Centrifuge Model Studies of the Seismic Response of Reinforced Soil Slopes

Centrifuge tests were used to study the dynamic behavior of soil slopes reinforced with geosynthetics and metal grids. The main objectives were to determine the failure mechanism and amount of deformations under seismic loading and to identify the main parameters controlling seismically induced deformations. Geosynthetically reinforced soil slopes (2V:1H) and vertical walls reinforced with metallic mesh strips were subjected to earthquake motions with maximum foundation accelerations of up to 1.08g. The experimental results show that slope movement can occur under relatively small base accelerations, and significant lateral and vertical deformations can occur within the reinforced soil mass under strong shaking. However, no distinct failure surfaces were observed, and the magnitude of deformations is related to the backfill density, reinforcement stiffness and spacing, and slope inclination.     

Seismic Performance of Hillside Fills

Permanent ground deformations in unsaturated, compacted hillside fills under seismic loading conditions are discussed, with emphasis given to fill performance during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. These movements represent a significant yet often unrecognized hazard to developed hillside areas, as relatively modest deformations induced widespread damage totaling hundreds of millions of dollars during the Northridge event. The development of grading standards in the Los Angeles area is reviewed to place the seismic fill deformation problem in context with other issues that have shaped design and construction practices for hillside fills. Field observational data on fill performance during the Northridge earthquake is presented, and typical ground distress patterns are found to include cracking near cut/fill contacts, lateral extension and settlement of fill pads, and bulging of fill slope faces. For most sites, the prevalent mechanism of permanent ground deformation responsible for the fill movements is contractive volumetric strain accumulation within the unsaturated fill soils during strong earthquake shaking (that is, seismic compression).     

大断裂区域片岩地层巷道围岩大变形类型与机理研究

通过对大断裂区域片岩地层巷道工程中出现的大变形问题进行分析研究,将大变形类型划分为岩性决定型、结构决定型、地形偏压型和爆破扰动型。在对大变形形成机理分析的基础上,提出了综合治理措施,现场应用中取得了良好的效果,可为矿山等其它类似地下工程施工提供借鉴。     

Analytical Solutions for Shallow Tunnels in Saturated Ground

Estimates of ground deformations and liner stresses in a tunnel are usually obtained from empirical correlations or from past experience on similar tunnels. These correlations account for only a few of the significant factors, and extrapolation to other cases is questionable because similitude conditions are not generally fulfilled. In this paper, complete analytical solutions for a shallow tunnel in saturated ground are obtained. Two different drainage conditions have been considered: full drainage at the ground-liner interface, and no drainage. The solutions cover different construction processes and soil conditions: (1) dry ground; (2) saturated ground with and without air pressure; (3) with and without a gap between the ground and the liner; and (4) applicability for short term analysis (i.e., undrained excavation and liner installation) and for long term analysis. Since the ground and the liner are assumed to behave elastically, the solutions obtained are restricted to cases where ground deformations are small, such as stiff clays and rocks, or when the excavation method prevents large deformations of the ground.     

深部巷道受开采扰动破坏机制评述

通过对深部采矿扰动诱发深部围岩发生流变、岩爆造成巷道变形破坏的机理进行描述,突显了采矿扰动对深部岩体应力应变发展不可忽略的影响。从安全生产的角度,结合深部岩体的特性,在分析基础上对深部开采中巷道维稳和扰动控制方面提出了建议。     

Theory of Three-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis and Its Application to a Slope Toppling at Amatoribashi, Japan

A three-dimensional (3D) rock slope toppling occurred in a discontinuous rock mass. To simulate the failure process and study the mechanism of this rock failure with contact and large displacement in 3D, a new discrete numerical method has been developed called the 3D discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). This article first introduces the basic principles and then derives the formulas in detail. Finally, the slope failure simulation is applied as an example to investigate the applicability of this new method to rock slope failure research. The simulation results indicate the advantages of using this new method to study the mechanism of a rock slope failure with 3D behavior.     

Energy Approach to Earthquake-Induced Slope Failures and Its Implications

So far, earthquake-induced slope instability has been evaluated by force equilibrium of soil mass in engineering practice, which cannot evaluate failure deformation once large failure occurs. An energy approach is proposed here, in which the amount of earthquake energy is evaluated in conjunction with the gravitational potential energy dissipated in slope displacement including large flow deformations. Shake table tests of dry sand slopes are carried out in which the earthquake energy used for slope failure can be successfully quantified. Measured slope displacement can be reliably evaluated by the proposed energy approach based on a rigid block model if an appropriate friction coefficient of the slope is specified. The energy approach is then applied to hypothetical slopes, indicating that even if extremely large earthquake energy is considered, slope failures with long run-out distance will not occur unless friction coefficients reduce near to or smaller than slope inclinations.     

Creep Modeling in Excavation Analysis of a High Rock Slope

Based on the distinct element method, a numerical procedure is presented for simulation of creep behavior of jointed rock slopes due to excavation unloading. The Kelvin model is used to simulate viscous deformation of joints. A numerical scheme is introduced to create incremental contact forces, which are equivalent to producing creep deformation of a rock-joint system. The corresponding displacement of discrete blocks due to creep deformation of contact joints can be calculated by equilibrium iteration. Comparisons of results between the numerical model and theoretical solutions of a benchmark example show that the presented model has excellent accuracy for analysis of creep deformation of rock-joint structures. As an application of the model, residual deformations of the high rock slopes of the Three Gorges shiplock due to excavation unloading and creep behavior are investigated. By simulating the actual excavation process, the deformation history of a shiplock slope is studied. Good agreement has been achieved between numerical prediction and field measurements. It demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented model in analysis of the creep deformation due to excavation unloading of high rock slopes.     

Stability Charts for 3D Failures of Steep Slopes Subjected to Seismic Excitation

Design of slopes and analysis of existing slopes subjected to seismic shaking are carried out routinely using approximations of plane strain and substitution of a quasi-static load for the seismic excitation. A three-dimensional (3D) analysis of slopes is carried out, based on the kinematic theorem of limit analysis. A rotational failure mechanism is used with the failure surface in the shape of a curvilinear cone sector passing through the slope toe, typical of steep slopes. A quasi-static approach is used to develop stability charts allowing assessment of the factor of safety of slopes without the need for an iterative procedure. The charts are of practical importance in cases of excavation slopes and whenever a slope is physically constrained, preventing a plane failure.     

基于MSR300雷达监测的凹山采场降雨条件下的边坡变形及滑坡

降雨是诱发滑坡的主要因素之一,尤其在暴雨条件下,更易激发滑坡.随着南帮边坡开采高陡化,滑坡发生频繁.为研究降雨条件下南山矿凹山采场南帮边坡稳定性特征,采用MSR300型雷达对边坡进行了连续4 a的实时稳定性监测,基于采集到的采场降雨数据和边坡滑移数据,分析了降雨量和降雨强度与边坡变形规律,对凹山采场滑坡各阶段进行了划分,建立了凹山采场边坡失稳模型和预警阈值.结果表明:凹山采场变形与降雨量呈正相关,服从幂函数规律;边坡变形速度曲线与降雨强度有良好的一致性,滑坡一般发生在最大降雨强度之后;滑坡阶段主要包括初始变形阶段,稳定变形阶段和加速变形阶段;报警阈值分别为:6 h时序内,位移阈值为20 mm,速度阈值1.5 mm·h-1;12 h时序内,位移阈值为30 mm,速度阈值为2.5 mm·h-1.凹山采场滑坡曲线与岩土体非稳定蠕变曲线具有较高的相似性,位移曲线出现了"阶跃"现象,速度曲线出现了"尖凸"现象,这种情况易引起滑坡事故,其中在位移曲线的"拐点"处和相应速度曲线的"凸点"处发生滑坡的可能性最大.研究成果为类似矿山边坡稳定性监测和破坏机制提供了科学依据和参考.      

Analysis of the Deformation of Embankments on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Temperature changes and deformations were monitored on various embankment types on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Some of these embankments utilized permafrost protection techniques such as duct ventilation, crushed-rock embankments, crushed-rock protected slopes, or thermal-insulation treatments. Some embankments were built conventionally without considering permafrost protection. It was found that the majority of the deformations on both the permafrost-protected and the conventionally built embankments were due to deformation of warm frozen layers closely related to the temperature changes in the underlying permafrost. However, it was found that building embankments with permafrost protection reduced the magnitude of the settlements. After 2–3?years, deformation of all the embankments with permafrost protection countermeasures became smaller and smaller, whereas deformation was still increasing in the conventional embankments, where the settlement in the underlying permafrost could reach a considerable level, and could be a potential trigger for embankment failure. This should be taken into consideration in the railway engineering project on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

底摩擦模型模拟露天转地下开挖采空区影响下边坡变形破裂响应特征及其稳定性

以云南磷化集团晋宁磷矿6号坑口东采区深部缓倾斜中厚磷矿层露天转地下开采为工程背景,利用底摩擦模型实验仪,进行了不同露天坑境界顶柱厚度边坡高度下的底摩擦模拟模型实验.结果表明:边坡的变形破坏响应特征可分为边坡岩体小范围微破裂和松动→边坡岩体局部范围失稳破坏→边坡岩体整体向采空区滑落失稳破坏三个阶段,边坡岩体变形破坏模式主要是采动边坡岩体向采空的拉裂、破断和滑移破坏.在边坡高度一定情况下,随着露天境界顶柱的厚度由30 m逐渐减小到20 m和10m,边坡的稳定性与境界顶柱的厚度呈正比关系,20~30m是露天境界顶柱比较合理的厚度.在境界顶柱的厚度一定情况下,边坡高度由60 m增大到108 m,边坡的稳定性与坡高的厚度呈反比关系,108 m边坡转入地下开采后是不稳定的.      

基于分级分析法评价结构面对岩质 高边坡稳定性的影响

以云南省普洱市大平掌铜矿东部边坡为工程实例,研究结构面对岩质高边坡稳定性的影响.通过大型露天矿山边坡岩体工程稳定性分级分析方法,按照岩体结构面与矿山边坡规模的匹配性,依次对矿山边坡的总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡进行分层次的岩体稳定性分析并找出控制边坡稳定的关键性结构面及其组合.经过现场与实验分析对比,得到结构面对台阶边坡和整体东部边坡的影响很大,对组合台阶坡影响甚小.同时台阶边坡相对于整体东部边坡而言规模较小,故台阶边坡的结构面对整体东部边坡影响较小.最后,运用Midas-GTS建立考虑结构面及不考虑结构面的东部边坡三维有限元模型,进行稳定性计算分析及对比.      

顺层岩质边坡变形破坏特征及稳定性数值模拟

针对顺层岩质边坡岩层结构面倾角θ和边坡角α两个参数,采用离散单元法研究了不同工况下总计270个边坡模型的变形破坏特征,统计得到不同变形破坏模式对应的岩层结构面倾角θ与边坡角α的范围,并基于强度折减法研究了两个参数与边坡稳定性的关系,揭示了顺层岩质边坡变形破坏机制及稳定性特征.研究结果表明:依据边坡变形破坏特征,提出了四种顺层岩质边坡变形破坏模式,即坡脚沿岩层结构面的滑移-剪切破坏,坡顶沿岩层结构面的滑动-剪切破坏,岩层下缘弯曲-剪切破坏,以及岩层上缘翻折-拉裂破坏.在此基础上,分析并归纳了这四种模式的产状、变形特征以及可能的破坏模式等一般规律.边坡安全系数f_s随结构面倾角θ的增大先减小后增大,在减小过程中达到最小值后迅速上升,然后变缓回落.边坡安全系数f_s随结构面倾角θ变化过程中,当θ约等于α-7.3°时,f_s取得最小值,此时对应的边坡稳定性最差.      

Kinematics of Overhanging Slopes in Discontinuous Rock

The kinematics of overhanging rock slopes and the mechanical constraints associated with this specific slope geometry were studied. Investigation of the problem began with a generalized rigid body analysis and was followed by a numerical discontinuous deformation analysis, both of which were performed in two dimensions. It was found that eccentric loading and hence the development of tensile stresses at the base of overhanging rock slopes control their stability. Global slope instability, which is typically manifested in a forward rotation failure mode, may ensue if a through-going vertical discontinuity, typically referred to as “tension crack,” transects the slope at the back. The transition from stable to unstable configurations depends on the distance between the tension crack and the toe of the slope. On the basis of the analysis, a simple threefold stability classification—stable, conditionally stable, and unstable—is proposed. In addition, geometrical guidelines, based on standard field mapping data, for the above stability classification are provided. Finally, the optimal reinforcement strategy for overhanging slopes is explored. The stability of overhanging slopes is determined by their eccentricity ratio, defined by the ratio between the base (B) and top (L) lengths: er = B/L. It was found that an overhanging slope with eccentricity ratio of er<0.38 is unstable and requires reinforcement. With an eccentricity ratio between 0.38相似文献   

海州矿南帮边坡三维数值分析

通过对海州矿南帮边坡呈现的变形破坏机制分析,这里的岩体质量在空间上呈现出非常明显的不均一性。基于材料均一性角度进行分析,通过三维地质力学模型来完成对南帮边坡所具有的应力场分布特征进行模拟,从而更贴近实际情况。本文研究中主要是基于有限元软件ANSYS来实现南帮边坡的模型仿真,进行三维数值模拟分析,从而可以对应力变形分布进行剖析。基于强度折减法实现对安全系数的计算。     

石膏围岩隧道衬砌结构破坏模式及时变可靠度模型

石膏围岩具有很强的膨胀性和腐蚀性,在隧道全寿命周期内均会引起衬砌结构自身强度劣化及受力增加,严重影响隧道二次衬砌结构可靠性.针对石膏围岩膨胀特性和腐蚀性对隧道二次衬砌结构的影响分别建立了二次衬砌结构膨胀破坏模式和腐蚀破坏模式;考虑石膏围岩膨胀性和腐蚀性对隧道衬砌结构的综合影响,建立了石膏围岩隧道二次衬砌结构综合破坏模式;基于结构体功能函数,推导出能够初步考虑围岩膨胀性和腐蚀性的隧道衬砌结构可靠度指标计算公式;并分别建立了三种破坏模式下的时变可靠度分析模型.采用石膏围岩隧道衬砌结构综合破坏模式下的时变可靠度模型对礼让隧道进行了分析,得到其在使用寿命100 a内的可靠度指标变化规律.根据计算结果可以优化石膏围岩隧道衬砌结构的抗腐蚀、抗膨胀和支护结构设计参数,并对石膏围岩隧道使用寿命周期内的合理维护及维修提供依据.研究成果可推广应用于隧道衬砌结构的可靠度研究中.      

剧烈瓦斯爆炸隧道洞口致损机理

为探究洛带古镇隧道瓦斯爆炸下洞口衬砌致损机理,对隧道内积聚瓦斯等效、量化研究,采用LS-DYNA建立与洞门几何结构一致的流固耦合数值模型并验证,以RHT模型模拟混凝土并修正参数,对爆炸过程中冲击波的传播特征及强度、洞门致损机理研究分析,并将模拟结果与实际情况对比.研究表明:爆炸冲击波在隧道内无规则的反射效应使其强度剧增、流场复杂,局部位置有聚焦现象,隧道内高压达1.2~2.4 MPa;传播过程中,靠衬砌一侧冲击波运动速度较快,形态也由“球状”变为“喇叭”状;当以平面波形态传至洞门时,拱顶冲击波强度增加56%,达2.8 MPa,并在削竹式洞门周边发生衍射;自隧道传出后,强度逐渐降低,边墙及底板处的冲击波沿纵向径直射出,拱部冲击波向斜上方运动,形成“蘑菇云”.爆炸作用下,衬砌曲边墙脚处完全破坏;爆心距7 m范围内衬砌受损严重;7~15 m范围内拱部几乎未受损;洞门受损严重.缺少围岩的约束作用,洞门拱顶Y向、拱脚X向位移分别达0.26和0.14 m,迎爆面、背爆面拉应力分别介于7.9~31.5 MPa、4.9~15.6 MPa,背爆面出现多个应力峰值,洞门主要为受拉致损.经对比,洞门损伤特征的数值模拟结果与现场实际情况基本一致,可为后续的衬砌灾害处治提供依据.      

高海拔寒区岩质边坡变形破坏机制研究现状及趋势

高海拔寒区矿山岩质边坡变形破坏机制研究已取得一定的研究成果,但基于现行理论与技术还难以全面解决未来高寒边坡失稳机理和灾害防控的所有问题,至今尚未建立起完善的高寒边坡开采研究体系和边坡稳定性判别标准. 本文对高寒岩质边坡变形破坏的室内岩石力学试验、边坡物理相似模拟、多场多相耦合数值模拟、变形破坏原位监测、高海拔寒区岩质边坡失稳机理五个方面开展了大量的文献调研,总结高寒岩体变形破坏有关的研究成果,继而对存在的问题进行探讨并分析当前研究的不足,总结出高寒岩质边坡变形破坏研究领域亟待解决的关键问题:一是开采扰动条件下高海拔寒区矿山边坡岩体结构损伤劣化机制,二是冻融循环条件下流?固?气多相多场耦合边坡失稳时效特征与评价方法;并就未来高寒边坡变形和破坏研究方向及发展趋势予以分析,指出开展不同应力路径冻融循环耦合作用下岩体结构损伤劣化机理研究,开展爆破采动条件下高海拔寒区岩质边坡结构面致溃机制及边坡失稳破坏研究,开展地震荷载作用下高海拔寒区节理岩质边坡地震动力响应及致灾规律研究,研究多场多相耦合条件下节理岩体损伤劣化机理,开展高海拔寒区矿山边坡抗寒多参量实时安全监测及失稳预警技术研究五个方面是未来研究的趋势.      

Role of the Material Constitutive Model in Simulating the Reusable Launch Vehicle Thrust Cell Liner Response

The reusable launch vehicle thrust cell liner, or thrust chamber, is a critical component of the space shuttle main engine. It is designed to operate in some of the most severe conditions seen in engineering practice. These conditions give rise to characteristic deformations of the cooling channel wall exposed to high thermal gradients and a coolant-induced pressure differential, characterized by the wall’s bulging and thinning, which ultimately lead to experimentally observed “dog-house” failure modes. In this paper, these deformations are modeled using the cylindrical version of the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials in conjunction with two inelastic constitutive models for the liner’s constituents, namely Robinson’s unified viscoplasticity theory and the power-law creep model. Comparison of the results based on these two constitutive models under cyclic thermomechanical loading demonstrates that, for the employed constitutive model parameters, the power-law creep model predicts more precisely the experimentally observed deformation leading to the “dog-house” failure mode for multiple short cycles, while also providing much improved computational efficiency. The differences in the two models’ predictions are rooted in the differences in the short-term creep and relaxation responses.