浊漳河三典型支流的水质对比研究

基于对浊漳河水系三典型支流2008年逐月进行水质监测分析,通过时空变异两个角度对这3条支流的水质进行了对比研究.结果表明:①以农业非点源污染为主的河谷平川河流水质最好;以农业非点源污染为主的高山峡谷河流,由于受到农业活动的影响,水质相对较差;受工业废水和城市生活污水污染的支流河流水质最差,有机物和氮磷指标严重超标.②3条支流中4个化学指标(NH4+-N、TN、TP、CODMn)在不同水域、不同季节具有明显差异.以农业非点源污染为主的河流氮营养盐浓度在丰水期较高,在枯水期较低,TP浓度和CODMn浓度在各个雨期之间变化不大,且相对稳定;以点源污染严重的河流氮营养盐浓度在枯水期最高,在丰水期最低,个别断面TP和CODMn污染表现突出.     

暴雨对梁子湖水动力和水质的影响研究

为了分析在暴雨条件下,流域面源污染对梁子湖水质的影响,采用分布式流域面源污染模型,结合湖泊二维水动力水质模型,以暴雨产生的面源径流和污染负荷作为水动力水质模型的边界条件,构建了包含暴雨径流-面源模型与二维水动力水质模型的梁子湖水质模型体系。采用梁子湖水质的实测资料对模型进行了验证,其结果为面源模型的误差在15%以内,水质模型误差在20%以内,表明模型能模拟暴雨条件下面源径流和入湖污染物输入时湖泊水动力及水质的动态响应关系。以2010年7月11日暴雨过程为例,利用所建模型对暴雨前后梁子湖水质变化进行分析。模拟结果表明,水质受暴雨及污染物的冲击影响较大。     

松花江区水资源质量评价综述

基于全国第二次水资源调查评价成果,对松花江区地表水资源质量现状进行综合概述。松花江区的地表水体污染严重,以有机污染为主,主要污染指标是CODMn;综合评价水质劣于Ⅲ类的河长占总河长的62.7%;湖泊、水库基本处于中富营养和富营养状态,水质多为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类。汛期污染重于非汛期,面污染源影响大于点污染源;有机污染主要来自农村和田野,城市工业和生活污水也是重要的污染源。     

Effect of hydrological and geophysical factors on formation of standing water and FIB reservoirs at a Lake Michigan beach

Water quality impairment of Great Lakes beaches is caused by fecal pollution from point and nonpoint sources. Erosion due to wind or wave action, invasive vegetation and chronically wet, flooded or standing water are conditions that can magnify water quality problems at beaches. We investigated the hydrological and geophysical characteristics of the Bradford Beach on Lake Michigan (Milwaukee, WI) and the linkage between standing water and persistent contamination by fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Our study showed that there is a positive correlation between high concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in sand and high moisture content caused by standing water. The main factor associated with the formation of standing water was rainfall. There were also notable differences in standing water and/or wet sand conditions in the northern and southern parts of the beach. These differences could be accounted for by differences in ground water elevations and beach erosion and accretion patterns. Other important physical features of the beach were the presence of rain gardens and mean grain diameter (d₅₀). Rain gardens above the beach face that capture runoff contributed to transient increases in the water table, facilitating standing water formation. Standing water, stormwater runoff infiltrating through the sand and into groundwater as well as wave run up that delivered contaminated surface water to the back beach area were of health concern following heavy rainfall events. The outcomes of this study will likely be useful to beach managers investigating mechanisms/sources of fecal indicator bacteria loading and potential mitigative approaches.     

蘑菇湖水库水环境现状及保护对策

对蘑菇湖水库主要污染源和水库水质现状进行调查评价,分析表明蘑菇湖水库污染严重,已失去养殖功能。为减少水库纳污量,控制水体进一步受到污染,提出治理措施和建议:石河子造纸厂是水库的主要点污染源,应修建氧化塘,废水处理后,达标排放;石河子市尽快建立污水处理场,对排污管网的污水进行处理,达到污水一级排放标准后,合理调度,减少水库纳污量。     

长江马鞍山段内河水质二维预测计算模型

长江马鞍山段是马鞍山市最重要的水源,而又汇集全市工业废水和生活污水排放,因此建立适合此江段水域的水质评价和预测模型,预报排污对水质的影响就比较重要。本文通过建立适合长江马鞍山段内河水域的二维模拟预测模型,预报排污对水质的影响范围和程度,考察各排口污染物NH_3-N、TP、F~-在本江段的浓度分布。结果表明:姑溪河的影响较明显,但各污染物混合带宽度不超过100m,污染带对下游影响仅有2 000 m范围,水质基本上能达到Ⅱ类水质要求;通过编制二维模拟预测模型计算软件,可应用于污染控制措施、突发污染事件的预测防范以及沿江产业结构、布局调整等。     

基于生态文明视角的典型干旱区流域水资源污染损失测算研究——以新疆区域为例

为促进新疆社会经济与水资源环境协调发展,对水资源污染损失进行经济核算,从而为政府制定区域经济发展规划及重大项目的实施提供科学决策依据。研究方法采用模糊综合评价法,选择7个社会经济活动较为频繁的典型流域,结合调查的不同流域5类水质标准数据进行具体评价。评价结果表明,2015年新疆水资源污染经济损失为175.79亿元,占当年新疆GDP总量的1.89%,相对于全国各省(自治区)水污染经济损失情况处于中等偏下水平。调查的7个流域普遍存在水资源污染情况,形成水资源污染的主观原因包括城市排污、农业排污、生活排污等,客观原因为水污染处理能力不足。亟需从产业结构调整、非点源污染治理及加强水污染处理能力等方面进行流域水资源污染综合治理。     

Assessment of surface water quality via multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Songhua River Harbin region,China

Multivariate statistical approaches, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), were used to evaluate temporal/spatial variations in water quality and identify latent sources of water pollution in the Songhua River Harbin region. The dataset included data on 15 parameters for six different sites in the region over a five-year monitoring period (2005–2009). Hierarchical CA grouped the six monitored sites into three clusters based on their similarities, corresponding to regions of low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP) and high pollution (HP). PCA/FA of the three different groups resulted in five latent factors accounting for 70.08%, 67.54% and 76.99% of the total variance in the water quality datasets of LP, MP and HP, respectively. This indicates that the parameters responsible for water quality variation are primarily related to organic pollution and nutrients (non-point sources: animal husbandry and agricultural activities), temperature (natural), heavy metal and toxic pollution (point sources: industry) in relatively LP areas; oxygen-consuming organic pollution (point sources: industry and domestic wastewater), temperature (natural), heavy metal and petrochemical pollution (point source: industry), nutrients (non-point sources: agricultural activities, organic decomposition and geologic deposits) in MP areas; and heavy metal, oil and petrochemical pollution (point source: industry), oxygen-consuming organic pollution (point source: domestic sewage and wastewater treatment plants), nutrients (non-point sources: agricultural activities, runoff in soils) in HP areas of the Harbin region. Therefore, the identification of the main potential environmental hazards in different regions by this study will help managers make better and more informed decisions about how to improve water quality.     

Hydrochemical evaluation of surface water quality and pollution source apportionment in the Luan River basin, China

In the context of rapid economic growth in China, hydrochemical characteristics of stream water quality are being influenced by a variety of natural and anthropogenic inputs. We determined 10 hydrochemical parameters of the surface water at 29 monitoring sites in the Luan River basin of northern China during 2007-2009. Water quality hydrochemistry was evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive analysis based on the National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards of China. Our results showed that 14 sites were classified as 'meeting standard (MS)' while the other 15 sites were classified 'non-meeting standard (NS)'. According to principal component analysis, four potential pollution sources were identified that explained 80.6% of the total variance among these MS sites, and three potential pollution sources that explained 78.3% of the total variance among these NS sites. Furthermore, multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component scores was used to estimate contributions from identified pollution sources. Most water pollution variables were influenced primarily by municipal sewage and non-point pollution in MS sites. In NS sites, chemical industry wastewater pollution dominated. Pollution in the main stream was more serious than that in the small tributaries. Our findings provide useful information for developing better pollution control strategies for the Luan River.     

镇江金山湖水体污染源解析

分析了2012年金山湖各监测段的水质情况,并对金山湖水体污染源进行解析。结果表明,运粮河入流水质较差,金山湖TN值超标;降雨地表径流是金山湖的第一大污染源,并且城镇地表径流所产生的污染物的负荷及浓度要远高于农田地表径流;由于截污工程的实施,工业生产废水与城镇生活污水对污染的贡献率较低。     

Management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China: current status and challenges.

Water quality in China shows an overall trend of deterioration in recent years. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and rural regions is the leading source of water pollution. The agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are mainly from fertilization of cropland, excessive livestock and poultry breeding and undefined disposal of daily living wastes in rural areas. Agricultural nonpoint sources contribute the main source of pollution to most watersheds in China, but they are ignored in management strategy and policy. Due to the lack of full understanding of water pollution control and management and the lack of perfect water quality standard systems and practical legislative regulations, agricultural nonpoint source pollution will become one of the biggest challenges to the sustainable development of rural areas and to society as a whole. The system for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control in China should include an appropriate legislation and policy framework, financing mechanisms, monitoring system, and technical guidelines and standards. The management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires multidisciplinary approaches that will involve a range of government departments, institutions and the public.     

长江南京段六大饮用水水源地水质变化及原因

对长江南京段六大水厂饮用水水源地的水质变化趋势进行评价,并对水质较差的饮用水水源地的污染原因进行分析。结果表明:①上元门水厂取水口所属水功能区水质最差,其次是远古水业、浦口水厂的水源地水质。长江南京大厂工业、渔业用水区(左岸),长江南京浦口饮用、渔业用水区(左岸),长江南京上元门燕子矶饮用水水源、渔业用水区(右岸)这3处水源地2008年以来水质较往年明显降低。②造成饮用水水源地水质恶化的污染源主要包括排涝泵站、工业企业排污和污水处理厂不达标排污。③总磷是六大水厂饮用水水源地主要污染因子之一,其对饮用水水源地的水质影响权重越来越大。     

鄂西山区农村生活污水处理及排放状况调查研究

以鄂西山区某饮用水源水库周边农村福善场村为例,通过现场调查分析和水质检测对鄂西山区农村生活污水处理及排放状况进行了调查研究。结果表明：鄂西山区农村生活污水主要通过集中微动力污水处理站、三户联排小型微动力污水处理设施和三格式化粪池3种方式处理后排入地表沟渠、堰塘或下渗至地下;经3种污水处理方式处理后的出水水质均未达到农村生活污水排放水质要求,对邻近饮用水源水库水质具有一定影响;农村微动力污水处理设施存在运行成本高、运维程序复杂、疏于管理、有效运行时间短等问题,致使其难以达到相应的污水处理效果;根据当地农村地势及生活污水排放特点研究新型农村生活污水处理方式是保障鄂西山区农村水环境安全与质量的当务之急。     

阳宗海流域冬季典型农村污水污染特征及水质评价

为揭示阳宗海流域不同类型农村污水各污染指标的影响因素和分布特征,选取云南省的海晏村(传统型)和大营村(集镇型)的污水进行水样采集,通过方差分析研究其不同污染指标的浓度变化以及不同类型农村污水水质的差异性,并运用主成分分析法对污水进行水质评价。结果表明:阳宗海流域海晏村污水中的TN、COD均明显超过了城镇污水处理厂污染物排放二级标准,大营村的TP、TN、COD均明显超过了二级标准;pH值与氧化还原电位都是农村污水中污染物浓度的重要影响因子;两村的水质具有显著的差异性;传统型农村的水质比集镇型农村的要好,说明对阳宗海流域造成污染风险更大的是集镇型农村污水。     

Reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for fertilization and irrigation

The objective of the present work was to assess the short-term potential of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation. A field experiment was performed and the following treatments were considered: sewage sludge application + irrigation with public water; sewage sludge application + irrigation with treated wastewater; irrigation with public water; irrigation with treated wastewater (TW). Irrigation with treated wastewater showed a positive effect on lawn installation through higher growth of grass (1,667 cm) and higher dry matter yield (18,147 g m(-2)). These results represent a significant increase in the grass yield compared with public water irrigation. The grass height (2,606 cm) and dry matter yield (23,177 g m(-2)) increased even more, when sewage sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was applied to soil, which proves once more its benefits as an organic fertilizer. At the end of the experiment, an increase of some soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and NH4+) was observed, indicating that treated wastewater irrigation can cause a soil sodization. This short-term study indicated that use of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation is an environmentally sustainable option for re-use of the WWTP by-products.     

Microbial source tracking to identify fecal sources contaminating the Toronto Harbour and Don River watershed in wet and dry weather

Identification of sources of fecal pollution in urban areas is critical for protecting public health, the environment, and guiding remediation. We collected 670 water samples at 46 sites in 2018 to study fecal pollution in the Toronto Harbour and Don River watershed. Water samples were analyzed for E. coli, wastewater chemicals, and microbial source tracking DNA markers using a digital PCR technique. Microbial DNA markers were useful for interpreting the sources of elevated E. coli concentrations in the study. The HF183 marker for human sewage was the most frequently detected DNA marker, occurring in 100% of samples taken from the Don River and associated outfalls. It was also frequently detected in the Inner Harbour and outfalls along the Toronto harbour front. It was detected less frequently and at lower levels in the outer harbour. Detection of a human mitochondrial DNA marker and wastewater chemical markers such as caffeine provided additional evidence of widespread sewage contamination. The gull DNA marker was widely detected, but at lower frequencies and levels than human source DNA markers. A wet weather response of increased E. coli and human DNA marker concentrations occurred at most sites. However, human DNA markers were also widely detected on dry weather sampling days, indicating sewage cross-connections in stormwater and dry weather CSO systems. The cumulative impact of cross-connected stormwater outfalls is likely an under-recognized source of sewage contamination. E. coli and HF183 DNA marker levels observed can serve as benchmarks for evaluating future water quality improvements from wastewater infrastructure investments.     

三峡库区香溪河回水区营养状态变化特征与驱动因子

基于2015—2016年香溪河回水区域主要水质参数和营养状态的周年监测数据,分析并探讨三峡库区香溪河库湾回水区营养状态的季节性变化特征及潜在污染来源。结果表明:(1)香溪河回水区TN、TP污染十分严重,在调查时段内,各月份香溪河库湾水体的TN、TP质量浓度均远高于限制值,易发生水体富营养化;(2)香溪河回水区水体营养程度较高,所有月份均达到中营养以上水平,并在2015年8月达到富营养状态。水体营养状态从低到高季节顺序为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季。TN质量浓度是影响香溪河回水区水体富营养化程度最重要的指标;(3)香溪河回水区TN主要来自农业面源污染和城镇生活污水排入,流域上游的磷矿资源开采产生的工业废水以及库湾沿岸的点源污染是水体中CODMn与TP污染负荷的主要来源。水体中Chl-a质量浓度受TN、TP等营养盐的限制较弱,SD受浮游藻类和悬浮物的共同影响。     

邕江南宁市区段水质时空变化规律分析

应用季节性肯达尔检验方法及概率法对邕江三个水质监测站的系列监测资料进行水质时空趋势分析,得出:①邕江水质为有机污染型并呈逐年下降趋势;②上游的南宁站水质优于下游的豹子头、蒲庙两站,为Ⅱ~Ⅲ类水;③豹子头、蒲庙由于受上游南宁市区5大排污口影响,水质较劣,分别为Ⅴ、Ⅳ类。对排污口形成的污染带水质状况进行分析,提出了邕江水资源保护措施。     

GIS-Aided Modeling of Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts on Surface and Ground Waters

An application of GIS-aided modeling is done at an area in South Florida. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is interfaced with a nonpoint source pollution model to facilitate data storage, management and display; derivation of model input parameters; and effective presentation of results. parameters, and to visually present results in maps. Results for current conditions and practices show that sediments, nutrients and pesticides are present in surface runoff and ground water. Two alternatives to minimize pollution levels are evaluated, i.e., reduction of fertilizer application to the minimum required for effective agricultural growth and replacement of fertilizers with sewage sludge. In addition, the impact of urbanization of the agricultural area to the pollutant levels is tested. Both alternatives and the urbanization result in overall reduction of pollution.     

邯郸市滏阳河纳污能力及模型参数影响分析

分析邯郸市滏阳河水质及入河排污口排污现状,根据各计算单元用水现状和水质目标,利用一维水质模型计算水体COD和NH3-N纳污能力。对污染源概化、设计流量、流速、污染物综合衰减系数等设计条件对计算结果的影响进行分析。结果表明,受上游水库控制,滏阳河枯水期纳污能力高于汛期,现状入河排污量大于纳污能力,需要对现状入河污染物总量进行削减。