金霉素废水处理实例

某发酵制药企业，主要利用玉米淀粉、黄豆饼粉、花生饼粉等农副产品为原料，经生物发酵生成金霉素，其废水中含有大量未被生物利用的残糖和未被提取的金霉素，CODcr和BOD5质量浓度很高，因此该废水虽适合采用生物处理工艺，但必须通过预处理，分解污水中的大分子有机物颗粒，降解残存抗生素，减轻其对系统的冲击和提高系统运行的稳定性。     

城市污水厂中四环素类抗生素分布特性研究

使用HPLC-MS/MS检测江苏某城市污水厂A中3种四环素抗生素分布状况,并利用质量平衡分析其在污水厂中的归趋及去除特性。结果显示进水中3种四环素含量分别是:四环素336 ng·L-1,土霉素202 ng·L-1和金霉素96 ng·L-1。而出水中只检测到四环素含量为130 ng·L-1,土霉素和金霉素都未检出。结合实测数据,通过质量平衡计算可知,污水厂A中污泥吸附对3种四环素的降解率分别为四环素28.8%,土霉素38.0%和金霉素34.9%。生物降解对3种四环素的去除率分别为四环素为32.5%,土霉素为62.0%,金霉素为65.1%。     

金霉素对畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理及细菌多样性的影响

该文研究了不同金霉素浓度下畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理系统的COD去除率和产甲烷量,运用PCR—DGGE及差异DNA片段回收克隆测序的方法分析了金霉素对该厌氧生物处理系统细菌多样性的影响。结果表明随着金霉素浓度的增加,畜禽养殖废水的COD去除率和产甲烷量均会受到抑制,产甲烷量差值从6．9％扩大到29．2％,COD去除率从90．89％降至86．96％,而对照组COD去除率达到94．46％。PCR—DGGE分析表明金霉素胁迫能够显著降低畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理系统中的细菌多样性,细菌群落丰富度值从0．913降至0．652,而对照组的丰富度值为1。     

金霉素与强力霉素在不同剖面土壤中的淋溶行为研究

环境中的抗生素主要通过有机添加物如污水污泥、牲畜粪便和泥浆进入土壤,采用土柱淋溶法研究了不同初始浓度金霉素与强力霉素在不同剖面土壤(0～30、30～60、60～90 cm)淋溶与各土层渗滤液变化。结果表明,金霉素与强力霉素在土壤中残留浓度均表现为表土层中土层底土层;各土层渗滤液抗生素浓度均呈现先快速达到峰值随后逐渐降低的趋势,且强力霉素的淋溶特性强于金霉素。综合这2种抗生素在剖面土壤中的淋溶特性发现,金霉素与强力霉素可以在土壤中向下迁移至深层土壤,且污染物浓度越大在土壤中的残留浓度越大,对生态及地下水存在一定的风险。     

生物电化学系统还原降解水中金霉素研究

采用生物电化学系统(BES)来还原降解水体中的金霉素,研究了金霉素在非生物阴极与生物阴极BES中的降解速率。结果表明,随着电压的增大,金霉素的降解速率不断提高,以葡萄糖和碳酸氢钠分别作为碳源的生物阴极组,在0.8 V电压下,12 h的金霉素的降解率分别为100%和93.1%,而相同条件下的非生物阴极12 h金霉素的降解率为90.3%,并且随着外加电压的减小,降解速率的提升越显著。葡萄糖组和碳酸氢钠组生物阴极中的显著优势菌分别为Burkholderia和Citrobacter,从而导致了还原降解金霉素效果的不同。并且经生物阴极BES作用后,含金霉素废水的抑菌活性消失,增加了后续处理的生物可降解性。可为水中金霉素的去除提供新的思路。     

化工干燥技术交流会议技术资料摘要

1.金霉素“低速”气流干燥——福州抗菌素厂 文中介绍了采用低速气流干燥后,克服了用一般气流干燥对金霉素盐酸盐晶格造成破坏,从而影响产品外观,色泽,溶解度等弊病。现已投产近十年,性能良好。 2.国外化工干燥技术进展——上海科学技术情报研究所     

高吸水树脂对以抗生素废水为主的混合工业废水的吸附研究

针对抗生素废水难处理的特点,采用高吸水树脂处理抗生素废水,研究了树脂投加量、初始p H、初始质量浓度、吸附温度和吸附时间对以抗生素废水为主的混合工业废水的影响,结果表明:高吸水树脂对以抗生素废水为主的混合工业废水有很好的吸附去除效果。     

高级氧化技术处理抗生素废水的研究与展望

针对这一类有机物浓度高、成分复杂、难以生物降解的抗生素废水,介绍了抗生素废水的来源与特征,重点研究各种高级氧化技术对抗生素废水的处理机理和处理效果,并在此基础上,对抗生素废水处理技术进行总结与展望。     

旋流板塔吹脱高氨氮废水的中试研究

对生产盐酸金霉素过程中生成的高浓度氨氮废水采用两级旋流板塔进行中试实验。NH3-N浓度由3000mg／L降到330mg／L。吹脱处理后的废水可进入后续生化处理装置。吹脱出的NH3气回收利用不造成二次污染。     

抗生素废水深度处理技术的研究进展

抗生素废水成分复杂,盐分高、有生物毒性和抗生素残留,其重点特征污染因子的大分子环状结构和多污染因子的水质特点使其处理困难。本文介绍了抗生素废水的水质特征,回顾了物化法、生物法及高级氧化法等技术在抗生素废水深度处理的研究进展,分析了存在的问题及解决方案,并提出了抗生素废水深度处理工艺的研究发展方向。     

反渗透技术在钢铁工业废水处理和回用中的应用

针对原水水质情况和环保要求，确定采用反渗透膜技术处理该废水，介绍了系统工艺流程及主要设备，详细说明了反渗透膜技术处理钢铁工业废水的应用经验及效果。通过观察电导、产水量、压差的变化，分析了膜污染的成因，提出了清洗方案，并对反渗透系统的运行管理问题进行了论述。结果表明，酸-碱-酸的清洗方案对反渗透膜污染具有很好的控制效果。     

焦化废水膜法组合深度处理工艺设计与应用

针对煤化工企业焦化废水的二级生化出水可生化性差、含盐量与COD高,以及废水中包含多环芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物等难生物降解污染物的特点,采用Fenton氧化+电渗析+超滤+反渗透膜法组合深度处理工艺对废水进行处理。运行结果表明,产水水质达到并优于《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB 50050—2007)中再生水水质要求,产水可作为厂区生产补充新水使用,废水回收率稳定达到75%。采用Fenton氧化与电渗析粗脱盐技术相结合的强化预处理设施,可以有效缓解反渗透装置的膜污染,延长反渗透膜的清洗周期至3个月。     

A pilot study for reclamation of a combined rinse from a nickel-plating operation using a dual-membrane UF/RO process

A pilot study for reclamation of a combined rinse from a nickel-plating operation was conducted using a dual-membrane UF/RO process. The pilot plant has a product capacity of 1.5 m³/h. The OF unit, as a pre-treatment, was operated at 90% water recovery. The RO unit was operated with a 2:1 configuration in a feed-and-bleed mode with recirculation. Trial runs on various operating pressures and water recoveries were conducted and effect of feed pH on RO permeate quality was studied. Finding a critical pH value was explored to design the feed pH for RO process to treat this particular wastewater. A long-term run for the RO unit with an optimized 75% water recovery was later carried out to study the stability of the product and the fouling tendency of membranes. The cleaning-in-place methods were investigated for both OF and RO units. The pilot plant had successfully operated for 6 months at the time of reporting, consistently producing a high-quality product water (<95 μS/cm) at an overall water recovery of 67.5%. The quality of reclaimed water was better than town water used at the factory. The product water from the pilot plant was used as a substitute for town water for in-process rinsing at the factory with no detrimental effects for 3 months. The study has successfully developed a process for recycling a combined rinse water with conductivity up to 1700 μS/cm. The design data for a full-scale plant were obtained. An economic evaluation shows that a payback within 32 months is feasible at a treatment capacity of 20 m³/h.     

电镀废水零排放工程实例

根据电镀废水水质的特点,对含氰废水、含油废水、含铬废水、含镍废水和含铜废水进行分类前处理后,与混排废水混合进行混凝沉降?MBR(膜生物反应器)法预处理,采用超滤和反渗透装置对废水作进一步处理实现回用,反渗透浓水则采用电渗析?MVR(机械式蒸汽再压缩)工艺实现脱盐后再次进入反渗透装置处理回用。工程实践表明,该系统的出水不仅满足《电镀污染排放标准》(GB 21900-2008)的“表3”要求,且能够作为生产用水回用至电镀生产线。     

Treatment of Fumaric Acid Wastewater Using Integrated Process of Hollow-Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane-Strip Dispersion with Reverse Osmosis

In this paper, the integrated process of series connected hollow-fiber supported liquid membrane-strip dispersion (HFSLM-SD) with reverse osmosis (RO) was designed and used to recover fumaric acid (FA) from waste effluents and treat FA wastewater. The results showed that FA could be almost completely recovered by this integrated process, and TOC of wastewater finally decreased to the environment acceptable level. In addition, the continuous operation of wastewater treatment was implemented by the integrated process. After FA wastewater was extracted by six series connected HFSLM-SD modules, its TOC decreased from 35625 mg/L to 1000 mg/L, and the TOC removal rate reached 97.17%. Then the effluent from HFSLM-SD was further treated by RO, and TOC of permeate in RO was below 100 mg/L. The total TOC removal rate of the integrated process was as high as 99.7%. Furthermore, the effect of the osmotic pressure of RO process on TOC in the feed was obtained. The investigation of RO membrane fouling revealed that washing process was necessary because of the serious fouling in RO system.     

Potential for reuse of high cellulose containing wastewater after membrane bioreactor treatment

It is difficult to adequately treat wastewater with a high cellulose content with the traditional anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge processes. In this study we used microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes combined with an anaerobic or aerobic activated sludge process to treat high cellulose containing wastewater for different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The potential target applications for reuse of the treated wastewater are also compared. Six bioreactors, which were configured as anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ANSBR), aerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR), AMBR plus RO (AMBR/RO), anaerobic activated sludge plus aerobic MBR (AOMBR), and AOMBR plus RO (AOMBR/RO), was operated in this study. The experiment results showed that, as expected, no effluents from the ASBR or the ANSBR could meet the Taiwan EPA criteria for effluent and wastewater reuse, no matter what the HRT was. However when the HRT was 12 h or more, the effluent from the AMBR and AOMBR processes did meet the criteria for effluent, but still did not meet the treated wastewater reuse criteria , primarily due to the color, total alkalinity, and total dissolved solid parameters. Finally, the effluents from the AMBR/RO and AOMBR/RO processes did meet the Taiwan criteria for both effluent and treated wastewater reuse when the HRT for the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO processes was equal to or longer than 12 h and 8 h, respectively. For the HRT of 4 h for both the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO process, and an HRT of 8 h for the AOMBR/RO process, neither the effluent criteria nor the treated wastewater reuse criteria were met.     

膜生物反应器+反渗透工艺对再造烟叶废水的处理

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和反渗透(RO)组合工艺,深度处理再造烟叶生产的废水。结果表明:经"MBR+RO"处理后,废水的COD、色度、氨氮、浊度等的去除率均达到95%以上,RO出水(回用水)完全可以满足生产需要,部分指标优于生活饮用水。     

Wastewater Minimization in Pulp and Paper Industries through Energy‐Efficient Reverse‐Osmosis Membrane Processes

Fresh water consumption and wastewater management is a mandatory task to conserve water resources and to reduce wastewater discharge from chemical production processes. Such objectives have been addressed in many industrial sectors which consume large amounts of fresh water. Possibilities for reducing wastewater volumes by regeneration and recycling routes in the pulp and paper industry are analyzed. During pulp preparation and paper making processes by the Kraft pulping method a large amount of water is required to deliver the finished paper product. Reverse osmosis (RO) is applied for the analyses as an interception separation technology to reduce salt concentrations in wastewater streams for recycling purposes. The RO network synthesis problem is formulated as mixed integer nonlinear programming model which is solved using the general algebraic modeling system. A preliminary cost estimate indicates economic incentives by installation of RO units to avoid wastewater discharge and generate relatively clean water streams for inter‐plant usage.     

反渗透浓缩液的再利用

介绍了反渗透浓缩液再利用的方法,综述了这些方法的原理、特点及应用,重点讨论了脱除反渗透浓缩液过饱和度进行回用以提高系统回收率的方法,以及膜蒸馏技术对浓缩液的回用处理、废水浓缩液处理及海水淡化浓缩液制盐,指出了反渗透浓缩液再利用在经济和环境上的必要性。     

Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study

Wastewater containing copper and cadmium can be produced by several industries. The application of both reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) technologies for the treatment of wastewater containing copper and cadmium ions to reduce fresh water consumption and environmental degradation was investigated. Synthetic wastewater samples containing Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions at various concentrations were prepared and subjected to treatment by RO and NF in the laboratory. The results showed that high removal efficiency of the heavy metals could be achieved by RO process (98% and 99% for copper and cadmium, respectively). NF, however, was capable of removing more than 90% of the copper ions existing in the feed water. The effectiveness of RO and NF membranes in treating wastewater containing more than one heavy metal was also investigated. The results showed that the RO membrane was capable of treating wastewater with an initial concentration of 500 ppm and reducing the ion concentration to about 3 ppm (99.4% removal), while the average removal efficiency of NF was 97%. The low level of the heavy metals concentration in the permeate implies that water with good quality could be reclaimed for further reuse.