1D/1D及1D/2D耦合水动力模型构建方法研究

为实现高速率、精细化的洪涝模拟,以丹麦R市A区的排水系统为研究对象,构建和比较基于GIS空域建模技术及SWMM水动力耦合的1D/1D(双一维)排水模型与基于MIKE URBAN的1D/2D(一维管流和二维洪涝)耦合排水模型,对研究区的排水系统进行暴雨洪涝模拟及评估比较。研究两种模型的建模过程、模拟精度及计算效率,描述两种模型的优劣性和适用条件。结果表明:1D/1D排水模型可实现地表淹没的拓展分析,同时确保较高的稳定度和运算速度,且在较低重现期下具有较高的计算精度,适用于大尺度、应急管理且模拟精度要求相对较低的情景; 1D/2D排水模型能实现地表积水的双向流动计算,具有良好的精细度,但其信息处理和计算时间较长,适用于计算环境和模拟精度要求较高的情景。研究结果将为不同情景、不同尺度的洪涝模拟提供科学依据。     

基于耦合水动力模型的广州市东濠涌流域洪涝模拟

东濠涌流域位于广州市中心城区越秀区内,调研分析流域内积水点淹没成因与利用数值模拟方法研究该城市流域洪涝过程并获得一定可靠性和精度的洪涝水情信息,可为相关部门抢险救灾决策提供理论参考和科学依据。根据城市洪涝过程的水文水力学方法原理,以SWMM作为一维模型基础,采用动态链接库文件(DLL)方法耦合二维水动力模型,通过侧向、正向和垂向的连接构建耦合水动力模型,以东濠涌流域为研究区域构建基于耦合水动力模型的东濠涌流域洪涝模型并选用两场实测降雨对模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:模型在一维排水系统的排水能力与二维地表积水的模拟均具有较好的精度和可靠性。该耦合水动力模型在东濠涌流域的应用进一步证明了耦合模型连接算法的合理性和可行性,对城市洪涝模拟分析有较好的应用价值。     

多源洪水耦合模型在防洪保护区洪水分析中的应用

针对防洪保护区单一洪水风险分析的不足,以一、二维非恒定流基本控制方程为理论基础,采用有限体积法对网格进行离散求解,建立溃堤洪水和暴雨多源洪水耦合的数学模型。在一、二维模型的链接处选用堰流公式实现河槽与保护区水流的实时交互,借助干湿水深理论对模型进行优化,利用遥感影像解译处理保护区内复杂地形条件下糙率对洪水演进的影响,概化处理区域内道路和过水涵洞对洪水的阻水或导水作用,并利用历史实测洪水资料进行模型验证。将验证后的模型应用于淮河干流凤台段防洪保护区多源洪水运动耦合模拟,分析了单一洪水与多源洪水对防洪保护区的损失比较结果,说明该区域受暴雨内涝影响较为严重。     

洪涝仿真模型中河网洪水的计算研究

为在洪涝仿真模型中计算河网及工程调度下的洪水演进,并综合考虑河道洪水与地面洪水的相互影响,本文建立了一维圣维南方程和河网汊点水量平衡方程组,按照preissmann四点差分格式进行离散,采用泰勒级数近似的方法计算了河网中跨河闸门在关闭、自由出流和淹没出流三种状态下的过流能力,利用并修改了矩阵标识法求解方程组,研发了一维河网模拟模型;利用堰流公式建立一维河网模拟模型和二维洪涝仿真模型的连接,实现了一、二维模型的耦合。从文献中选择典型算例验证模型,模拟结果与文献相同。以长江、汉江和东荆河河网及杜家台和洪湖蓄洪区为工程实例,模拟的河网洪水与实测数据基本一致,河道与两个蓄洪区的水量交换合理,证明新建立的一维河网模拟模型具备了对河网洪水演进的模拟能力,与二维模型耦合的方法合理。     

Systematic comparison of 1D and 2D hydrodynamic models for the assessment of hydropeaking alterations

Numerical hydrodynamic models enable the simulation of hydraulic conditions under various scenarios and are thus suitable tools for hydropeaking related assessments. However, the choice of the necessary model complexity and the consequences of modelling choices are not trivial and only few guidelines exist. In this study, we systematically evaluate numerical one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models with varying spatial resolution regarding their suitability as input for hydropeaking-sensitive, ecologically relevant hydraulic parameters (ERHPs), and their computational efficiency. The considered ERHPs include the vertical dewatering velocity, the wetted area variation between base and peak flow and the bed shear stress as a proxy for macroinvertebrate drift. Furthermore, we quantified the habitat suitability of brown trout for different life stages. The evaluation is conducted for three channel planforms with morphological characteristics representative for regulated Alpine Rivers, ranging from alternating bars to a braiding river morphology. For the prediction of habitat suitability and bed shear stress, a 1D model appears to be always insufficient, and a highly resolved 2D model is suggested. Reducing the spatial resolution of 2D models leads to computational efficiency similar to 1D, while providing more accurate results. Thus, our results suggest, that while a highly resolved 1D model is sufficient for accurate predictions of the dewatering velocity and wetted area in the less complex alternating bar morphology, a 2D model is recommended for more complex wandering or braiding morphologies. This study can serve as guideline for researchers and practitioners in the selection and setup of hydrodynamic models for hydropeaking.     

洪水与风暴潮共同作用下的溃堤洪水一维、二维耦合模型及应用

为了解决复杂条件下河道洪水漫堤、溃堤和潮水倒灌的问题,建立了在洪水和风暴潮共同作用下的天然河道漫溃堤洪水在防洪保护区的一二维水动力耦合模型。在兼顾计算效率和精度的基础上,分区剖分网格,设置合理的网格面积;根据植被和地物的不同,分区设置糙率;通过宽顶堰的方式将河道一维模型和防洪保护区二维模型进行侧向耦合;采用基于侵蚀的渐变溃破坏方式模拟河道溃堤过程,实现了河道上游发生洪水和下游遭遇外海风暴潮的复杂情况下精细化模拟。实例研究表明,所建模型可灵活处理复杂多变的水力条件,模拟结果合理可靠,可为防汛部门制定决策提供有力的科学依据。     

基于多重网格的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型研究

针对流域洪涝模拟模型的计算精度、格式稳定性及计算效率等问题,本文提出基于多重网格技术的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型(M-DBCM)。地表水文模型采用非线性水库法模拟降雨产流和径流;二维水动力模型采用浅水方程模拟洪水演进过程。采用不同分辨率的网格划分计算区域,在粗网格区域采用地表水文模型模拟降雨径流过程;在细网格区域采用二维水动力模型模拟洪涝积水区的水流运动。地表水文和二维水动力模型通过内部耦合移动界面(Coupling Moving Interface, CMI)实现无缝连接,保证通过CMI的水量和动量等通量守恒,提高模型的模拟精度。采用时间显式格式同时求解地表水文和水动力模型,在不同区域采用不同的计算时间步长,以提高模型的计算效率。通过典型案例验证本文构建的耦合模型的性能,结果表明本文提出的动态双向耦合模型能够在保证模拟精度的同时提高计算效率。     

冲淤面积分配模式对黄河下游一维模型计算结果的影响

冲淤面积分配模式是一维水沙数学模型中需要处理的技术问题之一,合理选择冲淤面积分配模式能够保证一维模型的计算精度。本文首先建立了用于模拟实际游荡型河流复杂断面形态下洪水演进的一维水沙耦合模型。然后以黄河下游游荡型河段为研究对象,利用下游1992年实测高含沙洪水过程资料对所建模型进行了验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好。最后采用一维模型中常用的五种冲淤面积分配模式计算了该场次高含沙洪水过程,分析了不同分配模式对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:等厚度分配模式的计算效果相对较好,按子断面流量分配与按挟沙力分配两种模式的计算精度相当。冲淤面积分配模式对流量及水位影响相对较小,而对含沙量及河道冲淤过程影响较为明显,尤其对于淤积严重的河段。     

基于二维网格边元设置河道方法的蓄滞洪区洪水演进分析

大型蓄滞洪区洪水数值模拟往往涉及众多中小河道,需要构建一二维耦合水动力学模型。针对传统一二维耦合方式建模及计算效率低的问题,本文基于二维网格边元设置河道的方法构建了一二维耦合模型;并选择海河流域大陆泽、宁晋泊蓄滞洪区为典型应用区域,对该方法进行了应用检验;同时根据构建好的模型分析了下渗对于蓄滞洪区洪水演进的影响。研究结果表明下渗会显著减小蓄滞洪区洪峰水位,缩短淹没时间,在蓄滞洪区实际调度使用中应该考虑下渗的影响;模型的成功应用表明基于边元设置河道的耦合方式可以有效地计算蓄滞洪区中小河道与地面水流的交互过程,模型具有较好的应用推广价值。     

Mathematical model for flood routing in Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake network

The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional (1-D) mathematical model for flood routing in the river network of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake using the explicit finite volume method. Based on observed data during the flood periods in 1996 and 1998, the model was calibrated and validated, and the results show that the model is effective and has high accuracy. In addition, the one-dimensional mathematical model for the river network and the horizontal two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model for the Jingjiang flood diversion area were coupled to simulate the flood process in the Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake, and the Jingjiang flood diversion area. The calculated results of the coupled model are consistent with the practical processes. Meanwhile, the results show that the flood diversion has significant effects on the decrease of the peak water level at the Shashi and Chenjiawan hydrological stations near the flood diversion gates, and the effect is more obvious in the downstream than in the upstream.     

溃口近区二维数值模拟与溃坝洪水演进耦合

基于黏土心墙砂石坝的溃决过程,以及溃坝洪水传播和运动的特性,建立黑河金盆水库大坝溃口近区二维数值模型和下游地区溃坝洪水演进耦合数学模型。使用DAMBRK法计算逐渐溃坝,并应用其结果进行后续模拟。采用Abbott-Ionescu六点隐式有限差分格式求解一维模型,采用单元中心的有限体积法求解二维模型方程。采用侧向连接方式,将黑河两岸计算水位点与二维网格单元相连,实现一、二维模型的耦合。采用所建立的二维模型对溃口近区进行计算与模拟,得到计算区域某一时刻的水深及流速分布。应用所建耦合模型对黑河金盆水库万年一遇入库洪水漫顶致溃坝洪水进行数值模拟,得到一维河道内各断面的水位和流量变化过程,以及二维计算区域内不同时刻的水深分布图、流速矢量图和淹没范围变化过程。溃口的形成过程不仅包括漫顶水流的直接作用,同时包括溃口形成过程中两侧漩涡状水流的反冲刷作用。耦合模型可以同时兼顾河道内的水流变化以及河道外计算区域内的洪水演进过程,从而减少由于计算结果偏大或偏小所带来的防洪资源浪费和防洪措施不利等不良影响。     

Influence of Time Step Synchronization on Urban Rainfall-Runoff Simulation in a Hybrid CPU/GPU 1D-2D Coupled Model

The 1D sewer - 2D surface coupled hydrodynamic model has increasingly become an essential tool for simulating and predicting the flood process and is widely used in the study of urban rainfall-runoff simulation. The current method of using the smaller time step of the sub model in the coupled model as the synchronization time greatly limits the computational efficiency, especially in the case of the large data amount or models executed in different platforms and in various types of codes. To evaluate the impact of time synchronization on the rainfall-runoff process in a coupled hydrodynamic model, a new model that couples the 2D GPU accelerated shallow water model and the 1D SWMM is applied to two urban catchments to simulate the rainfall-runoff-drainage processes, the fixed time step (5 s, 10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 180 s and 300 s) is adopted to ensure the calculation efficiency and precision of the model. The results show that the time computational efficiency can be improved by 7.27%–27.37% in different scenarios compared with the method applying 2D model time step as the synchronization time; the surface runoff process is hardly affected as the synchronization time changes; and the relative error of the drainage process is less than 2.5% when the synchronization time is less than 60 s. Therefore, the fixed synchronization time method is recommended in the 1D-2D coupled model to improve the computational efficiency for flood and inundation simulation. Based on the advantage that the fixed synchronization time is easy to realize in the programming of the model and the high efficiency of the fixed synchronization time method concluded above, this work is expected to provide a reference for model coupling applications.

     

一二维联解潮流数学模型在防洪评价中的应用

针对单纯使用一维或二维数学模型难以准确高效模拟大型涉水工程对水域影响的问题,通过利用一、二维联解潮流数学模型,在珠江口某港区码头工程附近使用二维模型,对该区域流场和流速变化范围进行模拟,其余水域采用一维模型模拟。结果表明,工程对珠江东四口门及工程周边水域水位、流速、河道潮量及分流比、潮排、潮灌、排涝等影响不大。结论认为,一、二维数学模型联解计算可以用于大型工程,尤其是海域内大型工程的防洪评价计算,并能够得出较为可靠的计算结果。     

Three-dimensional modeling of thermal stratification of a deep and dendritic reservoir using ELCOM model

The fate and transport of contaminants induced into a deep and stratified reservoir after flood events are largely governed by the thermal structure of the reservoir. For last two decades, diverse three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and water quality models have been developed and applied for supporting reservoir water quality management, but validation of the models to simulate stratification processes in deep and dendritic reservoirs in monsoon climate region is rare. The study was aimed to evaluate the performance of a 3D hydrodynamic model, ELCOM, in a deep and dendritic reservoir located in Geum River of Korea for simulating heat fluxes and stratification processes. The model was applied to two different hydrological years; dry (2008) and normal (2009), and validated against extensive field data. The model showed satisfactory performance in simulating the water temperature profiles within the acceptable errors at all monitoring stations. The turbid density flows induced by flood events incurred a significant modification of the structure of thermal stratification, and which was well replicated by the model. In addition, the model reasonably captured the instant surface vertical mixings that observed during flood and strong wind events. The net heat flux across the free surface was positive (gain heat) from April to September, which resulted in the development of thermal stratification in the reservoir.     

Kayak drifter surface velocity observation for 2D hydraulic model validation

Advances in remote sensing, informatics, software, and microprocessors enable meter‐resolution two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models that produce nearly a census of ecohydraulic conditions over long river segments with 10⁵ to 10⁸ computational elements. It is difficult to test statistical and spatial model performance at such scope using fixed‐point velocity measurements, because field methods are so expensive, laborious, slow, and restricted by safety factors. This study evaluated low‐cost water surface particle tracking by kayak with real‐time kinematic GPS for 2D model validation using 7.2 km of the lower Yuba River in California. Observed flows were between 15 to 140 m³/s, which were in‐channel up to and including bankfull conditions. The coefficients of determination between 5,780 observations and 2D model predictions were 0.79 and 0.80 for velocity magnitude and direction, respectively. When surface speed was downscaled and compared to modelled depth‐averaged velocity, median unsigned difference was 15.5%. Standard hydrological model performance metrics affirmed satisfactory validation. Surface tracking provided the novel benefit of enabling validation of velocity direction, and that testing found satisfactory performance using all metrics. Having 10 to 1,000 times more data enables robust statistical testing and spatial analysis of both speed and direction, which outweighs the loss of depth‐averaged data. Both fixed‐point and kayak particle tracking methods are useful tools to help evaluate 2D model performance.     

Multi-objective Evaluation of Urban Drainage Networks Using a 1D/2D Flood Inundation Model

The present paper describes a framework for the evaluation of a drainage system’s capacity in order to get a better understanding of the interactions between three rehabilitation measures: the Upgrading of Pipes (UP), Distributed Storage (DS) and the combination of both (UP+DS). It is posed as a multi-objective optimisation problem with the aim of minimising rehabilitation costs and flood damage. The approach of Expected Annual Damage Cost (EADC) was also introduced as the probabilistic cost caused by floods for a number of probable flood events (i.e. the accumulation of damage during a timeframe). The study combines computational tools such as a 1D/2D flood inundation model and an optimisation engine in the loop to compute potential damages for different rainfall events and to optimise combinations of rehabilitation measures. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on a real-life case study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The optimal solutions confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed approach where both rehabilitation and damage costs are reduced by the optimal implementation of the UP and DS measures. In addition, the results of the proposed EADC approach indicate a damage cost reduction of at least 56% by implementing UP and of 27% by implementing DS, and both measures have lower rehabilitation costs. The proposed approach can be found appealing to water/wastewater utilities who are often challenged to achieve optimal design and rehabilitation of urban drainage systems.     

A coupled 1-D and 2-D channel network mathematical model used for flow calculations in the middle reaches of the yangtze river

A coupled one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) channel network mathematical model is proposed for flow calculations at nodes in a channel network system in this article.For the 1-D model, the finite difference method is used to discretize the Saint-Venant equations in all channels of a looped network.The Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method is adopted for the 2-D model at the nodes.In the coupled model, the 1-D model provides a good approximation with small computational effort, while the 2-D model is applied for complex topography to achieve a high accuracy.An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method is used for the data exchange and the connectivity between the 1-D and 2-D models.The coupled model is applied to the Jingjiang-Dongting Lake region, to simulate the tremendous looped channel network system, and the results are compared with field data.The good agreement shows that the coupled hydraulic model is more effective than the conventional 1-D model.     

实时动态耦合模型及其在洪水风险图中的应用

将水力学的一维模型和二维模型实时动态耦合,可以解决溃堤、漫堤等洪水演进问题. 但传统的一维和 二维洪水演进模型通常是独立的模块,且模拟计算所花时间较长,结果也不够准确. 把独立的一维和二维模型 通过时间同步和空间耦合节点的对应关系,建立了一、二维实时动态耦合模型. 利用干水深和湿水深理论,改进 了传统的洪水演进模型. 采用该模型模拟了谷堆圩蓄滞洪区的溃堤洪水演进情况,通过历史洪水对模型进行了 验证,基于模拟结果绘制了规范的洪水风险图. 结果表明:一、二维水动力实时动态耦合模型在模拟溃堤洪水 时,模拟计算结果较传统的方法更为合理,且花费时间更少.     

复杂河网地区气候-水文-水动力耦合模型模拟

以淮河流域中下游结合部的洪泽湖周边滞洪区为研究对象,基于紧耦合技术,将一维和二维水动力模型进行耦合,基于松耦合技术,将气候模型与水文模型、水文模型与水动力模型进行耦合,实现了流域、河网、蓄滞洪区和湖泊复杂系统气候-水文-水动力单向耦合,并对气候变化影响下的复杂河网地区水流演进进行了模拟。结果表明:构建的气候-水文-水动力耦合模型对洪泽湖周边滞洪区洪水演进具有较好的模拟能力和适应性;气候变化导致未来淮河流域洪水量级增加,加大了洪泽湖周边滞洪区的洪水风险。     

基于一维和二维耦合数学模型的南澧河洪水风险分析

洪水风险图可以综合直观反映某一区域洪灾发生时的淹没特征信息、区域的地理特征信息和社会经济,其已成为洪水风险管理的重要科学依据。为加强南澧河区域的安全建设规划,利用MIKE软件建立了南澧河河道及两岸保护区的一维和二维耦合水动力学模型,采用海河流域“96·8”历史洪水资料进行了模型的验证。利用该模型模拟了南澧河发生100 a一遇的洪水演进过程。通过对比验证,此模型可以作为南澧河洪水风险分析的依据,为南澧河周边的安全建设提供重要依据。