中国包装职代会关于表彰中国包装龙头企业、中国包装优秀企业，中国杰出包装企业家、中国优秀包装企业家、中国包装名牌产品和全国先进包装协会的决定

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市及中心城市包协，中国包联各专业委员会，有关企业： 为了贯彻落实党的十六大精神和“三个代表”重要思想，落实中国包装联合会六大提出的建设包装强国的宏伟目标，进一步发挥骨干包装企业的示范作用，弘扬包装企业家与时俱进，开拓创新，奋发有为的精神，提高我国包装产品的品牌形象和市场竞争力，中国包装联合会开展了评选中国包装龙头企业、中国包装优秀企业、中国杰出包装企业家、中国优秀包装企业家、中国包装名牌产品和全国先进包装协会的活动。     

试论包装污染与环境保护

从包装弃物对环境的污染，防治包装污染的意义以及怎样防治包装污染等方面进行了探讨，认为要防治包装污染，保护环境应大力发展绿色包包装，加强包装设计，包装生产和包装废话弃物回收利用等方面的管理。     

中国包装工业的发展战略

一个国家包装工业的发展水平及其包装设计研发理念，是该国经济生活中文明程度的重要标志。包装产业不仅涵盖了包装产品的设计、生产，包装印刷，包装原辅材料供应，包装机械以及包装设备制造等多个生产领域，其包装制品还参与到第一至第三产业，货物流通的每一个环节。对使用后的包装产品进行处置、回收和再生利用是包装工业永久性的社会责任。     

中国包装工业的发展战略

一个国家包装工业的发展水平及其包装设计研发理念，是该国经济生活中文明程度的重要标志。包装产业不仅涵盖了包装产品的设计、生产，包装印刷，包装原辅材料供应，包装机械以及包装设备制造等多个生产领域，其包装制品还参与到第一至第三产业，货物流通的每一个环节。对使用后的包装产品进行处置、回收和再生利用是包装工业永久性的社会责任。因此，包装产业的发展与全球经济一体化和人类社会可持续发展息息相关。包装产业作为“朝阳产业”，必将对全球制造业发展及其产品的国际间流通产生不可低估的作用。     

论绿色包装与包装工业可持续发展的关系

介绍了绿色包装和可持续发展的内涵，揭示了绿色包装材料的发展过程和绿色包装的动态可变性。论述了发展绿色包装是包装工业可持续发展的必然选择，此外，还进一步论述了发展绿色包装与包装工业可持续发展的目标是一致的，同时，要使包装工业可持续发展，必须全面发展影响绿色包装所有动力因素。     

葡萄物流及贮藏保鲜包装技术研究现状与展望

目的 通过对葡萄物流运输、贮藏保鲜过程中使用的包装技术进行分类和系统介绍，分析其研究现状及存在问题，并展望未来发展前景，以促进葡萄贮运保鲜包装技术提升。方法 针对贮运保鲜中葡萄果实容易出现的问题，介绍缓冲包装、气调包装、活性包装以及智能包装等包装技术的研究及应用现状，分析不同包装技术的优势，并讨论未来可能的发展方向。结论 多种包装技术配合使用，提升运输包装缓冲减振效果，精确调控气调包装内部气氛，控制活性包装中药剂释放与分子迁移，提升智能指示标签的精确性，保证RFID智能包装系统的稳定性等，有利于葡萄贮运保鲜中品质的保持与货架寿命的延长。     

关于我国"包装废弃物法"的立法思考

我国包装废弃物的现状 目前，我国年包装废弃物的数量在1600万吨左右，每年还在以超过12％的速度增长，包装废弃物的回收情况除啤酒瓶和塑料周转箱较好外，其他包装废弃物的回收率相当低，整个包装产品的回收率还不到包装产品总产量的20％。有些包装生产企业在进行包装设计时，没有考虑包装废弃物的回收利用，从而加重了对环境的污染，而企业本身并未承担相应治理环境污染的费用，     

包装专业人才需求分析：基于包装公司招聘广告的统计分析

通过内容分析法对包装公司招聘广告进行统计分析，阐述了包装企业招聘职位的统计特点，对包装细分职位如包装材料采购、销售、检查，包装装潢设计、包装工艺、包装管理、包装结构设计等的招聘信息的特点进行了分析，得出了包装企业用人要求趋于复合型人才、大部分包装企业更青睐于包装专业专科生和有2～3年行业内工作经验的应聘者，以及各岗位对学历不同要求等结论，并为提高包装专业就业能力，提出了相应的建议。     

实施循环经济,发展适度包装(二)

对于过度包装问题，许多国家都以包装立法的形式来治理。1991年欧洲共同体制定了《关于包装及包装废弃物的指令》中规定：贴身包装外的内容空隙容积，不得超过总容积的25％；韩国包装法规规定：过度包装属违法行为；1991年德国制定了《包装法令》，提倡简单包装，强调包装要无害于生态环境、人体健康和能循环利用或再生，厂商包装商品，须缴纳废品回收费，消费者应交纳“垃圾清运费”；1992年奥地利制定了《包装法规》，1993年法国制定了《包装法》，对包装成本均做出了明确的规定，不得超过产品价格的10～15％。     

浅论包装的包装

从包装市场产品营销的角度出发论述包装的“包装”所必须重视的几个问题，即包装必须具有鲜明的个性，包装必须要为突出企业的形象服务，包装必须适应顾客的消费心理，包装必须注意同其他促销手术的联合运用等。     

Terrestrial gamma radioactivity levels and their corresponding extent exposure of environmental samples from Wadi El Assuity protective area, Assuit, Upper Egypt

Representative environmental samples (sandy soil, limestone, marble and gravels) collected from Wadi El Assuity, protective area, Assuit governorate in Upper Egypt have been investigated radiometrically using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The specific activity of the radionuclides in Bq kg?1 for soil ranged between 10.5 and 18.7 for 22?Ra, 1.5 to 4.6 for 232Th and from 94 to 107 for ??K, for limestone ranged between 19 and 27.1 for 22?Ra, 32.9 to 50 for 232Th and from 49 to 7 3 for ??K, where, for marble ranged between 12.2 and 30.7 for 22?Ra, 32.6 to 59.5 for 232Th and 55 to 70 for ??K and for gravels ranged between 7.8 and 21.8 for 22?Ra, 19.8 to 30.0 for 232Th and from 151 to 260 for ??K. The mean activity concentrations of measured radionuclides were compared with other literature values. The absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity and external hazard index were calculated and compared with internationally recommended values. The gamma absorbed dose rates in the samples ranged between 8.44 and 50.89 nGy h?1. These dose rates are consistent with the accepted worldwide average 55 nGy h?1 for the public. All values obtained for radium equivalent activity are < 370 Bq kg?1, which are acceptable for safe use. The calculated values of external hazard index obtained varied from 0.12 to 0.24. Since these values are lower than unity, one can say that the radiation hazard is insignificant for the population living in the investigated area. This permits the use of these materials sediments as building materials in any probable development projects at this area.     

The insulation of freezers and refrigerators— how thick should it be?Isolation des réfrigérateurs et des congélateurs — quelle doit être son épaisseur?

Calculations are presented for the insulation losses for a range of sizes of domestic freezers and refrigerators with different insulation thicknesses. Power consumptions are also evaluated allowing for other losses, such as around doors, for a normal load pattern, and for compressor efficiencies. It is shown that the scope for power savings with increased insulation is only about 20% for freezers and 30% for refrigerators.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸法舒地尔中有机溶剂残留量

本文应用顶空进样方式,DB-624毛细管柱分离,FID检测器,外标法定量测定盐酸法舒地尔中乙醚,甲醇,二氯甲烷残留量,结果3个组分完全分离.分离度为甲醇,乙醚之间为19.0,乙醚和二氯甲烷之间为20.8.在所考察的线性范嗣内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r分别为甲醇0.9993,乙醚为0.9997,二氯甲烷为0.9963...     

Mechanical reliability,how do we advance?

The development of theory and practice for electronic and mechanical reliability is described, and mechanical reliability is seen to be lagging in practice. Theory and practice are described for a project from conception to market feedback for mechanical as well as for electronic reliability. It is noted that for each phase theoretical and practical methods exist for mechanical as well as for electronic reliability analysis. Activities are listed which can strengthen mechanical reliability theory and practice.     

Implications of optical properties of ocean, lake, and ice for ultrahigh-energy neutrino detection

The collecting power and imaging ability of planned ultrahigh-energy neutrino observatories depend on wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering coefficients for the detector medium. Published data are compiled for deep ice at the South Pole, for deep fresh water at Lake Baikal, and for deep seawater. The effective scattering coefficient is smallest for the clearest deep ocean sites, whereas the absorption coefficient is an order of magnitude smaller for deep ice than for the ocean and lake sites. The effective volume per detector element as a function of energy is calculated for electromagnetic cascades produced by electron neutrinos interacting at the various sites. It is largest for deep bubble-free ice, smallest for shallow bubbly ice, and intermediate for lake and seawater. The effective volume per element is calculated for detection of positrons resulting from the capture of a few megaelectron volt supernova neutrinos by protons in the medium. This volume is proportional to the absorption length and independent of the scattering length; it is larger for ice than for seawater or lake water.     

Patient dose measurements in diagnostic radiology procedures in Montenegro

It was the aim of the study presented here to estimate for the first time patient dose levels in conventional diagnostic radiology in Montenegro. Measurements of patient dose in terms of entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and kerma-area product (KAP) were performed on at least 10 patients for each examination type, in each of five randomly selected health institutions in Montenegro, so that a total of 872 patients for 16 different examination categories were included in the survey (817 patients for 1049 radiographies and 55 fluoroscopy patients). Exposure settings and individual data were recorded for each patient. Mean, median and third quartile values ESAK of patient doses are reported. The estimated mean ESAK values obtained are as follows: 4.7 mGy for pelvis anteroposterior (AP), 4.5 mGy for lumbar spine AP, 7.8 mGy for lumbar spine lateral (LAT), 3.1 mGy for thoracic spine AP and 4.3 mGy for thoracic spine LAT. When compared with the European diagnostic reference values, the mean ESAK for all studied examination types are found to be below the reference levels, except in chest radiography. Mean ESAK values for chest radiography are 0.9 mGy for posteroanterior (PA) projection and 2.0 mGy for LAT. The results exhibit a wide range of variation. For fluoroscopy examinations, the total KAP was measured. The mean KAP value per procedure for barium meal is found to be 22 Gy cm(2), 41 Gy cm(2) for barium enema and 19 Gy cm(2) for intravenous urography. Broad dose ranges for the same types of examinations indicate the necessity of applying practice optimisation in diagnostic radiology and establishment of national diagnostic reference levels.     

Patient skin dosimetry in haemodynamic and electrophysiology interventional cardiology

With the increase in number and complexity of interventional cardiology (IC) procedures, it is important to monitor skin dose in order to decrease skin injuries. This study investigated radiation doses for patients undergoing IC procedures, compare results with the literature and define a local dose-area product trigger level for operators to identify situations likely to exceed the threshold for transient skin erythema of 2 Gy. Dosimetric data were collected for 77 haemodynamic and 90 electrophysiological procedures. Mean maximum local skin doses (MSDs) were 0.28 Gy for coronary angiography, 1.03 Gy for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 0.03 Gy for pacemaker insertion, 0.17 Gy for radiofrequency ablation for nodal tachycardia, 0.10 Gy for WPW and 0.22 Gy for atrial flutter. Since MSD values for the other procedures were well below the deterministic effect limit, a trigger level of 140 Gy cm2 was derived for PTCA procedures alone.     

Occupational exposure to staff during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Sudan

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure is an invasive technique that requires fluoroscopic and radiographic exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the occupational dose of ionising radiation at three gastroenterology departments (Fedial, Soba and Ibn seena hospitals) in Khartoum, Sudan. The radiation dose was measured during 55 therapeutic ERCP procedures. Thermoluminescence dosemeters were used. The mean radiation dose for the first operator was 0.27 mGy for the eye lens, 0.21 for the thyroid, 0.32 for the chest, 0.17 for the hand and 0.22 for the leg. The mean radiation dose for the second operator was 0.21 mGy for the hand and 0.20 mGy for the chest, while the mean radiation dose for the nurse was 0.44 mGy for the hand and 0.19 for the chest. The radiation dose received by the staff in these hospitals was found to be higher than most of the values in the literature. The radiation absorbed dose received by the different organs is relatively low. Additional studies need to be conducted for radiation dose optimisation.     

The insulation of freezers and refrigerators— how thick should it be?

Calculations are presented for the insulation losses for a range of sizes of domestic freezers and refrigerators with different insulation thicknesses. Power consumptions are also evaluated allowing for other losses, such as around doors, for a normal load pattern, and for compressor efficiencies. It is shown that the scope for power savings with increased insulation is only about 20% for freezers and 30% for refrigerators.     

Air kerma to dose equivalent conversion coefficients not included in ISO 4037-3

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued a standard series on photon reference radiation qualities (ISO 4037). In this work, conversion coefficients from air kerma to dose equivalent quantities not included in ISO 4037-3 are supplied for the following quantities: For H(p)(0.07) for X and gamma radiation qualities for the rod, the pillar and the slab phantom and for H(p)(3) for X and gamma radiation qualities for the slab phantom. In addition, an overview of conversion coefficients suggested for use for all quantities relevant in radiation protection is provided.