河湖健康评估指标、标准与方法研究

河湖健康评估是河湖生态保护管理的重要基础性技术工作,是全面推行河(湖)长制建设的重要任务。本文重点介绍全国河湖健康评估工作的技术成果,主要内容包括:构建了包括水文水资源、河湖物理形态、水质、水生生物及河湖社会服务功能五个方面的健康评估指标体系,提出了5个等级的河湖健康分级标准,形成了系统的河湖健康调查评价方法,采用该标准与方法,在全国36个河湖(库)水体进行了河湖健康评估。实践证明,全国河湖健康评估提出的河湖健康内涵及评估指标体系能够系统表征我国河湖生态及功能特点,指标总体科学合理,整套技术方法具有很好的操作性。     

Hydrological changes and ecological impacts associated with water resource development in large floodplain rivers in the Australian tropics

The majority of rivers in the Australian tropics possess near‐natural flow regimes and are an ecological asset of global significance. We examined flow variability in large floodplain rivers in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia, and the potential ecological impacts of future water resource development (WRD). Flow metrics based on long‐term records were used to classify flow regimes and predict hydrological drivers of ecological function. Flow regimes of selected rivers were then compared with those simulated for pre‐ and post‐WRD flows in the Darling River, a highly modified river in Australia's south‐east. Generally, rivers were classified as typically ‘tropical’ (more permanent, regular flows) or ‘dryland’ (more ephemeral, with greater flow variability). In addition, all rivers displayed wet–dry seasonality associated with changes in flow magnitude or number of zero‐flow days. We propose that these features (flow permanence and regularity; flow variability and absence; wet–dry seasonality) are the key hydrological drivers of biodiversity and ecological function in the floodplain rivers of Australia's north. In terms of WRD, inter‐annual flow variability was predicted to increase or decrease depending on rivers' natural flow regimes, specifically their tendency toward lower or higher flow magnitudes. Either outcome is expected to have adverse effects on the biodiversity and ecological function of these relatively pristine rivers and floodplain habitats. In particular, reduced and homogenized habitat, loss of life‐history cues, inhibited dispersal and shifts in community composition, as a result of WRD, threaten the ecological integrity of rivers adapted to the three hydrological drivers above. These findings serve as a caution for careful consideration of WRD options for rivers in the Australian tropics and for those with similar flow regimes the world over. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactive effects of abiotic,hydrological and anthropogenic factors on fish abundance and distribution in natural run‐of‐the‐river shallow lakes

Ecological processes in lowland rivers are mostly dominated by hydrology and its interactions with other environmental factors. Fish–habitat relationships in rivers are also influenced by human impacts. In this study, we describe patterns of abundance and distribution of fish species in a group of natural lowland river lakes along spatial anthropogenic and abiotic gradients when four hydrologically different summers are compared. We also describe the proportion of the total variances in fish species abundances that can be accounted for by selected abiotic (water conductivity), hydrological (water residence time) and human activity‐derived (total phosphorus (TP) concentration and NO₃:NH₄) variables. Consequently, our main purpose is to explore how abiotic and anthropogenic factors interact to affect fish abundance and distribution together with consistent results across different hydrological conditions. We conclude with a briefly discussion of some management implications. The anthropogenic impacts on water quality, the extreme hydrological variability and the fluctuating abiotic environment affected fish abundance and distribution. Pampa inland silverside Odontesthes bonariensis was benefited from a less human disturbed environment with higher water residence time and total salinity, whereas species as Cyphocharax voga, Parapimelodus valenciennis and Cyprinus carpio found these conditions largely disadvantageous. On the other hand, while most species showed stronger—either negative or positive—response to anthropogenic, hydrological or abiotic factors Oligosarcus jenynsii was only slightly affected. This paper identified the ecological function of a lowland river under its natural flow regime. There are not many opportunities to study unmodified rivers worldwide. Therefore, our findings may help in assessment programmes of fish communities in flow altered and human disturbed aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国主要河湖水生态综合评价

河湖水生态综合评价是水资源保护规划工作的重要内容之一。本文从水文水资源、水环境、河湖生境形态、生物及栖息地状况等方面,构建了包含生态基流满足程度、水功能区水质达标率、湖库富营养化指数、纵向连通性、重要湿地保留率及鱼类生境等6个指标构成的河湖水生态综合评价体系。在此基础上,对全国673条河流、97座水库和100个湖泊湿地共计1006个规划河段和湖库的水生态状况进行了评价和分类,分析了我国各大流域河湖面临的水生态问题。研究成果对我国主要河湖水生态保护和修复工作的实践具有重要的指导意义。     

Progressive changes in phytoplankton community structure in urbanized lowland river floodplains—a multivariate approach

Phytoplankton communities along the river Yamuna in Delhi stretch and its associated floodplain lakes showed considerable spatio‐temporal variations. Most of the species identified were cosmopolitan and typical of highly polluted rivers in tropical ecosystems. All the groups of phytoplankton with predominance of Cyanophyceae and some species of Chlorophyceae were distributed within the river stretch though with varying diversity and density. Relatively cleaner sites supported larger phytoplankton assemblages compared to those subjected to sewage outfalls and industrial effluents. Species elimination was observed mainly in the mid‐stretch and downstream of Okhla subjected to high loads of pollution. Co‐inertia analysis indicated significant co‐structures between water quality and species richness and density indicating water quality as the governing factor for phytoplankton distributions in the river stretch. Floodplain plays an important role in regenerating water quality thereby enhancing species richness and density. Floods play an important role in seasonal dynamics through dilution effects and promoting connectivity between river channel and floodplain lakes thereby facilitating species exchanges. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天门市中小河流水生态环境评价与保护

为了掌握湖北省天门市水环境质量状况,制定水生态环境恢复和保护规划,选择该市主要河湖典型断面进行了水质监测分析。分析结果表明,天门市城区河流、湖泊、沟渠的水质均为劣Ⅴ类,水生态系统遭受破坏,水体的污染已经成为制约当地社会经济发展的制约因素。根据对该市水环境状况的分析,制定了水污染控制规划、城市生态水网规划、城市水体生态修复与滨水景观规划、河道综合整治规划以及水生态管理保障体系建设规划。     

Are protected areas effective in preserving Alpine stream morphology and biodiversity? A field study in the oldest Italian National Park

Global changes and local pressures related to the exploitation of water resources are significantly reducing streams' biodiversity and threatening their ecological balance. This trend concerns both the lowland rivers flowing in densely populated areas and the mountain headwaters, where the effects of global change are dramatically evident and often accompanied by alterations in river hydro-morphology. From mountains to lowlands, regulation and morphological alterations such as bank reinforcement, water abstractions, dams, and weirs are among the most significant threats for river ecosystems. Protected areas and especially large national parks constitute an effective strategy to face the loss of biodiversity, but little is known about their effectiveness regarding lotic environments. To examine the recent trend in aquatic communities in Alpine protected areas, we carried out biological sampling of benthic communities and hydro-morphological status assessment in 12 high-altitude streams within the oldest Italian National Park, that is, the Gran Paradiso National Park, located in the heart of the Western Alps, and we compared results with a previous survey performed in 2005, by keeping the same experimental design. Our results detected minimal changes in the hydro-morphology of the studied watercourses. Biomonitoring indices associated with benthic communities likewise did not provide evidence of significant differences. Conversely, diatom communities were more uniform in 2020 compared to 2005, and a slight species turnover occurred over the 15-year interval. Despite this, our findings underline the effectiveness of protected areas for the conservation of running water environments because they limit hydro-morphological alterations, thus increasing the resilience of aquatic communities to climate change.     

DYNAMICS OF IN‐STREAM WOOD AND ITS IMPORTANCE AS FISH HABITAT IN A LARGE TROPICAL FLOODPLAIN RIVER

The recruitment of wood from the riparian zone to rivers and streams provides a complex habitat for aquatic organisms and can influence both aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem function. The Daly River in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia is a highly seasonal, perennially flowing sand‐bed river where surveys of river wood aggregations at the reach scale (~2 km) in 2008 and 2009 recorded densities of 37–78 km^?1 and identified distinct types of river wood aggregations: key pieces, standing trees, fallen trees, wrack and single pieces. After larger than average flows in the 2008/2009 wet season, between 46% and 51% of the surveyed river wood had moved. The distribution of wood age classes indicated continual recruitment and slow turnover of wood within the river. Surveys of fish and habitat characteristics at the mesohabitat scale (~100 m) showed fish species richness; diversity and fish abundance were not correlated to the proportion of wood present. Fish assemblage structure was associated with wood cover as well as other environmental variables such as stream width and depth. The importance of in‐stream wood also varied for different species and age classes of fish. This study documents the dynamic nature of river wood aggregations and their complex and variable distribution and suggests their importance as fish habitat in this tropical river. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于有序流动的阳澄淀泖区流速水质相关性分析

阳澄淀泖区为平原河网区,在适度的引排调度下使河湖水流有序流动,对于合理蓄泄洪涝水、调控水资源、改善水生态环境意义重大。以阳澄淀泖区有序流动调水试验的水量、水质监测数据为基础,从最能直观反映水体有序流动的水量指标-流速出发,利用SPSS软件计算流速与水体重要水质指标之间的相关关系,研究河湖水体有序流动中流速与水质的响应机制。研究结果发现流速-溶解氧的相关性最强,引水口门及原本滞流较重的河道流速与各水质指标之间相关性更强,水质改善更显著;但通过工程调度只能一定程度上改变水环境,与水质产生直接的相关关系很难。研究成果可为评估水流有序流动对河网水环境改善的实际效果提供技术支撑,对研究区域确定合理的引排调度方案,改善水质有积极的意义。     

THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIABLE LATERAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL FLOODPLAIN WATERBODIES AND RIVER CHANNELS

The rehabilitation of lowland rivers subjected to channelization and artificial levee construction should attempt to improve habitat heterogeneity and diversity of floodplain hydrological connectivity. However, rehabilitation efforts rarely consider the importance of variable lateral hydrological connectivity between floodplain waterbodies and main river channels (ranging from those permanently connected to those temporarily connected during river level rises), instead focusing on increasing individual floodplain waterbody connectivity. This study investigated the young‐of‐the‐year (YoY) fish communities in 10 artificial floodplain waterbodies of variable hydrological connectivity with the river Trent, England, between May and November 2006, inclusive. Floodplain waterbody connectivity to the main river was positively correlated with the number of species captured (alpha diversity), Shannon–Wiener diversity, Margalef's species richness index and the relative abundance of rheophilic species and negatively correlated with species turnover (beta diversity). YoY fish communities in poorly connected water bodies were most dissimilar to riverine communities. The results demonstrate the importance of variable lateral connectivity between artificial floodplain waterbodies and main river channels when rehabilitating lowland river fish communities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of different trophic state indices applied to tropical reservoirs

Reservoirs represent impoundments of river flows for multiple human purposes, including hydropower generation and industrial, recreational and agricultural activities. In considering the current state of dammed rivers and future projects, there is a major concern in tropical areas regarding the water quality of these aquatic ecosystems, most being subjected to eutrophication process. To this end, the Carlson (1977), Toledo (1983), Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha (2013) trophic state indices were applied and compared in six interconnected reservoirs from the Paraíba do Sul Ecoregion in Brazil that differ in their morphometry, nutrient loadings, water retention times and altitudes. Limnological variables were measured in an extensive monitoring programme carried out from 2011 to 2014 during both the rainy and dry seasons. Application of the different numerical models resulted in different trophic state classifications. Toledo's trophic state index was considered the best for assessing the trophic state of the study reservoirs since it under‐evaluates water transparency, which can be related more to inorganic turbidity rather than to phytoplankton biomass in tropical water systems. The Carlson index, developed for temperate zone lakes, resulted in higher trophic classifications, thereby not being considered a reliable model for the study reservoirs. Both the Lamparelli and Cunha indices generally classified the study reservoirs as being in an oligotrophic state, thereby underestimating their trophic status. All the trophic state indices varied seasonally, with water transparency being the only variable significantly affected by rainfall variations. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that an arbitrary choice of existing trophic state indices to evaluate the water quality in tropical environments might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual trophic conditions of tropical waterbodies. Further, the weak correlation observed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations indicates total phosphorus might not be a key factor limiting algal growth in tropical water systems, thereby meriting more research focusing on tropical reservoirs, as well as development of new trophic state indices, including consideration of other potentially limiting factors.     

Habitat loss as the main cause of the slow recovery of fish faunas of regulated large rivers in Europe: the transversal floodplain gradient

In large European rivers the chemical water quality has improved markedly in recent decades, yet the recovery of the fish fauna is not proceeding accordingly. Important causes are the loss of habitats in the main river channels and their floodplains, and the diminished hydrological connectivity between them. In this study we investigate how river regulation has affected fish community structure in floodplain waterbodies of the rivers Rhône (France), Danube (Austria), Rhine and Meuse (The Netherlands). A typology of natural and man‐made aquatic habitats was constructed based on geomorphology, inundation frequency and ecological connectivity, along the transversal river–floodplain gradient, i.e. perpendicular to the main stream of the river. Fish species were classified in ecological guilds based on their flow preference, reproduction ecology and diet, and their status on national red lists was used to analyse the present state of the guilds and habitats. Ecological fish guilds appear to be good indicators of ecological integrity and functioning of river–floodplain systems. A transversal successional gradient in fish community structure that bears some resemblance to the gradient found in natural rivers can still be discerned in heavily regulated rivers. It resembles the longitudinal river gradient; even some predictions of the River Continuum Concept are applicable. Overall, richness and diversity of species and ecological guilds decrease with decreasing hydrological connectivity of floodplain waterbodies. Anthropogenic disturbances have affected fish species unevenly: guilds of specialized species that are highly adapted to specifically riverine conditions have declined far more than generalist species. Fish habitats in the main and secondary channels have suffered most from regulation and contain the highest percentage of threatened species. Rheophilic fishes have become rare because their lotic reproductive habitats are severely degraded, fragmented, absent or unreachable. Limnophilic fishes have become rare too, mainly as a result of eutrophication. Eurytopic fishes have become dominant everywhere. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review of the natural conditions and anthropogenic threats to the Ethiopian Rift Valley rivers and lakes

This review article considers the lakes found within the Ethiopian Rift Valley system and the rivers draining from the highlands towards them. The Ethiopian Rift Valley system extends in a north‐east–south‐west direction, bisecting the Ethiopian highlands. They differ in sizes and hydrological and hydrogeological settings. The lakes support a variety of flora and fauna, mainly fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. The lakes and their feeder rivers, however, are currently being subjected to more human use pressure than previously experienced, attributable mainly to water abstractions for irrigation, household water supply and industrial activities in the catchments. Soil erosion, primarily attributable to the lack of soil conservation practices on farm lands, overgrazing and deforestation, along with unregulated irrigation practices, are generating large quantities of silt reaching the lakes. Improper utilization of water and land resources in the catchments, along with population growth and climate change impacts, is escalating the threats to the health of the lake and river ecosystems. As a result, some of the lakes exhibited reduced water levels and increased salinity. This article reviews the major environmental changes happening to these lakes and their feeder rivers. Visits were made to the area to update previous information while also consolidating the trends of change in the aquatic systems and the watersheds attributed to intense development practices.     

River regulation influences the composition and distribution of inland frog communities

Frogs are widespread through inland rivers and floodplains and are an important component of floodplain food chains. Despite this, studies of frog communities in inland river systems are limited and the impacts of river regulation on frog communities have received very little attention. Surveys for frogs, tadpoles and egg masses along with assessment of vegetation, hydrology and water chemistry were conducted along 10 km reaches of three creek systems in the Lachlan River catchment, a major regulated river in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin. A total of 23 sample sites were surveyed at locations above and below in‐stream weirs as well as adjacent floodplain depressions. The hydrological regimes of sample sites were classified according to the length of time that they were known to hold water (water permanence). The sample sites fell into two distinct categories, 14 were classified as permanent and occurred upstream of weirs while nine were classified as temporary and were located downstream of weirs and in depressions adjacent to the weir pool. Permanent sample sites had a significantly higher percentage of dead standing timber and were deeper with less aquatic vegetation cover than temporary sample sites. Seven frog species were identified; there were no significant differences in species richness between permanent and the temporary waterbodies but the composition of frog assemblages differed significantly between them. This suggests that alteration to the hydrology of inland creek systems can lead to changes in the distribution frog species, with some becoming more common due to increases in the availably of permanent waterbodies while others decline due to reductions in the availability of seasonally flooded waterbodies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生态水工学的工程理念

水是生态系统的重要组成部分，河流、湖泊中的水与生物群落（包括动物、植物、微生物）共存，通过气候系统、水文循环、食物链、养分循环及能量交换相互交织在一起。水是生物群落生命的载体，又是能量流动和物质循环的介质。水体与生物群落相互依存，相互作用，形成了江河湖泊的自净能力，水利工程学应吸收，融合生态学的理论，建立和发展生态水工学。在满足人们对水的各种不同需求的同时，水利工程还应满足水域生态系统完整性，依存性的要求，恢复与建设洁净的水环境，实现人与自然的和谐。     

Dynamics of river fish populations in response to hydrological conditions: a simulation study

Increasing multi‐sectoral demands on water resources have led to water abstraction and transfer activities, and the construction of dams and embankments that have significantly altered the flood regimes of rivers throughout the world resulting in the loss of fish production and biodiversity. The current emphasis on sustainable development and biodiversity conservation is leading efforts to mitigate these impacts by means of interventions such as the release of artificial floods downstream of dams and the manipulation of water levels within impounded floodplains. Whilst much work has been done to determine the hydrological requirements for the maintenance of salmonid populations, few equivalent studies are available from which to develop criteria for the management of hydrological regimes for fishes and fisheries in large floodplain–river systems such as the Mekong. The population dynamics of fish in such rivers are believed to respond to hydrological conditions in a density‐dependent manner. An age‐structured population dynamics model incorporating sub‐models describing density‐dependent growth, mortality and recruitment was used to explore how hydrological conditions within a theoretical floodplain–river system affect the dynamics of a common floodplain–river fish species. Graphical summaries of the response of exploitable biomass to a range of different drawdown rates, dry and flood season areas and volumes, and flood season durations are presented under five different model assumptions concerning density‐dependent processes. Optimal flooding patterns are also described for the model species and theoretical river system. The patterns of predictions that emerge from the simulations provide guidelines for managing or manipulating hydrological conditions in river systems for both fixed and variable volume hydrological scenarios. As a general rule of thumb, exploitable biomass is maximized by minimizing the rate of drawdown and maximizing the flood duration and flood and dry season areas or volumes. However, experiences from dam and other hydraulic engineering projects suggest that these predictions should be treated with caution until we better understand the influence of hydrology on spawning behaviour, system primary production, and critical habitat availability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江健康评估与保护实践

长江属于大河水系,生物多样性丰富,其健康状态不仅影响流域经济社会可持续发展,也受到国内外广泛关注。综合国内外河流健康评估理论和实践,讨论适合长江特点的健康评估方法和标准;通过水功能区达标率和鱼类多样性2个指标分析长江水环境和水生态近10多年来的变化情况;最后,总结近几年长江大保护系列行动后长江健康进展情况。分析结果表明:长江健康评估可以根据管理需要划分不同时空尺度;根据资料完整性可以采用单指标或者多指标综合评价方法;随着长江系列保护行动的实施,长江河流型水质持续改善,湖库水质和生物多样性开始稳定,人类过度干扰江湖现象得到遏制,但湖库水质改善和生物多样性恢复还需要长期进行。     

Patchiness in a Large Floodplain River: Associations Among Hydrology,Nutrients, and Fish Communities

Large floodplain rivers have internal structures shaped by directions and rates of water movement. In a previous study, we showed that spatial variation in local current velocities and degrees of hydrological exchange creates a patch‐work mosaic of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and ratios in the Upper Mississippi River. Here, we used long‐term fish and limnological data sets to test the hypothesis that fish communities differ between the previously identified patches defined by high or low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (TN:TP) and to determine the extent to which select limnological covariates might explain those differences. Species considered as habitat generalists were common in both patch types but were at least 2 times as abundant in low TN:TP patches. Dominance by these species resulted in lower diversity in low TN:TP patches, whereas an increased relative abundance of a number of rheophilic (flow‐dependent) species resulted in higher diversity and a more even species distribution in high TN:TP patches. Of the limnological variables considered, the strongest predictor of fish species assemblage and diversity was water flow velocity, indicating that spatial patterns in water‐mediated connectivity may act as the main driver of both local nutrient concentrations and fish community composition in these reaches. The coupling among hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biodiversity in these river reaches suggests that landscape‐scale restoration projects that manipulate hydrogeomorphic patterns may also modify the spatial mosaic of nutrients and fish communities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

3流4D连通性生态模型

为了改善河湖水系间的物理连通关系和水力关系,从理论上系统描述河湖水系连通性特征概况,回顾了连通性相关生态模型的发展沿革,分析了河流在三个几何维度上的连通性特征,并阐述了以水为载体的物质流、物种流和信息流在三维空间流动的生态影响。在此基础上,从生态系统的结构、功能和过程出发,提出了3流4D连通性生态模型及其参数和判据,用以系统、整体地概括描述河湖水系连通性的生态学机理。结果表明,3流4D连通性生态模型一方面可以通过建立参照系统和分级系统对河湖水系连通性现状进行评估;另一方面可以对连通的生态过程进行仿真模拟计算,对河湖水系连通性特征进行模拟和分析,促使河湖水体恢复天然的水文及其伴随过程节律及生态系统功能,提高水生态修复工程的科学性和可靠性,达到改善水生态系统整体性、保障生态系统服务功能的目的。     

Nutrients and water level fluctuations: A study of three aquatic plants

Water holes characteristic of the middle sections of fragmented, lowland, semi‐arid rivers act as refuge areas for biota during low flow and drought. However, river regulation and catchment development has altered the hydrological and nutrient status of these refuges. A series of artificial ponds were used to imitate these habitats and experiments were designed to determine whether stochastically fluctuating water levels with maximum amplitude of 65 cm would counteract the influence of nutrient enrichment on the growth of three key aquatic plant species. The species (Cyperus gymnocaulos, Triglochin procerum and Typha domingensis) represented different functional groups that inhabit contrasting zones across the elevation gradient. Each species was grown at a different elevation within the experiment reflecting each species' elevation preference and supplied with the equivalent to 0, 10 or 30 g N m^?2 year^?1. Under a static water regime nutrient enrichment doubled the total biomass of all three species. In contrast under a fluctuating water regime, nutrient addition did not influence total biomass of either T. domingensis or T. procerum and the performance of C. gymnocaulos was reduced by ca. 30%. These data suggest that if environmental flows were managed to provide a natural stochastically fluctuating water regime, this would nullify the influence of nutrient enrichment and limit the distribution and spread of invasive species such as Typha, that exists under the current altered conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.