机械活化对木薯淀粉醋酸酯化反应的强化作用

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以不同活化时间的木薯淀粉为原料,以醋酸酐为酯化试剂、甲磺酸为催化剂制备淀粉醋酸酯,并以取代度为评价指标,分别研究了机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量及醋酸酐用量对木薯淀粉醋酸酯化反应的影响. 结果表明,机械活化对木薯淀粉酯化反应有显著的强化作用,活化时间越长,取代度越高. 主要原因是机械活化使木薯淀粉紧密的颗粒表面和结晶结构受到破坏,降低了结晶度,酯化试剂更容易渗透到颗粒内部使淀粉醋酸酯化. 其他因素对淀粉酯化反应的影响规律受活化时间的制约,活化时间越长,酯化反应对反应温度、催化剂及醋酸酐浓度的依赖性越低. 并利用红外光谱对木薯淀粉、活化淀粉及高取代度淀粉醋酸酯的结构进行了表征.     

机械活化对木薯淀粉糊透明度的影响

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,分别研究了机械活化对木薯淀粉糊透明度的影响和淀粉糊储藏过程中机械活化时间与淀粉糊浓度对其透明度的影响. 并通过X射线衍射研究了机械活化对木薯淀粉结晶结构的影响. 结果表明,机械活化作用时间越长,淀粉糊透明度越高. 这是由于机械活化使木薯淀粉颗粒结晶结构受到破坏,结晶程度降低,最终由多晶态转变成非晶态. 淀粉糊储藏过程(储藏温度4℃)中发生老化是引起透明度变化的主要因素. 机械活化时间为2 h的样品易老化,淀粉糊透明度迅速下降,而机械活化时间达3 h后木薯淀粉则过度降解,淀粉糊透明度下降变慢. 同时还发现,机械活化淀粉糊储藏过程其透明度的变化与糊浓度密切相关,当浓度在10 g/L左右时,机械活化淀粉糊不易老化,而浓度提高到50 g/L后,则老化加速,淀粉糊透明度迅速下降.     

超临界CO2处理对木薯淀粉结构和性质的影响

采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术在不同条件下处理木薯淀粉,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、布拉班德(Brabender)黏度仪等分析手段,考察超临界处理对木薯淀粉颗粒形貌、膨胀度、结晶结构以及淀粉糊黏度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性等的影响。结果表明,随超临界压力、温度、处理时间的变化,样品颗粒外貌无明显改变,但膨胀度降低,结晶度增大;淀粉糊的凝抗性增强,淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性却降低;Brabender黏度分析显示经超临界处理后的淀粉样品糊化温度小幅度升高,糊峰值黏度降低、热稳定性变化不明显。以上结果说明:木薯淀粉经超临界CO₂处理,存在淀粉分子部分降解,直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例增大等现象,从而导致淀粉的微观结构及凝胶特性等发生改变。     

超临界CO_2处理对木薯淀粉结构和性质的影响

采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术在不同条件下处理木薯淀粉,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、布拉班德(Brabender)黏度仪等分析手段,考察超临界处理对木薯淀粉颗粒形貌、膨胀度、结晶结构以及淀粉糊黏度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性等的影响。结果表明,随超临界压力、温度、处理时间的变化,样品颗粒外貌无明显改变,但膨胀度降低,结晶度增大;淀粉糊的凝抗性增强,淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性却降低;Brabender黏度分析显示经超临界处理后的淀粉样品糊化温度小幅度升高,糊峰值黏度降低、热稳定性变化不明显。以上结果说明:木薯淀粉经超临界CO_2处理,存在淀粉分子部分降解,直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例增大等现象,从而导致淀粉的微观结构及凝胶特性等发生改变。     

微波场对小麦淀粉性质的影响

研究了微波辐射前后小麦淀粉物化性质的变化。采用微波对水分含量30％的小麦淀粉进行处理。结果表明微波处理淀粉颗粒表面出现小孔,微波处理增强了对应X射线衍射峰的强度,降低了膨胀度、溶解度、析水率以及焓值,提高了糊化转变温度、转变温度范围。小麦淀粉经处理后糊化起始温度升高、黏度降低,但其黏度曲线不改变。以上数据表明在淀粉颗粒内无定形区和结晶区的直链淀粉与直链淀粉、直链淀粉与支链淀粉发生交互作用,产生了新的不同稳定性的结晶体,从而导致微波处理淀粉内部更加有序的结晶排列。     

超声波对木薯淀粉性质及结构的影响

考察了超声波对木薯淀粉理化性质及结构的影响. 结果表明,经超声处理后淀粉表观粘度下降,凝沉增强;经超声处理2 min,淀粉糊透明度提高,抗酶解能力降低;延长超声时间则导致糊透明度下降和抗酶解能力增强. FT-IR和XRD分析结果表明,超声作用未破坏淀粉分子基团,但淀粉结晶结构遭到破坏,结晶度下降. SEM分析显示,淀粉团粒结构减弱,受侵蚀的颗粒数量增多;淀粉-碘复合物分析表明,超声波造成淀粉大量降解,破坏支链结构和淀粉长链,直链淀粉含量增加. DSC分析表明,淀粉经超声处理后糊化焓基本不变,糊化温度升高.     

机械活化对木薯淀粉的溶解度及流变学特性的影响

对机械活化法制备冷水可溶性木薯淀粉及其淀粉糊的流变学特性进行了实验研究,分别考察了机械活化时间、温度对淀粉溶解度和活化淀粉糊流变学特性的影响.实验结果表明,机械活化使得木薯淀粉颗粒结晶结构受到破坏,糊化变易,可以在2 h内使淀粉的冷水溶解度达95%以上,同时所有的机械活化淀粉均呈现假塑性流体特征,符合幂定律τ=K γm,在本研究中,m值由未经机械活化时的0.172随着机械活化的进行可逐渐变到0.8022.这表明机械活化作用使木薯淀粉偏近牛顿流体,且活化时间越长、活化温度越高的样品,其糊的表观粘度越低,触变性和剪切稀化也越低.研究结果可为开发高反应活性的木薯淀粉产品提供理论依据和基础数据.     

PBSA/木薯淀粉湿法共混体系研究

采用湿法共混工艺制备了聚丁二酸/己二酸–丁二醇酯(PBSA)/木薯淀粉薄膜。对薄膜的力学性能、热稳定性和微观形貌以及树脂的摩尔质量变化进行了研究。结果表明,共混体系的熔融温度基本没有变化,结晶峰温度略有升高;随木薯淀粉含量的增加,PBSA/淀粉共混薄膜的力学性能下降,木薯淀粉和PBSA在各自的温度区域内分解,共混材料的热稳定性下降;GPC结果显示加工过程中,虽有水分存在,但是PBSA的摩尔质量没有降低。随淀粉含量的增加,薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率逐渐降低,当淀粉质量分数10%时,共混薄膜仍能保持良好的机械性能,达到GB/T 4456—2008的要求。湿法共混工艺能够在一定程度上取得物料共混的理想效果,在降低生产成本的同时保持良好的综合机械性能和加工性能。     

微波-溶剂半干法合成羧甲基木薯淀粉及性质研究

以NaOH为催化剂,木薯淀粉为原料,通过微波辐射技术,采用溶剂半干法工艺,在乙醇溶液介质中与ClCH2COOH反应合成CMS.通过正交优化实验得到了微波法制备CMS的最佳工艺条件为:微波辐射时间9 min,NaOH用量2.8 g,ClCH2COOH用晕3 g,乙醇浓度85%.此条件下CMS的取代度为0.621.对羧甲基淀粉(CMS)的结构、形貌、熔融温度、分解温度和结晶度进行表征.     

微波辐照下PP/纳米TiO2复合材料的非等温结晶行为

首先采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(ET-IR)表征了微波辐照前后PP/纳米TiO<,2>母粒的表面特征,然后经二次熔融挤出制备微波辐照PP/纳米TiO<,2>复合材料.通过差式扫描量热仪(DSC)对微波辐照前后PP/纳米TiO<,2>复合材料的非等温结晶行为进行研究.结果表明:微波辐照后,PP/纳米TiO<,2>复合材料的结晶起始温度和结晶温度降低,结晶度提高了大约20%,结晶速率基本不变;微波辐照前后复合材料的非等温结晶动力学参数F(T)值相近.     

水分对微波变性木薯淀粉晶体颗粒态的影响

利用偏光显微镜研究了不同水分质量分数对微波变性木薯淀粉的影响,发现微波处理造成颗粒偏光十字的消失始于脐点,经过微波变性绝大多数颗粒偏光十字的亮度有所下降,偏光消失的程度与微波变性时原淀粉的水分质量分数成正比。当水分质量分数达到35.1%时,绝大多数颗粒的偏光消失,微波变性时原淀粉的水分临界点为30%。     

微波法合成木薯淀粉马来酸酐酯

在微波辐照的条件下,以马来酸酐为原料与木薯淀粉发生酯化反应合成马来酸淀粉酯。研究反应温度、反应时间、吡啶和酸酐用量对取代度的影响。实验表明：当淀粉用量为5．00g,马来酸酐用量0．45（n／n0）,吡啶用量0．3（mL／g）,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为5min时,可以快速得到取代度为0．189的酯化产物,FTIR谱图验证了马来酸淀粉酯的结构。     

Crosslinking of corn starch with sodium trimetaphosphate in solid state by microwave irradiation

Corn starch was crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in solid state under microwave irradiation to improve the degree of substitution (DS) and decrease the reaction time. The effects of modification factors on the crosslinking of starch were systematically studied. It was found that the microwave irradiation provided a convenient and efficient method to prepare crosslinked starch with sufficient DS. The DS value of crosslinked starches obtained by microwave irradiation was significantly improved and the reaction time was also dramatically decreased to achieve an appropriate DS value by microwave irradiation, when compared with using traditional method. The high microwave power provided faster reaction kinetics to obtain the desired DS value at an identical reaction condition. If the reaction temperature is lower than the decomposition temperature of crosslinked starch, the higher DS value can be achieved at the higher microwave power. It was detected that the DS data obtained by reacting intermittently was higher than those by reacting continuously. It was also noticed that DS data varied drastically with the increasing of the amount of STMP and sodium carbonate. The swelling ratio of crosslinked starch in water was lower than that of native starch because of the nongelatinization of highly crosslinked starch. SEM analysis indicated that the crosslinking of corn starch by microwave irradiation caused no significant changes in the microstructure of starch granules. Light microscope analysis also showed the uniformity of so‐prepared crosslinked corn starch applying microwave irradiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5854–5860, 2006     

Compressive characteristics of cellular solids produced using vacuum-microwave, freeze, vacuum and hot air dehydration methods

Dried cellular solids were produced using different hydrocolloids such as locust bean gum, low methoxy pectin, methyl cellulose and tapioca starch. They were dried to less than 5% (w.b) moisture content using freeze-drying, vacuum drying, vacuum microwave drying or air-drying methods. The dry cellular solids were subjected to uniaxial compression using a Texture analyzer to study the compressive characteristics. True stress–strain relationship curves were developed for the dry cellular solids produced by different drying methods. Hencky’s strain was calculated for true strain. Comparisons of samples dried by different drying methods were done in terms of their compressive characteristics at various water activities. No matter the type of drying, the dried materials were brittle at low water activity, plastic at medium water activity and elastomeric at higher water activity levels. Due to non-uniformity in air-dried samples and more closed pores in vacuum dried samples as well as less mechanical strength, these two were considered inferior for production of strong elastomeric foams. Microwave vacuum dried foams were mechanically the strongest. All the microwave vacuum dried samples were close in their Young’s modulus. Increases in microwave power did not make any appreciable changes in pore structures although higher microwave power levels resulted in faster drying.     

Restructured products from tilapia industry byproducts: The effects of tapioca starch and washing cycles

The tilapia fileting industry generates large amounts of nutritionally significant waste material, and the recovery of this material is important. The manufacture of restructured products from mechanically recovered fish meat (MRFM) obtained from tilapia fileting allows the use of proteins of high biological value that would otherwise be discharged into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of washing cycles (either one cycle or five cycles) and of the addition of tapioca starch (20% vs. a no-starch control) on the characteristics of surimi obtained from MRFM produced by the tilapia industry and destined for use in restructured products. To evaluate the quality attributes of the product, the structure of a surimi protein matrix and its relationship to selected physicochemical parameters and morphological characteristics was assessed. Both the number of washing cycles and the starch addition were found to influence the moisture, protein and lipid content of the MRFM surimi. Higher whiteness was found after five washing cycles. Because the tapioca starch acted as a stabilizer, the fat globules were more stable and well distributed, and an emulsion with better properties resulted. A homogeneous network of fat globules linked to the protein matrix by a layer of tapioca starch was formed. Another advantage of this approach is that tapioca starch is gluten free. This property is important for specific groups in the population, e.g., celiac-intolerant consumers.     

微波热裂解木屑的基础研究

利用微波热裂解的方法将木屑转化为生物能源,是一种非常有前景的处理和利用废弃生物质转化为能源的工艺,考察了多模谐振腔和单模谐振腔对热裂解的影响,并研究了含水率和加热速率在微波加热下对木屑热裂解的影响,讨论了微波加热与传统加热下生物质热解机理。研究发现单模谐振腔比多模谐振腔更有助于生物质的快速热解。孔隙中的水分是微波热解生物质的主要因素,可以提高加热速率。生物质热解在微波加热与传统加热下的最大差别在于前者是由里及外的加热,可以减少二次反应的发生,提高生物油的收率和质量,固体产物炭的性质也得到了改善。热解油主要是由脂肪族含氧化合物和芳香烃类物质的复杂混合物,热解气体产物主要为CO、CO₂、甲烷和乙烷。     

三氯氧磷交联木薯淀粉的消化性能及酶降解程度

采用In Vitro消化模型模拟人体消化道环境 ,对不同交联度 (DC)的三氯氧磷淀粉 (DC =3.70× 10 -5至 2 .2 7×10 -2 )的消化性能进行了研究 ;同时用微生素酶对三氯氧磷交联木薯淀粉进行生物降解并测定各个样品的抗酶解淀粉 (RS)含量。三氯氧磷交联变性处理对木薯淀粉的消化速度和生物降解程度的影响随交联度的不同而不同。高交联特别是使淀粉达到完全非晶化时对淀粉的消化速度和生物降解程度影响更大。     

微波条件下水分含量对淀粉醚化反应的影响

以木薯淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,自制碱性复合催化剂为醚化催化剂,采用微波法制备阳离子淀粉。研究探讨不同醚化剂用量、不同微波功率、不同微波时间条件下,反应体系水分含量对阳离子醚化反应效率的影响。结果表明,不同的醚化剂用量、不同的微波功率及不同的微波时间组合,获得最佳醚化反应效率所需的反应体系水分含量各有不同。醚化剂用量较高时,选用较高的体系水分含量以及较高的微波功率和较长的微波时间,可获得较高的醚化反应效率;醚化剂用量较低时,选用中等的体系水分含量以及中等的微波功率和较长的微波时间,可获得较高的醚化反应效率。     

Effect of processing parameters on the pulsed-spouted microwave vacuum drying of puffed salted duck egg white/starch products

A puffed food using salted duck egg white and starch as ingredients was produced by using a novel pulsed-spouted microwave vacuum drying (PSMVD) technique. In this study, three types of samples (ratios of salted duck egg white to starch 1:10, 3:10, and 5:10) were prepared and the moisture content of these samples was dehydrated to about 12% in a PSMVD dryer, then the samples were under different microwave powers (1.34 kW, 2.01 kW, and 2.68 kW) for puffing. The product volume expansion ratio, textural crispness (breaking forces), color parameters (L*, a* and b*), and sensory scores were determined. It was observed that microwave power and different ratios of salted duck egg white to starch had a significant effect on the expansion effect of the samples. The results indicated that the best product quality was obtained under the ratio of salted duck egg white to starch at 3:10 and microwave power at 2.01 kW.