆中花色苷的热降解符合一级动力学反应,L*、a*和TCD*值的热降解符合联合动力学反应,b*值的热降解符合零级动力学反应。花色苷的降解与L*、a*和TCD*值正相关,与b*值负相关。     

Thermal degradation kinetics of isoflavone aglycones from soy and red clover

Driven by their beneficial effects on human metabolism, isoflavonoids have gained considerable importance reflected by an increased number of isoflavone-rich foods, food supplements and pharmaceutical products on the market, mainly derived from soy and red clover. While it is well known that the genuine isoflavone pattern will be altered during processing, data on aglycone stability are rare. Therefore, a thorough study into the thermal sensitivities of biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, flavone, genistein, glycitein and isoflavone was performed. Samples were heated at 150 degrees C over a period of 7 h at three different pH values, and degradation of the aglycones was monitored by HPLC-DAD analyses. Therefrom, structure-related stability characteristics could be established. While virtually no decay was observed at pH 7.0 and 5.6, degradation was most prominent at pH 3. 1. Individual aglycone retention was further dependent on heating time with daidzein being the most labile compound after any time interval. Curve fitting of the data revealed first-order degradation kinetics for flavone and glycitein, while the remaining aglycones exhibited a sigmoidal degradation pattern.     

Identifizierung von Glucosinolaten in Rettich (Raphanus sativus L.) und Kreuzungen aus R. sativus L. x Brassica oleracea L. (Raphanobrassica) mittels LC-MS

Identification of glucosinolates in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and cross-breeds of R. sativus L. x Brassica oleracea L. (Raphanobrassica) by LC-MS. The glucosinolate profiles in Raphanus sativus and new intergenetic as well as interspecific hybrids between Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea have been investigated by HPLC-UV and LC-MS. Tentative identification based on UV-spectra and retention times were confirmed by the indivdual LC-MS measurements. In this context three glucosinolates (glucoraphenin, glucoerysolin and 4-methylthiobutenyl glucosinolate), which are known for their nutritional and resistance value in the brassicaceae plants, but are not available as reference standards could be characterized by MS detection for the first time. The presented LC-MS analyses, performed in the API-ES positive mode, proved to be a very sensitive and selective method for the identification of unknown glucosinolates in plant material. Possible applications for breeding research as well as for quality control purposes are discussed.