Traffic as a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in snow

Snow samples collected in northern Sweden at a road intersection and an airport indicated that traffic is a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in the outdoor environment. Analysis of snow samples taken at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m from the road intersection showed that the total amount of OPs declined as distance increased. Of the 11 analyzed substances, tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated in the snow samples from the intersection, with levels of 170, 130, and 110 ng/kg snow at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m. Similar amounts of TCPP were found at the airport (100-220 ng/kg). These levels are approximately twice as high as the level found in the reference snow sample from a remote area (70 ng/kg). A possible explanation for the higher levels of TCPP found close to the road intersection is that it may be emitted from the interior of cars via their ventilation systems. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was identified in lubricants and in waste oil from vehicles, and thus, leakage of transmission and motor oils is a probable source of TPP found at the sampled sites. Ten OPs were detected in the three samples from the airport, of which tributyl phosphate (TBP) was the most abundant, at levels 3 orders of magnitude higher than in the reference sample, that is, 25 000 compared to 19 ng/kg. The main source of TBP at the airport was traced to aircraft hydraulic fluid. Analysis of background air and deposition samples indicated that some OPs are subject to long-range air transportation.     

含羟基有机膦阻燃剂HFPO在真丝织物上的应用

用一种含羟基有机膦阻燃剂HFPO,在1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸(BTCA)交联下,对丝织物进行阻燃整理,并研究了三乙醇胺(TEA)对阻燃剂在丝织物上固着的辅助作用,得出阻燃剂与交联剂用量的最佳配比;并对阻燃整理后丝织物的燃烧性能、阻燃耐洗性以及热释放率作了研究,得出经HFPO/BTCA/TEA体系整理后,丝织物具有较好的阻燃性能,阻燃效果至少可耐受15次水洗,且燃烧时热释放量大大降低.     

生物质环保阻燃剂PD的制备及其阻燃性能

为解决纯棉织物的阻燃及其耐洗性问题,以生物质植酸和双氰胺为原料,制备了无卤生物质环保耐洗阻燃剂PD,并应用于棉织物的阻燃整理。借助傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线能谱仪等分析表征了PD化学结构和元素组成,并对整理织物的表面形貌、热稳定性、阻燃及耐水洗性等进行了分析。结果表明:阻燃剂PD为多活性磷氮型阻燃剂;纯棉织物阻燃整理时,阻燃剂PD质量分数为35%;PD处理样在800 ℃热解残炭量为13.32%(氮气气氛),垂直燃烧的损毁长度为4.5 cm,极限氧指数达43.6%,且阻燃织物经40次标准洗涤后,极限氧指数仍能达到29.1%;制备的阻燃剂PD是一种阻燃效果和耐水洗性能优良的生物质环保阻燃剂。     

新型氮-磷阻燃剂制备及其对棉织物的阻燃性能

为同步实现纺织品高分子材料高效、低毒的阻燃性能,充分利用氮-磷之间的协同效应,以六氯环三磷腈(HCPP)和季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)为原料,制备了一类新型氮-磷无卤阻燃剂(HCPPA),其对棉织物的阻燃性能通过氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪进行测试。结果表明:当阻燃剂添加量为28%时,HCPPA的极限氧指数高达35%,阴燃时间为0.3 s,经HCPPA处理的棉织物水洗15次后极限氧指数仍然高达32.5%,显示出优异的阻燃性能和良好的耐水洗性;与六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)和季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)相比,HCPPA具有更优异的阻燃性能,有望在纺织、塑料和涂料等产品的阻燃工业中具有更好的应用前景。     

芳纶/阻燃粘胶/阻燃锦纶混纺织物制备及其性能

为获得长效阻燃、高强、耐磨且服用性能好的织物,将芳纶1414、阻燃粘胶与阻燃锦纶3种本质阻燃纤维混纺织造,探讨了混纺比、纱线捻度、织物组织结构和黏合剂种类对纱线及其织物力学性能、阻燃性能和色牢度的影响。结果表明：芳纶1414/阻燃粘胶/阻燃锦纶(30/45/25)混纺纱线同时具备优异的力学性能和阻燃性能,阻燃锦纶的加入使三元混纺纱线断裂强度相比芳纶/阻燃粘胶二元混纺纱线提升56%,耐磨次数提升58%,其纱线的力学性能随着捻度增加先增强后降低,峰值捻度为680捻/m;织物采用斜纹组织结构时,其阻燃性能和力学性能优于平纹和缎纹组织;采用非离子型丙烯酸酯共聚物G-BD作为印花浆料黏合剂,可使得到的高强耐磨阻燃织物水洗20次后变色牢度级数仍保持在2级以上。     

染整试剂对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能的影响

 为提高安芙赛阻燃纤维织物的阻燃性能,采用测试极限氧指数和热重分析等方法研究染整试剂,如硫酸、氢氧化钠、染料等对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:硫酸和氢氧化钠会显著降低纤维的阻燃性能。采用热重法讨论酸、碱对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能影响的机制。通过染色实验进一步验证了碱剂的影响。结果表明:安芙赛纤维宜用直接和活性染料染色;中性盐、双氧水对阻燃性能影响不明显;安芙赛纤维适合选用阴离子型助剂。     

磷/氮阻燃剂对涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃整理

为赋予涤纶/棉混纺织物良好的阻燃性能,采用生物质植酸和尿素合成植酸铵盐,通过轧—烘—焙工艺对涤纶/棉混纺织物进行整理。借助傅里叶红外光谱仪对合成阻燃剂植酸铵盐进行表征,并研究了整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的表面形貌、热稳定性、热释放性能、阻燃性能及其阻燃机制。结果表明:整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃性能较好,极限氧指数升高至25.6%,在垂直燃烧测试中能够自熄,炭长降低为12 cm,满足GB/T 17591—2006《阻燃织物》中B₁级阻燃性能的要求;整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的热稳定性提高,热释放能力降低;植酸铵盐主要通过膨胀型阻燃机制提高涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃性能。     

膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及应用

以季戊四醇、三氯氧磷和二乙烯三胺为原料,以丙酮为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂合成了膨胀型阻燃剂;并用自制的封端异氰酸酯作交联剂,用于竹浆纤维织物的阻燃整理。通过红外光谱仪(FTIR)、热性能分析(TG-DTA)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了该阻燃剂的结构特性,考察了其对织物热降解行为的影响及阻燃机理。试验结果表明,该阻燃剂对竹浆纤维织物的阻燃效果明显,水洗10次后耐久性仍较好,但整理后织物的断裂强力、白度和手感稍有下降。     

新型涤纶阻燃剂在机车阻燃面料的应用及探讨

阐述了汽车或机车装饰面料对阻燃效果的要求,采用新型涤纶阻燃剂,设计了浸轧-涂层和浸轧-水洗-涂层阻燃整理工艺,测试并比较了两种工艺整理后试样与进口阻燃面料的阻燃效果,将试样分别置于常温水中浸渍24 h、自然晾干后的阻燃效果,以及阻燃整理后面料的色牢度及pH值情况。得出两种工艺整理后的布样基本达到进口布样的阻燃要求,色牢度和布面pH值相近。     

可生物降解阻燃剂的合成及应用

通过水溶性淀粉与磷酸氢钠作用得到淀粉磷酸酯盐反应型阻燃剂。利用封端基水性聚氨酯与阻燃剂及棉纤维在一定条件下发生交联反应，可赋予棉织物耐久阻燃性能。优化后工艺处方为：淀粉磷酸酯盐200—250g／L，封端基水性聚氨酯80g／L，对甲苯磺酸2．0～2．5g／L，160—170℃焙烘2—3min，整理后织物阻燃效果达B1级。     

Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in Swedish sewage treatment plants

The levels, distribution, and possible sources of 12 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers, some of which are reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in samples of influents, effluents, and sludge from 11 Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs). The organophosphorus compounds (OPs) studied were poorly removed from the wastewater; especially the chlorinated OPs tended to pass through the STPs without being removed or degraded, while alkyl-OPs, such as tributyl phosphate (TBP), were more successfully removed. In both influents and effluents, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and TBP were the most prominent substances followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). The highest concentration of any individual OP detected in the influents was 52 microg L(-1) (TBP). Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and TCPP dominated in all sludge samples. A budget calculation comparing the annual amount of OPs in the influent received by Swedish STPs with the known amount of OPs imported indicated that approximately 15% is emitted to STPs. Of the total amount of OPs reaching the STPs annually, 49% is degraded, 50% (27 tons) is emitted to the recipients, and only 1% ends up in the sludge. The concentrations of most OPs were quite similar among the sampled STPs, indicating that the data may be applicable in other STPs.     

阻燃涤纶染色工艺

采用分散金黄E-TD、分散红3B和分散蓝2BLN对阻燃涤纶和普通涤纶纱线染色,探讨染色温度、时间、pH值和染料用量对染色涤纶K/S值的影响。研究结果表明,低温型分散染料可在98℃上染阻燃涤纶,染色pH值对阻燃涤纶的的影响与普通涤纶类似;阻燃涤纶染色温度达到75℃后上染速率大大加快,需严格控制升温速度;染色涤纶的提升性能与染料结构性能有直接关系;阻燃涤纶的染色牢度与普通涤纶类似。     

氢氧化镁阻燃剂的优势探讨

分析了阻燃剂的发展趋势以及氢氧化镁无机阻燃剂优势,指出了海盐企业利用苦卤生产无机阻燃剂氢氧化镁的强大优势,为江苏海盐发展新的化工产品提供帮助。     

阻燃纤维素气凝胶研究进展

为提高纤维素气凝胶的阻燃性,拓宽其应用领域,首先介绍了纤维素气凝胶的分类及其制备方法;然后综述了当前应用较为广泛的无机阻燃剂、有机阻燃剂和有机/无机复合阻燃剂等阻燃改性纤维素气凝胶的研究进展,并对比分析了各类阻燃剂的优缺点.其中,有机/无机复合阻燃剂兼具无机和有机阻燃剂的优点,表现出高效的阻燃效率,但也存在与纤维素基体...     

羊毛织物的蛋白酶预处理阻燃整理

羊毛织物用Savinase蛋白酶预处理,再进行Pyrovatex CP阻燃整理,探讨了蛋白酶预处理和阻燃整理的主要工艺参数对阻燃效果的影响。优化的预处理工艺为Savinase蛋白酶2%(owf),pH值8,浴比1:25,50℃处理60min;优化的阻燃整理工艺为Pyrovatex CP阻燃剂250g/L,交联剂50g/L,磷酸7.5g/L,JFC0.5g/L,pH值7,带液率95%,90℃预烘3min,130℃焙烘3min。结果表明,蛋白酶预处理阻燃整理羊毛织物的阻燃性能比单阻燃整理的有显著提高,且整理织物的强力损伤和白度变化不大。     

阻燃剂在造纸工业中的应用

纸张阻燃性能越来越受到造纸业的重视。本文综述了几种常用阻燃剂在造纸工业中的应用机理及其特点，并对国外阻燃纸的发展现状作了简要介绍。目前应用较多的有机阻燃剂因其带来污染问题受到无机阻燃剂的挑战，无机阻燃剂如氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁等因其热稳定性好、不挥发、污染小，正成为阻燃剂新的研究热点。     

阻燃纸的研发现状及趋势

概述了阻燃纸的产品特性,介绍了近年来阻燃纸的开发现状、研究成果,并展望了阻燃纸的市场前景和未来发展趋势。