Effects of mechanical treatments and moisture enhancement on the processing characteristics and tenderness of beef semimembranosus roasts

The combined effect of blade tenderization (TD,NTD), pre-massaging (0 and 30min), moisture enhancement and post-injection tumbling (2h) on the chemical, binding and textural characteristics of pre-cooked roasts made from beef top round was investigated. Properties of the beef roasts were determined by measuring processing (i.e., cooking yield, expressible moisture (EM)) and textural characteristics (Warner-Bratzler shear, Kramer shear (KS), texture profile analysis). Brine injection helped to improve the cook yield and had the largest effect on tenderness of semimembranosus muscles. Post-injection tumbling did not significantly improve yield and textural properties of roasts; however, combined with the tenderization, it had beneficial effects on water holding and moisture retention. Pre-tumbling and blade tenderization treatments prior to injection generally were found to be beneficial for textural characteristics; pre-tumbling also tended to improve cook yield, but did not influence EM. However, no synergistic effect between these two variables was observed. An interaction between injection/tumbling and pre-tumbling was observed for KS. There was a significant improvement of KS values of roasts due to pre-tumbling observed for either non-injected roasts or those injected but without tumbling. However, no additional reduction in shear force was observed with pre-tumbling when roasts were tumbled after injection. This suggests that pre-tumbling may not be necessary to ensure more tender roasts when post-injection tumbling is applied, but would be beneficial for non-injected roasts or when tumbling is not applied after injection.     

TUMBLING REGIME EFFECTS ON THE PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDERNESS OF COOKED ROAST BEEF

Tumbling prior to injection and different tumbling regimes was investigated to improve the processing characteristics of beef mini roasts. Six inside round muscles (semimembranosus muscle, with adductor and gracilus removed) were cut into six 700 ± 50 g roasts. The roasts were injected 125 or 150% over original weight. The tumbling regime incorporated tumbling prior to injection (pretumbling) and two postinjection tumbling regimes (continuous versus intermittent). Tumbling prior to injection improved (P < 0.05) injection pick up, retention, yield and tenderness, however, with mini roasts there were no differences between continuous and intermittent tumbling. Further research is needed on processing technologies to improve efficiencies in producing these mini roast beef.     

真空滚揉工艺优化对复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的品质改善

为了满足复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的工业化生产需求,该研究在单因素试验基础上,研究液料比、滚揉时间、真空度对腌制吸收率和蒸煮损失率的影响,通过中心组合（Box-Behnken）和响应面法确定调理牛肉真空滚揉的最佳工艺,并对静置腌制和滚揉腌制调理牛肉的质构特征、剪切力、水分分布、微观结构进行分析。结果所得最佳滚揉工艺参数：液料比32%、滚揉时间3.0 h、真空度0.06 MPa,在此条件下得到腌制吸收率24.65%,蒸煮损失率为26.39%。滚揉组调理牛肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和剪切力均显著低于静腌组（P<0.05）,不易流动水和自由水弛豫时间显著低于静腌组（P<0.05）,并且自由水弛豫峰面积显著高于静腌组（P<0.05）。扫描电镜图显示,滚揉组的肌原纤维结构更加松散,并且有碎片化结构附着表面。结果表明,滚揉处理能够改善调理牛肉的质构特征,提高嫩度,提高保水性,微观上使肌原纤维产生碎片化结构。该研究为复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的滚揉工艺提供技术支持,为营养型低钠调理肉制品工业化生产提供理论依据。     

Effects of Blade Tenderization, Vacuum Massage Time and Salt Level on Chemical, Textural and Sensory Characteristics of Precooked Chuck Roasts

The influence of blade tenderization (T), vacuum massage time (2, 3 hr) and salt level (SL) (1.0, 1.25%) on the chemical, textural, and sensory characteristics of precooked chuck roasts prepared from Triceps brachii (TRI) and Supraspinatus (SUP) muscles was investigated. Cooking losses decreased and total yields increased with higher SL, while T increased product fat content. T decreased Warner-Bratzler shear values for the bind site (junction between the two muscles) and the edge of the roast. Instron values for hardness and chewiness of the muscle tissue were decreased by blade tenderization. Sensory panel evaluation showed that TRI had a more intense beef flavor and was more tender than SUP, while T improved first impression tenderness.     

Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on textural and aroma attributes of enhanced beef clod roasts in a cook/hot-hold situation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing vitamin E into the diets of finishing cattle on quality characteristics of beef pumped with a phosphate/salt solution (enhanced) the cooked and held in a simulated foodservice situation. Twelve steers were fed either a control (E-) diet or a diet supplemented with dl-α-tocopheryl-acetate (E+). Paired clod roasts were either used as controls (C) or were pumped (P) to 110% of raw weight to contain 0.4% sodium chloride and 0.4% phosphate in the finished product. Following injection, clods were allowed to equilibrate then frozen. A flavor profile panel evaluated texture attributes and aroma characteristics of roasts immediately after cooking and after 1 and 2 h of hot-holding. Pumping improved taste and textural attributes of the hot-held clod roasts. Dietary vitamin E supplementation reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) from ～0.61 to ～0.42, but over the 2-h time period, did not significantly improve aroma quality of beef roasts.     

The Effects of Marination and Cooking Regimes on the Waterbinding Properties and Tenderness of Beef and Bison Top Round Roasts

ABSTRACT: The combined effect of marination and different cooking regimes on the cooking yield and palat-ability of bison and beef top round roasts was investigated. Semimembranosus (SM) muscles from beef and bison top rounds were injected with a marinade to achieve 20% extension by weight and 0.5% sodium chloride and 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate levels and then subdivided into 4 roasts and cooked by following 4 cooking regimes: cooking at a constant temperature of 75°C (control; C); similar to the control treatment except that roasts were held at an internal temperature of 55°C for 45 min (Hold45) or 90 min (Hold90) prior to final cooking at 75°C; initial cooking at 55°C with a 5°C increase in oven temperature every hour (Step-up) until the 71°C internal temperature was achieved. Cooking yield, expressible moisture, purge, and shear force of processed roasts were determined. Marination by injection improved the yield and tenderness of beef and bison SM roasts. The cooking yield for injected samples (78%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared with noninjected controls (68%). Injected SM roasts from bison had lower cooking losses than those from beef, whereas control samples from these 2 species did not differ in their cooking yields. Injected beef SM was more tender than bison SM; however, marination significantly reduced the shear force values of SM roasts for both species (i.e., shear force values of 82 N in control samples was reduced to 63 N in injected ones). The cooking regimes, Hold45, Hold90, and Step-up (which allowed a longer time at 55 to 60°C), gave products with lower ( P < 0.05) shear force values than those of the controls. Based on the cooking yield and time involved, the Hold 45 treatment performed the best.     

Cooked yields, color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef roasts cooked in an oven with steam generation versus a commercial convection oven to different endpoint temperatures

A CVap steam generation oven was compared with a Blodgett convection oven to examine effects on yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef Longissimus lumborum (LL), Deep pectoralis (DP), and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles cooked to 1 of 3 temperatures (65.6, 71.1, or 76.7°C). Four roasts were cooked in the CVap for a constant time, and 2 roasts were cooked in the Blodgett until they reached target temperatures (3 replications). Cooking yields were higher (P<0.05) for BF and LL roasts in the CVap. Slice shear force (SSF) for BF roasts was lowest (P<0.05) in the CVap but lowest (P<0.05) for DP roasts in the Blodgett. No oven effect (P>0.05) was found for LL roasts. Sensory tenderness for BF roasts in the CVap was higher (P<0.05) than those in the Blodgett. Juiciness was higher (P<0.05) for LL roasts in the Blodgett. The CVap oven offers some tenderization (BF) and cooking yield advantages (BF and DP) over forced-air convection cooking.     

The effect of quantity and timing of brine addition on water binding and textural characteristics of cooked beef rolls

The combined influence of quantity and timing of water/sodium chloride/phosphate addition on quality characteristics of beef rolls processed with 25 or 50% brine level was investigated. Properties of beef rolls were determined by measuring hydration and textural characteristics. The higher level of brine addition (50%) had detrimental effects on product water binding and textural characteristics. Late addition of brine/water during tumbling (i.e. during the last hour) resulted in rolls which were less hard, chewy and elastic, and had poorer water holding properties. Addition of brine in two parts favourably affected hydration properties and thermal stability, yielding lower cooking loss and purge and higher WHC, irrespective of level of brine addition. It also increased hardness and chewiness and improved springiness, cohesiveness and bind of cooked beef rolls.     

低温肉制品关键工艺及装备技术应用研究进展

低温肉制品是我国肉制品发展的趋势,其产品的加工品质如蒸煮得率、系水性、质构特性及感官品质受滚揉、机械嫩化、盐水注射、斩拌等机械处理的影响。本文综述机械处理在低温肉制品生产中的应用现状。低温真空滚揉能缩短腌制时间,改善产品质构,目前国内外广泛采用;充气变压滚揉比低温真空滚揉具有一定的优势,产品的质构、持水性和出品率相对较高,且抑菌效果较优;预滚揉处理往往与其他处理相结合可减少总滚揉时间,改善腌制液渗透,提高产品得率;机械嫩化能破坏肌肉组织结构,降低产品剪切力值,改善感官嫩度;盐水注射能加快腌制液的渗透,增加产品出品率,腌制液中的成分、浓度及注射率影响产品品质;斩拌终温显著影响乳化产品品质。     

Meat and storage effects on processing characteristics of beef roasts

Two experiments were done to determine the effect of storage conditions and meat cut on the processing characteristics of beef roasts. The first experiment examined the effect of storage condition (fresh/frozen), cap on/off, thawing regime and holding time post thawing on purge, brine uptake, cook yield and colour of raw and cooked roasts. The second experiment examined the effect of meat cut (insides/flats) and chilled storage for up to 8 weeks on processing characteristics of roast beef. Purge was greater for insides stored frozen without cap and air thawed. Frozen thawed cuts had increased brine retention after injection, after tumbling and after cooking. Flats had less purge and higher cook yields when manufactured into roast beef. Raw and cooked colour was not significantly affected by most factors investigated. Raw meat was more red than meat that had been frozen.     

Chuck Longissimus and lnfraspinatus Muscle Characteristics as Affected by Rigor State, Blade Tenderization and Calcium Chloride Injection

Blade tenderization resulted in increased (P<0.05) tenderness scores of postrigor longissimus muscle after 7 days storage. However, no improvements (P>0.05) in tenderness of prerigor CaCl₂ injected infraspinatus and longissimus muscles were observed due to blade tenderization nor was percentage of collagen affected. Prerigor, blade tenderized CaCl₂ injected muscles were generally less tender (P<0.05), as measured by sensory panel and shear force, than postrigor muscles independent of blade tenderization. Furthermore, prerigor CaCl₂ injected samples had lower texture scores for both muscles and lower flavor scores for infraspinatus than samples from postrigor muscles. Blade tenderization did not affect microbial load or color nor did CaCl₂ influence color.     

软枣猕猴桃粗蛋白酶嫩化牛肉工艺优化及其嫩化机制

研究了软枣猕猴桃粗蛋白酶提取及对牛肉的嫩化效果,对酶用量、处理温度、处理时间对牛肉嫩化的影响进行了实验,并进一步通过L9(33)正交试验选择出最佳嫩化工艺并且通过测定其显微结构阐明其嫩化机制.结果表明:软枣猕猴桃粗蛋白酶的比活力为2098U/mg,对牛肉的剪切力、烹饪失水率和持水力均有影响,有较好的嫩化效果,通过正交试验确定软枣猕猴桃粗蛋白酶对牛肉嫩化的最佳工艺条件为酶用量0.05％、处理温度50℃、处理时间1.0h,影响因素次序为:处理温度＞酶用量＞处理时间,蛋白酶处理后的肉样和未处理的肉样相比肌原纤维直径变小,密度变大,小片化指数变大,其Z线断裂,肌间隙变大,肌间质增多,肌节长度变大,嫩度增加.     

菠萝汁对牛肉的嫩化效果研究

以菠萝汁和牛肉为原料,研究菠萝汁中菠萝蛋白酶对牛肉的嫩化作用,得到了嫩化的最佳工艺：菠萝汁浓度6%、时间60min、温度50℃、pH7.0。在此条件下,牛肉剪切力可降低50% 左右。对菠萝汁、生姜汁、木瓜蛋白酶嫩化产品与对照组进行了风味、色泽、剪切力的对比,结果表明：菠萝汁较生姜汁能够显著(p ≤ 0.05)提高产品的风味,相比木瓜蛋白酶及对照组其风味也有不同程度提高;菠萝汁、生姜汁、木瓜蛋白酶都能极显著(p ≤ 0.01)的提高产品的嫩度,而三种嫩化产品之间嫩度没有显著差异;用菠萝汁嫩化牛肉,在牛肉腌制后,其色度的b 值和a/b 值相对于对照组有极显著(p ≤ 0.01)提高,而在煮制后,只有b 值和对照组有显著(p ≤ 0.05)差异,而a/b 值无显著差异,表明用菠萝汁嫩化牛肉不会对产品的色泽造成不良影响。     

Dispersion and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium during the production of marinated beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts

To determine the depth of pathogen dispersion and the ability of pathogens to survive in enhanced beef products and spent marinade, beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled with two commercial marinades. The marinades were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, resulting in an approximate count of 5.2 log CFU/ml. Both inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled for 1 h and sampled immediately after tumbling (day 0), or were vacuum packaged, stored (ca. 4°C), and sampled on days 7 and 14. Samples of the spent marinade were taken after tumbling (day 0) and on days 3 and 7. For both marinades, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were dispersed throughout the inside skirt steaks during vacuum tumbling. Although Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 for the skirt steaks were still detectable after 14 days of storage, the log values were lower than those on days 0 and 7. For the tri-tip roasts, the pathogen distribution varied, depending on the thickness of the roasts, and pathogens were detectable on days 0, 7, and 14. The spent marinade sampled on days 0, 3, and 7 showed that the pathogens survived at refrigerated temperatures. Because pathogens can transfer to the interior of beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts when vacuum tumbled with contaminated marinade and survived during refrigerated storage, establishments should consider the potential food safety risks associated with reuse of marinade during the production of vacuum-tumbled beef products.     

碳酸钠在嫩化型风干牛肉中的应用效果研究

为了探究碳酸钠注射对风干牛肉嫩化效果及品质的影响,实验分别测定了不同浓度碳酸钠(0、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 mol/L)注射处理风干牛肉的pH值、剪切力、水分含量、水分活度、出品率和感官品质。结果表明,随着碳酸钠浓度的升高,风干牛肉的pH值、水分含量、水分活度和出品率显著增加(p0.05),剪切力下降,嫩度增加;但是,当碳酸钠浓度超过0.35 mol/L,风干牛肉的感观品质会明显变差,咀嚼性降低,且有一定程度的碱味。结合相关性分析可得,pH值与风干牛肉的嫩度、水分含量、水分活度、出品率等呈现极显著的正相关关系(P 0.01),说明碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度的影响主要与肉中pH值变化有关。实验证明,碳酸钠注射处理可以有效改善风干牛肉食用品质,浓度为0.35 mol/L时,效果最好,在此条件下,风干牛肉的剪切力可降低33.67%,出品率提高12.05%,为45.12%;pH值的改变是碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度及品质改善的主要原因。     

Influence of blade tenderization,moisture enhancement and pancreatin enzyme treatment on the processing characteristics and tenderness of beef semitendinosus muscle

The combined effect of blade tenderization (BT), moisture enhancement and enzymatic tenderization on drip loss, cook loss, Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and sensory characteristics of beef semitendinosus (ST) steaks from cattle under 30 months of age was investigated.     

EVALUATION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND SPICE MARINATION ON THE SENSORY AND TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECOOKED SEMITENDINOSUS ROASTS

Roasts from mature cows were used to evaluate the effects of calcium chloride (Cacl₂) injection on sensory and textural characteristics and of spice marination to overcome potential off‐flavors associated with CaCl₂ treatment. The roasts appeared lighter(P<0.05), less red(P<0.05), and less yellow(P<0.05) with increases in CaCl₂, the inclusion of spice, and the progression of storage time. Roasts with spice had less (P<0.05) cooking and total loss than nonspice and noninjected roasts. The CaCl₂ treatment did not significantly effect either shear force values or sensory tenderness. Roasts with spice were more (P<0.05) tender and juicier than nonspiced and noninjected roasts. Roasts with spice had fewer (P<0.05) off‐flavors than nonspiced roasts. The injection of spice can overcome off‐flavors; however, CaCl₂ injection is not efficacious as a tenderizing agent in the semitendinosus muscle of mature cows.     

响应面法优化木瓜蛋白酶-复合磷酸盐嫩化低档部位牛肉工艺

采用响应面回归设计来探究复合磷酸盐与木瓜蛋白酶复配使用嫩化低档部位烧烤牛肉的最佳条件。以单位肉中木瓜蛋白酶活力、复合磷酸盐质量浓度和作用时间为嫩化因子,以剪切力值和感官评价得分为响应值,运用Design-Expert 8.05软件对测得的结果建立二次回归模型。结果表明,复合磷酸盐与木瓜蛋白酶配合使用可以有效降低中低档部位牛肉的剪切力值,同时适当减少酶的用量,提高肉的保水性,得到更好的感官评价效果。最佳嫩化条件为：木瓜蛋白酶活力9.44 U/g、复合磷酸盐质量浓度18.35 mg/mL、作用时间9.09 h。在此条件下,低档部位烧烤牛肉的剪切力预测值为17.25 N,感官得分为5.02,整体感受较满意。经过实验验证,实测值与预测值吻合良好,说明响应面模型具有较好的预测能力,能有效用于剪切力值和感官评分的预测。     

Influence of freezing and thawing on the hydration characteristics,quality, and consumer acceptance of whole muscle beef injected with solutions of salt and phosphate

Effects of salt/phosphate injection level (112% or 125% pump), salt level (0.5% or 1.5% salt), and freezing/thawing on hydration characteristics, quality, and consumer acceptance of beef semitendinosus were investigated. All enhancement treatments decreased shear force by 25–35%, but negatively affected colour. Increased salt concentration yielded lower purge and cooking losses, and higher water holding capacity. The higher injection level reduced water binding properties, however, the loss in functionality with higher water addition was overcome with increased salt content. Freezing and subsequent thawing was generally detrimental to colour and water binding properties and tended to increase shear force. Freezing and subsequent thawing did not affect fluid release in steaks held for 1 day before analysis, but resulted in decreased water retention in samples held for 7 days. Holding vacuum packaged steaks for 7 days generally increased package purge and negatively affected colour parameters, although water binding characteristics were improved. Consumer panel results demonstrated a negative effect on juiciness and tenderness where meat subject to low salt/high injection was frozen then thawed – the low salt level was insufficient to maintain any positive effect of injection treatment. In general, salt/phosphate injection improved product acceptability and increased willingness to purchase.     

滚揉时间和加水量对重组牛肉品质特性的影响

为了改善重组牛肉的品质特征,采用单因素实验的方法,研究了滚揉工艺中滚揉时间(1、1.5、2、2.5h)、加水量(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)对重组牛肉物理性质的影响,找到最佳的工艺条件。结果显示,滚揉1h,加水量为6%为最佳的工艺条件,经过此滚揉工艺条件的处理,重组肉粘结强度明显增强,剪切力下降,质构改善,产品的颜色较好,融化损失率和蒸煮损失率均较低。该实验表明可以通过对滚揉条件的控制提高重组牛肉的品质。