Crystal orientation of non-magnetic materials by imposition of a high magnetic field

From the view point of learning from the nature, the controlling of crystal orientation is accounted to be a major subject for materials processing. This paper reviews the researches on the crystal orientation by use of a high magnetic field and belongs to the category of researches for mimicking structures, namely the crystal orientation, which nature or living bodies are forming. Regarding to the crystal orientation, several methods such as unidirectional solidification and epitaxial growth and so on have been developed hitherto. On the other hand the magnetization force that is familiar with the force to attract iron to a magnet, has been recognized to be effective even in non-magnetic materials when those are placed under a high magnetic field, which has become rather conveniently available by developing super-conducting technologies in these days. In this paper, main results obtained when the imposition of a high magnetic field was accompanied to several materials processing such as electrodeposition, vaperdeposition, solidification, baking, slip-casting and precipitation, are reviewed from the view point of crystal orientation of non-magnetic materials.     

Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The backgroundto promote EPMis described. The present state of EPMis given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magneticfield. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As otherexamples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.     

Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The background to promote EPM is described. The present state of EPM is given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magnetic field. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As other examples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.     

静磁场在材料生产过程中的应用研究评述

在材料电磁过程研究中，静磁场尤其是强磁场材料科学是当今世界的研究热点。本文从静磁场作用下生成的洛仑兹力和磁化力两个角度系统地归纳总结了静磁场技术在材料生产领域的应用原理和实践。对静磁场下的洛仑兹力，主要介绍了流体流动、波动和对流控制、电磁振动及电磁超声波等方面的研究现状；对强磁场下的磁化力，主要介绍了其在相变、结晶配向、磁悬浮、磁对流等方面的研究进展。最后对强磁场材料科学的研究趋势和发展前景做了展望。     

Direct Generation of Internse Compression Waves in Molten Metals by Using a High Static Magnetic Field and Their Application

Compression waves propagating through molten metals are contributed to degassing accelerating reaction rate,removing exclusions from molten metals and refining solidifcation structures during metallurgical processing of materials,In the present study ,two electromagnetic methods are proposed to generate intense compression waves directly in liquid metals.One is the simultaneous imposition of a high frequency electrical current filed and a static magnetic field ;the other is that of a high frequency magnetic field and a static magnetic field ,A mathematical model based on compressible fluid dynamics and electromagnetic fileds theory has been developed to derive pressure distri-butions of the generated waves in a metal.It shows that the intensity of compression waves is proportional to that of the high frequency electromagnetic force,And the frequency is the same as that of the imposed electromagnetic force,On the basis of theoretical analyses ,pressure change in liquid gallium was examined by a pressure transducer under various conditions.The observed results approximately agreed with the predictions derived from the theoretical analyses and calculations.Moreover,the effect of the generated waves on improvement of solidification structures was also examined .It shows that the generated compression waves can refine solidification structures when they were applied to solidification process of Sn-Pb alloy ,This study indicates a new method to generate compression waves by imposing high frequency electromagnetic force locally on molten metals and this kind of compression waves can probably overcome the difficulties when waves are excited by mechanical vibration in high temperature environments.     

Direct Generation of Intense Compression Waves in Molten Metals by Using a High Static Magnetic Field and Their Application

Compression waves propagating through molten metals are contributed to degassing, accelerating reaction rate,removing exclusions from molten metals and refining solidification structures during metallurgical processing of materials. In the present study, two electromagnetic methods are proposed to generate intense compression wavesdirectly in liquid metals. One is the simultaneous imposition of a high frequency electrical current field and a staticmagnetic field; the other is that of a high frequency magnetic field and a static magnetic field. A mathematical modelbased on compressible fluid dynamics and electromagnetic fields theory has been developed to derive pressure distributions of the generated waves in a metal. It shows that the intensity of compression waves is proportional to thatof the high frequency electromagnetic force. And the frequency is the same as that of the imposed electromagneticforce. On the basis of theoretical analyses, pressure change in liquid gallium was examined by a pressure     

金属熔体的电磁成形与凝固

材料的电磁加工是当今材料加工技术领域研究和发展的一个重点。本文简述作为材料电磁加工技术理论基础的电磁流体力学的基本内容，给出电磁场各种的基本原理，着重阐述电磁力和焦耳热在金属熔体电磁成形与凝固过程中的应用。     

静磁场对定向凝固镍基高温合金组织影响的研究进展

综述了国内外静磁场对镍基高温合金组织影响的研究现状,重点分析了施加不同方式、强度的静磁场对定向凝固镍基高温合金枝晶组织、元素偏析、凝固缺陷及高温力学性能的影响规律,并从变截面处杂晶的控制、晶体取向偏离的控制以及对凝固特性的影响机制等方面提出了静磁场在定向凝固镍基高温合金研究中潜在的发展方向。     

Magnetically controlled microstructure evolution in non-ferromagnetic metals

The microstructure evolution during grain growth in magnetically anisotropic materials can be affected by a magnetic field due to an additional driving force for grain boundary motion which arises from a difference in magnetic free energy density between differently oriented grains. Therefore each grain of a polycrystal, exposed to a magnetic field, is inclined to grow or to shrink by a magnetic force depending on the orientation of the respective grain and its surrounding neighbors with regard to the field direction. A theoretical analysis of the grain growth kinetics in the presence of an external magnetic field reveals that magnetically affected grain growth may result in an orientation distribution that favours grains with a lower magnetic free energy density. As it is experimentally demonstrated on polycrystalline zinc, titanium and zirconium, the crystallographic texture in magnetically anisotropic non-magnetic materials can be effectively changed and controlled by means of annealing in a magnetic field. EBSD-analysis revealed that the observed asymmetrical texture after magnetic annealing is due to a large extent to a significant difference in the number of grains that make up different texture components. The results of computer simulations of magnetically affected grain growth in 2-D polycrystals are in a good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental findings.     

Nanostructured electronic and magnetic materials

Research and development in nanostructured materials is one of the most intensely studied areas in science. As a result of concerted R & D efforts, nanostructured electronic and magnetic materials have achieved commercial success. Specific examples of novel industrially important nanostructured electronic and magnetic materials are provided. Advantages of nanocrystalline magnetic materials in the context of both materials and devices are discussed. Several high technology examples of the use of nanostructured magnetic materials are presented. Methods of processing nanostructured materials are described and the examples of sol gel, rapid solidification and powder injection moulding as potential processing methods for making nanostructured materials are outlined. Some opportunities and challenges are discussed.     

循环流速对磁化铜电解过程的影响

用磁场的协同作用改善Cu²⁺的扩散性能和强化铜电解的自净化过程，使阴极铜的质量提高。从离子磁性和离子水合作用的角度，进行不同流速下强磁场磁化铜电解液的实验，研究了洛伦兹力和磁场梯度力对Cu²⁺扩散性能、杂质离子浓度和阴极铜表观质量的影响，分析了垂直取向磁场和水平取向磁场强化铜电解的机理。结果表明：磁场能强化对流、减弱氢键缔合程度、降低离子水合作用、提高体系能量、促进Cu²⁺扩散性能和砷锑铋等杂质离子的沉降速度，从而提高电解液的清晰度和增强阴极铜表观质量；但是，磁场增加微气泡和溶解氧量并随着循环流速的提高而增大，使电解液表面张力增大而导致磁场的协同作用失效。在磁化铜电解过程中，存在一个提高阴极铜质量的最佳循环流速。     

聚丙烯腈原丝在强磁场条件下的微观结构分析

聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝微观结构中存在的缺陷极大会影响炭纤维的强度。采用0T、8T、12T、16T的强磁场对原丝进行处理,研究了磁场对原丝的结晶取向度、总取向度、结晶尺寸、结晶度等微观结构的影响。结果表明,磁场对纤维的晶区和非晶区都有取向作用,其取向度都随磁场强度的增大和磁场作用时间的延长而增加。磁场还能促使非晶区向晶区转变,使结晶尺寸、结晶度和密度均得到提高。     

材料电磁加工的现状与未来展望

综述了材料电磁加工的研究现状和未来的发展动向。由于在熔化、精炼、铸造、轧制等连续铸造过程中应用了电磁场,连铸坯的表面质量和凝固组织得到改善。在电镀、金属腐蚀、金属凝固等过程中施加强磁场,改变了溶质的质量传输,提高了产品质量。     

强磁场下Cu-50%Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织及固液界面形貌演变

目的 研究强磁场下Cu-50%(质量分数)Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织演变、固液界面形貌变化及溶质迁移行为,分析强磁场对金属凝固过程的作用机制,为强磁场下的金属材料制备提供理论借鉴和指导。方法 在不同的凝固速率与磁场条件下进行定向凝固和淬火实验,对合金的定向凝固组织、糊状区与固液界面形貌以及溶质分布行为进行考察。结果 强磁场破坏了凝固组织的定向生长,使凝固组织转变为枝晶与等轴晶共存的形貌;强磁场诱发了熔体对流,减少了糊状区中溶质的含量;强磁场改变了固液界面处的溶质分布和固液界面形貌,破坏了固液界面的稳定性。结论 强磁场通过洛伦兹力和热电磁力的共同作用,诱发了糊状区内液相的纵向环流,改变了固液界面及糊状区中的组织形貌与元素分布。     

Processing of non-ferromagnetic materials in strong static magnetic field

Static magnetic field processing of non-ferromagnetic materials has been of broad interest and been applied in such fields as drug delivery, colloid chemistry and engineering of materials containing particles. A ‘strong’ magnetic field refers to a ‘strong’ response from the manipulated material and can vary in definitions. The response is corresponding to a local interaction between the material and the local magnetic field, being influenced by the magnetic susceptibilities of the material and the surrounding/coated medium. By carefully designing the medium, a significantly ‘strong’ response from a weakly magnetic material can even be generated by a traditional magnet, i.e. magnetic flux density ∼0.01 T. Therefore, the ability to manipulate materials by using a magnetic field depends critically on the understanding of the principles of the magnetic properties of materials and their magnetic responses. This paper provides a critical discussion on the principles including magnetic field effect thermodynamics, magnetic energy, magnetic anisotropy and different magnetic forces during ’strong’ magnetic field processing of weakly magnetic materials (focusing on metallic materials). A series of case studies and the related magnetic field effect are subsequently integrated and discussed. Overall this review aims to provide a better understanding and efficient overview on the phenomenon principles in the field of magnetic field processing.     

快速凝固高强高导铜合金的研究现状及展望

本文综述了快速凝固高强度高导电率铜合金的研究现状 ,并对将来的发展趋势作了展望。指出 ,快速凝固铜合金的凝固过程对合金的最终显微组织结构起重要作用 ,因而 ,对其进行深入细致的研究具有重要意义。     

Advances in nature-guided materials processing

The center of excellence (COE) titled ‘The Creation of Nature-Guided Materials Processing’ has been established in Nagoya University as the 21st Century COE Program supported by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. In the Nature COE, various activities on the education and research are being performed through learning the laws of nature, namely, methods of attaining ‘appearance of the maximum function under the minimum substance and energy consumption’, which the nature and living organisms have acquired through their evolution in long period. Together with such educational programs for PhD students as research incentive, oversea training, and external evaluation programs, an ‘Open-Cluster Program’ was originated for promoting researches proposed by research groups consisting of young researchers in and out of the university and also for fostering them.

The researches are being advanced on materials used for living bodies, mimicking structures which nature or living bodies are forming, and producing materials by mimicking processes to form the structures observed in the nature or the living bodies. In this COE, these researches are conducted by four groups to extend the processes observed in the natural world to a new type of processing, that is, thoroughly examined and rationalized by plunging a scalpel of engineering and to establish a new academic field of materials science and engineering.     

高温合金定向凝固技术研究进展

首先回顾了定向凝固的发展历史,重点分析了液态金属冷却定向凝固的技术特点。总结了高温度梯度下制备的定向凝固法单晶高温合金在组织和性能方面的研究现状,结合作者在本领域的研究,着重分析了定向凝固温度梯度、凝固速率、晶体取向、熔体超温处理、熔体对流控制对组织和性能的作用规律和机制,认为高温度梯度定向凝固是细化组织、减少缺陷、提高合金性能的重要途径。最后展望了高温合金定向凝固的发展趋势。     

材料的成形加工与凝固技术

从对材料成形加工技术进步的分析入手,论述了凝固技术在材料先进成形加工技术中的应用及其重要性。结合对几种凝固新技术的实例的分析指出,不论是传统材料加工过程"控形-控性（控制组织）-控制成本-控制污染"一体化新技术,还是作为新材料研制手段,凝固技术的重要性均是非常突出的。进而分析了近年来受到广泛重视的凝固过程研究的新课题及其由此可能带来的技术进步。