Some problems created by Freud's inconsistency: A commentary on Reisner's article.

Many of the problems of S. Reisner's (see record 1992-16438-001) article are caused by his adopting an idiosyncratic definition of metapsychology, as Freud's theory of motivation. He is correct that Freud was (occasionally) aware of the interpersonal aspects of motives, but this useful insight is flawed by his tendentious misreadings in an attempt to document an extreme position. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Animal rights: A rejoinder.

Responds to the comments by A. N. Rowan (see record 2009-05603-006) on the current author's original discussion regarding animal rights (see record 2009-05603-005). In his original paper, Gallup maintains that there are no inherent rights; they are inventions of the human mind. Thus, animals only have rights if we say the do. Rowan, however, asserts there is more universal agreement as to why some beings have certain rights (e.g. the right to life, or the weaker right not to be caused unnecessary suffering) than Gallup credits. Here, Gallup suggests that Rowan has sidestepped the issue. If rights (be they human or otherwise) are something other than an invention of the human mind, then what are they, what form do they take, from whence do they come, and how are we to identify them? Contrary to what Rowan implies, Gallup says his intention was not to take a stand on whether or not animals have rights. To reiterate, says Gallup, animals only have rights to the extent that we say they do. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Negative effects revisited: A rejoinder.

Responds to A. E. Bergin's critique (see record 1981-08376-001) of the present authors' article (see record 1981-08419-001). Arguments that Bergin offers to support his conclusion that therapy causes deterioration are evaluated. If psychotherapy causes deterioration, one would expect to find at least one adequate outcome study in which a higher rate of decline occurs among the treated patients. This study has yet to be found. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Desensitization: A rejoinder to Morgan.

Considers that specific points raised by W. G. Morgan (see PA, Vol. 50:Issue 6) are debatable on empirical and logical grounds. It is suggested, however, that Morgan's distinction between necessary and useful operations provides a meaningful framework for the advancement of desensitization theory, practice, and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some additional lessons from the Wechsler scales: A rejoinder to Kaufman and Keith.

Responds to A. Kaufman's (see record 1995-15767-001) and T. Z. Keith's (see record 1995-15768-001) comments on the article by G. M. Macmann and D. W. Barnett (see record 1995-15770-001), suggesting that discussion of their article centers not on posited questions nor conclusions, but rather on the Wechsler scales proper. Macmann and Barnett insist that Wechsler scales and other measures of general intellectual function are a costly and ineffective use of professional skills, suggesting a need for alternative models, such as assessment of cognitive variables in the context of instruction. Further, they suggest that although a general factor model may be structurally more defensible, little can be gained from the analysis of general or Full Scale IQ. It is suggested that the most promising futures for the assessment of intelligent behavior are likely to be realized through a focus on thought processes and problem-solving strategies within the context of meaningful social and instructional situations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concerning instrumental autonomic conditioning: A rejoinder.

A. Crider, G. Schwartz, and S. Shnidman's (see 43:8) reply to E. S. Katkin and E. N. Murray's (see 42:10) review of instrumental autonomic conditioning makes several valid points but also contains many differences in interpretation based on a contrasting theoretical position. It is contended herein that the acceptability of "facts" as "facts" and "evidence" as "evidence" is determined often by predisposing epistemological orientations. Many of Crider et al.'s points are well taken, but the evidence on instrumental autonomic conditioning in humans remains far less convincing than the evidence available from animal studies. The methodological questions raised by Katkin and Murray's earlier paper appear to be clarified substantially by some of Crider et al.'s comments; however, the clarification has not reduced the danger of artifacts being interpreted as substantive evidence. (30 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rejoinder to Notarius.

Responds to C. I. Notarius's (see record 1984-11607-001) rebuttal of the present author's (see record 1984-11616-001) criticisms of a study by Notarius et al (see record 1983-05644-001) which supported the discharge model of the facial expressivity/physiological reactivity relationship. It is concluded that only when all data from the Notarius et al study are examined will one know what their results have shown. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multicultural approaches in psychotherapy: A rejoinder.

In this rejoinder, the authors address several issues raised by R. L. Worthington and F. R. Dillon (see record 2010-26150-001) and C. R. Ridley and M. Shaw-Ridley (see record 2011-00622-001) regarding (a) the measurement of multicultural competencies (MCCs), (b) sampling considerations in multicultural research, and (c) the conceptual frame of multicultural psychotherapy research. The authors challenge the wisdom of exploring MCCs in psychotherapy research and provide a different framework to understand therapists' multicultural effectiveness with clients based on their cultural race/ethnicity. Additionally, the concept of therapists' multicultural orientation or approach is introduced to illuminate the process of aligning with clients about salient cultural issues in psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Television violence and aggression: A rejoinder.

Replies to the criticisms by L. Friedrich-Cofer and A. C. Huston (see record 1987-09776-001) of the author's literature review (see record 1984-30860-001) on the effect of TV violence on aggression. The present author argues that there are sound reasons for exercising caution in generalizing from laboratory results and that research outside the laboratory provides only weak and inconsistent support for the causal hypothesis. Moreover, it is asserted that the bidirectional model suggested by Friedrich-Cofer and Huston is not supported by the available evidence. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-cultural counseling process research: A rejoinder.

Replies to the criticism of J. E. Helms (1986) of the present authors' (1986) study of the effects of Black students' racial identity on perceptions of White counselors. Helms's comments on the way racial identity is conceptualized, operationalized, and measured using a racial identity attitude scale are answered, and their implications for continued cross-cultural counseling process research are explored. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On starting points and priorities: A rejoinder.

Responds to the reply by L. T. Hoshmand and J. Martin (see record 1997-02285-002) to S. C. Yanchar and K. B. Kristensen's comments (see record 1997-02285-001) on Hoshmand and Martin's (see record 1995-28533-001) proposal for a naturalistic epistemological approach to psychological science. Hoshmand and Martin argue that in Yanchar and Kristensen's stance toward some aspects of their proposal, they have attributed to Hoshmand and Martin a relationship between theory, method, and data that they do not hold. According to Hoshmand and Martin, in making their case Yanchar and Kristensen have objected to empirical means of evaluation, and essentially undermined their own argument. The authors clarify their position by responding to these claims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Health promotion and coronary heart disease: A rejoinder.

Replies to the contention of R. C. Lefebvre (see record 1986-20193-001) that the review by the present author (see record 1985-12441-001) of the diet/heart controversy is one-sided and will induce uncertainty. Although there is no disagreement that preventive efforts should be supported, concern is expressed about Lefebvre's suggestion that a discussion of inconsistent scientific data should be avoided. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rejoinder on behalf of ABPP.

Argues that the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) has not lowered it standards in an effort to attract applicants as charged by A. R. Howard (1973). Professionals taking advantage of the grandfather clause were required to pass an examination of their credentials, and efforts toward the incorporation of continuing education and periodic recertification are under consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The sex difference in spatial ability: A rejoinder.

Suggests that the article by P. J. Caplan et al (see record 1986-10956-001) questioning the existence of sex-related differences in spatial ability does not constitute a thorough review of the literature on sex differences in spatial ability or of the literature dealing with possible biological mechanisms contributing to such a difference. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A new look at the effects of noise: A rejoinder.

Outlines a composite theory to account for the effects of noise upon performance. The 4 main determinants are (a) masking, both of acoustic cues and of inner speech; (b) distraction; (c) a beneficial increase in arousal when the noise begins, which gradually lessens and falls below normal to produce a decrement in performance when the noise stops; and (d) positive and negative transfer from noise to quiet. Positive transfer results from the more effective learning of the task in noise under the influence of the increase in arousal. Negative transfer results from the techniques of performance used in noise to counteract the masking or distraction, when they are not appropriate in quiet. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptual research use: Some problems.

Responds to L. Cohen's (see record 1986-04739-001) criticism of the present authors' (see record 1986-04773-001) article on research in the practice of community mental health by identifying problems with the notion of the conceptual use of research. It is suggested that, given that these are actual problems, studies such as that of the present authors are correct in focusing on the instrumental use of research rather than on conceptual research use. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More science not less clarity: A rejoinder to Richardson.

Responds to comments by F. C. Richardson (see record 1998-12018-003) regarding the present author's rejection of the indeterminate textuality of postmodern thought as self-contradictory (see record 1998-12018-002). The present author considers the possibility of a rational-empiricist explanation of human behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selective auditory attention and early event-related potentials: A rejoinder.

Discusses the hypothesis of R. N??t?nen and P. T. Michie (see record 1980-29874-001) that selective auditory attention does not merely augment the N? component of the auditory evoked potential at 80–220 msec latency. Sequential effects, stimulus intensity, and the effect of information load are examined with regard to the hypothesis, and it is suggested that 2 distinct physiological processes are involved. (French abstract) (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on an irrelevant comment: A rejoinder to McGrath.

Suggests that P. McGrath's (see record 1978-02304-001) criticisms corroborate the present author's (see record 1975-24400-001) views on the problems of behavioral psychologists (e.g., they prefer doing to thinking and are ignorant of the basic ideas in the philosophy of science). The distinction between behavioral psychology and behavior therapy is also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Advancing disciplinary practice through critical thinking: A rejoinder to Bensley.

The authors respond to Bensley’s (see record 2009-12731-009) comment on their alternative formulation of critical thinking in psychology (see record 2008-11592-004). They argue that Bensley’s defense of the traditional critical thinking approach—which they term scientific analytic reasoning (SAR)—fails to address their main objections to SAR and their reasons for presenting an alternative. In particular, the openness, fairness, and generativity that Bensley references as strengths of SAR are themselves informed by scientific analytic assumptions and values, which, they argue, illustrates their original contention—that SAR offers an insular and insufficiently critical approach to critical thinking. The authors conclude by calling for future developments in critical thinking that are not driven by an implicit SAR agenda. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)