覆膜铁覆膜理论与技术研究进展

覆膜铁具有更好的节约资源能源和绿色环保安全的性能,可替代镀锡板等包装用材,是正在研发中的新型金属包装材料。针对国内覆膜铁研发需求,从覆膜工艺、膜铁结合机理、覆膜质量评价与控制、基材表面预处理及膜表面改性等方面概括梳理国内外关于覆膜铁覆膜理论与技术的研究进展,指出膜与基材接触区温度场是决定界面连接乃至覆膜质量和速度的关键,实现覆膜区温度场稳定、控制界面空洞缺陷与膜内再结晶缺陷、减小横向与纵向膜厚波动是提高覆膜质量和效率的关键;提出从膜铁结合强度、膜厚均匀性、膜结晶率、塑性成形加工性能等不同角度对覆膜质量进行全面评价;建议精细研究接触区热行为和聚合物膜熔融及凝固过程,从细观尺度研究熔融膜在基材粗糙表面受辊压作用流动、铺展、湿润、填充行为,从微观尺度研究膜铁化学反应键合与聚合物再结晶;提出借鉴板形和厚度的控制理论与技术及其研究方法,包括借鉴轧机颤振问题研究考虑覆膜辊系动力学特性,研究横向和纵向膜厚控制方法及技术。相关分析及建议有助于覆膜理论与技术的创新研究。     

采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在金刚石厚膜表面制备钽涂层的性能

采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在机械抛光后的金刚石厚膜表面制备钽涂层,研究了涂层的表面及截面形貌、微区成分、物相组成及结合性能。结果表明:制备得到的钽涂层连续、均匀,由钽金属层与界面处的化合物层组成,厚度约1.7μm,组织为柱状晶;金刚石厚膜与钽涂层的界面处存在厚度约为1.1μm的钽与碳元素呈梯度分布的扩散区,且生成了TaC和Ta2C两种化合物;钽原子填充了金刚石厚膜抛光产生的磨痕,其表面粗糙度由128nm降低为57nm;钽涂层的塑性以及与金刚石厚膜的结合性能良好。     

压印光刻工艺中光刻胶填充流变模拟与试验研究

压印光刻工艺中,为了实现高质量的压印复型,必须能够理解和预测压印载荷作用下光刻胶的流变填充行为。根据实际采用的光刻胶的特性,建立了基于粘性流体的光刻胶流变填充有限元模型,采用体积率法对光刻胶流场的运动边界进行追踪,研究模板特征几何尺寸、胶层厚度及及尺度效应对压印填充过程的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,光刻胶流变填充以单峰或双峰两种模式进行,模式的转变点可由特征凹槽宽度和初始胶厚度的比值来预测,并受表界面效应的影响;最有利于填充的特征深宽比约为0.8;最佳初始胶层厚度约为特征深度的2倍。进行了相应的压印试验,试验结果与模拟计算的结论吻合,说明仿真结果可信,可以作为压印光刻工艺中模板图形几何特征、胶厚以及模板表面处理的工艺设计依据。     

磁盘润滑膜的结构和铺展特性研究

采用基于粗粒珠簧模型的分子动力学模拟方法,研究磁盘润滑膜极性全氟聚醚(Perfluoropolyether,简称PFPE)在无定形碳表面的结构和铺展特性。结构特性的模拟结果表明,极性PFPE膜具有复杂的层状结构,在近壁面层以一个单体直径的层厚层状堆叠,在体相层以(4~5)Rg(Rg为综合回转半径)的层厚呈现二聚体结构。铺展特性的模拟结果表明,极性PFPE呈现具有先驱膜、肩状结构和垂直台阶的复杂台阶状铺展形貌,与结构特性的结果具有良好的对应。此外,比较具有不同极性端基的PFPE的铺展形貌,表明端基与壁面的作用和端基间的作用,尤其后者,对铺展行为具有重要的影响。     

铁铝阻抗匹配靶的精密扩散连接

为了获得某些材料在在高压条件下的物态方程,制备了用于激光驱动状态方程实验的铁铝阻抗匹配靶,研究了铁铝薄膜的精密热扩散连接技术。以冷轧铁薄膜和超精密加工铝薄膜为原料,研究了热复合工艺条件对其表面形貌、结晶性能、连接界面等参数的影响。利用白光干涉共焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪、膜厚测量仪、扫描电镜等仪器对靶件的表面形貌、厚度、结晶特性、残余应力及界面成分分布等进行分析表征,掌握了相关参数的变化趋势。据此优化工艺参数,制备了高质量的铁-铝阻抗匹配靶。对成靶的测试结果显示,其表面粗糙度小于100nm、厚度一致性控制在100nm以内、界面扩散层厚度约为200nm,且未观测到显微缺陷,满足物理实验的具体要求。     

Al-Sn-Si/Al/steel层状复合材料的变形复合行为及机理

通过室温轧制和压缩变形法，研究了坯料厚度、变形率、表面状态等工艺因素对Al-Sn-Si/Al/steel层状复合材料粘结行为的影响，提出了变形复合模型。结果表明：压缩变形法难以复合该层状复合材料，而当轧制变形率达到45%时，Al-Sn-Si/Al/steel就能获得良好的粘结效果，随坯料厚度的减小及变形率的增加，粘结强度亦增加；表面多向抛磨有利于改善粘结状态。粘结界面形貌表明，硬质Si粒子明显阻碍表面粘结，两接触表面塑性变形和流动是导致粘结的主要机制。     

微惯性开关制作过程中界面结合强度研究

在利用微电铸工艺制作惯性开关的过程中，经常会出现由于界面结合强度低而引起的铸层翘起问题。微电铸层与基板的界面结合强度低会降低微开关的制作成品率、延长制作周期、增加制作成本。针对这一问题，本文从界面钝化膜的角度，采用了“电解活化去除钝化膜”和“引入Cu过渡层”的方法。为探究钝化膜对界面结合强度的影响，通过Materials Studio软件对不同钝化膜去除率模型的界面结合能进行仿真计算，计算结果表明钝化膜去除率越高越有利于界面结合强度的提高，在完全去除钝化膜后界面结合强度提高了197%；为探究过渡金属对界面结合强度的影响，分别以Cu,Cr,Ti作为过渡层，与不锈钢基板和镍铸层建立结合层体系，计算体系的结合能，计算结果表明Cu与基板、Cu与铸层的结合能最高，与未引入过渡金属相比，引入Cu后界面结合强度提高了81%。在仿真研究结果的基础上，开展了电解活化实验，通过电解活化法去除了基板表面的钝化膜，实验结果表明：电解活化区域铸层的界面结合强度明显高于未活化区域铸层的界面结合强度；同时开展了铜过渡层实验，对比了有无Cu过渡层的界面结合强度，实验结果表明：引入Cu后，铸层的界面结合强度明显提高。在...     

多层交替膜界限载荷研究

为了研究软硬交替多层表面膜在磨粒作用下的应力应变响应、膜层界面剥离和裂纹的产生及扩展的影响,采用大变形接触弹塑性有限元法对刚性基体上的TiN/Ti多层交替膜在法向压痕作用下的力学行为进行了模拟和分析,研究不同软硬膜层厚度比下,不同膜层的变形、界面切应力分布和表面张应力分布,分析得出界限载荷变化规律及参数分布对其影响情况.结果表明:当软层厚度小于或等于硬层厚度时,增加膜层总厚度可以明显增大多层膜层体系的界限载荷,而软层厚度大于硬层厚度时,增加膜层总厚度不但不能明显增加界限载荷,反而会因增大最大弯曲应力而使界限载荷变小;软硬层厚度比大,而膜层总厚度小的多层膜体系,具有相对较小的最大弯曲应力,因而能承受最大的界限载荷.     

常温微压印中抗蚀剂流动的研究及工艺优化

为提高微压印中抗蚀剂的复型精度,利用POLYFLOW,基于流固耦合方法对常温压印过程中抗蚀剂的流动进行了有限元模拟,系统地分析了抗蚀剂的初始厚度,留膜厚度,模具的深宽比,占空比,模具下压速度等因素对抗蚀剂流动填充的影响规律。搭建了压印的可视化实验平台,通过该平台对不同工艺条件(包括抗蚀剂的初始厚度,留膜厚度以及模具的下压速度)及软模具结构(深宽比,占空比)下抗蚀剂的流动填充过程及其填充形貌进行了实时观测,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明,在不影响填充效率的情况下,采用低速下压(≤1μm/s)方式,在占空比0.375,深宽比2时,填充度可达到90%以上。仿真和实验验证了优化的压印工艺条件和模具结构。另外,本文还引入了增加模板特征高度预留量的概念,可进一步提高复型精度。     

LY12铝合金微弧氧化配方的优化

在大量试验的基础上，采用3因素3水平的正交试验方法，从考察耐腐蚀性、膜层厚度、膜层硬度出发，确定LY12铝合金在硅酸盐体系下微弧氧化电解液优选配方，并研究了在此配方基础上生成的微弧氧化涂层的微观形貌和相结构，陶瓷层表面微孔较小，膜层均匀致密。     

Thermodynamic Behavior Research Analysis of Twin-roll Casting Lead Alloy Strip Process

The thermodynamic behavior of twin-roll casting(TRC) lead alloy strip process directly affects the forming of the lead strip, the quality of the lead strip and the production efficiency. However, there is little research on the thermodynamics of lead alloy strip at home and abroad. The TRC lead process is studied in four parameters: the pouring temperature of molten lead,the depth of molten pool, the roll casting speed, and the rolling thickness of continuous casting. Firstly, the thermodynamic model for TRC lead process is built.Secondly, the thermodynamic behavior of the TRC process is simulated with the use of Fluent. Through the thermodynamics research and analysis, the process parameters of cast rolling lead strip can be obtained: the pouring temperature of molten lead: 360–400 °C, the depth of molten pool: 250–300 mm, the roll casting speed: 2.5–3 m/min, the rolling thickness: 8–9 mm.Based on the above process parameters, the optimal parameters(the pouring temperature of molten lead:375–390 °C, the depth of molten pool: 285–300 mm, the roll casting speed: 2.75–3 m/min, the rolling thickness:8.5–9 mm) can be gained with the use of the orthogonal experiment. Finally, the engineering test of TRC lead alloy strip is carried out and the test proves the thermodynamic model is scientific, necessary and correct. In this paper, a detailed study on the thermodynamic behavior of lead alloy strip is carried out and the process parameters of lead strip forming are obtained through the research, which provide an effective theoretical guide for TRC lead alloy strip process.     

Non-linear dynamics of inlet film thickness during unsteady rolling process

The inlet film thickness directly affects film and stress distribution of rolling interfaces. Unsteady factors, such as unsteady back tension, may disturb the inlet film thickness. However, the current models of unsteady inlet film thickness lack unsteady disturbance factors and do not take surface topography into consideration. In this paper, based on the hydrodynamic analysis of inlet zone an unsteady rolling film model which concerns the direction of surface topography is built up. Considering the small fluctuation of inlet angle, absolute reduction, reduction ratio, inlet strip thickness and roll radius as the input variables and the fluctuation of inlet film thickness as the output variable, the non-linear relationship between the input and output is discussed. The discussion results show that there is 180° phase difference between the inlet film thickness and the input variables, such as the fluctuant absolute reduction, the fluctuant reduction ratio and non-uniform inlet strip thickness, but there is no phase difference between unsteady roll radius and the output. The inlet angle, the steady roll radius and the direction of surface topography have significant influence on the fluctuant amplitude of unsteady inlet film thickness. This study proposes an analysis method for unsteady inlet film thickness which takes surface topography and new disturbance factors into consideration.     

冷连轧机相对油膜厚度的测试与建模

为了分析冷连轧机支撑辊动压油膜轴承的油膜厚度变化对带钢厚度的影响,提高轧机AGC精度,进行了油膜厚度测试实验。对某1450mm五机架冷连轧机进行空压靠,在不同转速和轧制力条件下,记录液压缸缸位移变化值。根据实测数据,建立油膜厚度增量模型,运用Levenberg-Marquardt法拟合出该套轧机的油膜厚度模型参数。实测数据分析表明,油膜厚度随转速增加而增加,并随转速的进一步增加而变化趋势减缓。该研究为轧机厚度方程中油膜厚度补偿量的选取提供了可靠的依据。     

Fuzzy algorithm for calculating roll speed variation based on roll separating force in hot rolling

Thickness control of hot-rolled strips has become an important issue in recent years because of the need for improving the quality of the hot-rolled strip. For this purpose, various thickness control systems such as finishing mill set-up (FSU), automatic gauge control (AGC), and looper control system, have been developed at steel works. Although these systems have greatly improved the quality of the strip thickness, there still exists a small amount of thickness deviation. It is difficult to adequately control by applying conventional thickness control techniques since hot rolling process is a highly nonlinear system in which many process parameters are coupled. In this study, a fuzzy algorithm to calculate the roll speed variations was developed in order to improve the thickness uniformity of hot-rolled strips. Since the strip thickness is mostly affected by the magnitude of roll separating force depending on the roll speed, the strip thickness deviation between the desired and actual thicknesses can be reduced by controlling roll speed. In order to carry out this investigation, slab analysis was carried out to determine the relation between roll separating force and roll speed for various process parameters such as roll speed, reduction ratio, strip entry thickness, and front and back tensions. From the production data, the effective stress-strain rate relations of the materials used in slab analyses were acquired. Based on the analytical results, the relation between roll separating force and roll speed was approximated by a log function. A fuzzy algorithm was developed to determine variations in roll speed according to variations of roll separating force, depending on various ranges of rolling temperature, reduction ratio, front and back tensions, and strip thickness. In addition, simulations to predict roll speed variations for a small amount of thickness deviation were carried out at continuous finishing mills consisting of seven stands and the calculated roll speed variations were found to be reasonable. Thus, the developed fuzzy algorithm might be useful in reducing the thickness deviation in the actual hot rolling mills.     

Investigation of interfacial behaviors between the strip and roll in hot strip rolling by finite element method

A finite element (FE)-based approach is presented for the precision analysis of the interfacial thermo-mechanical behavior of the roll and strip in the entire tandem mill during hot strip rolling. The validity of the proposed model is examined through the comparison with measurements. Then, the effect of various process parameters on the detailed aspects of interfacial thermo-mechanical behavior of the roll and strip is investigated via a series of process simulations.     

Finite element modeling of the scratch response of a coated time-dependent solid

Scratch tests is one of the most efficient tests to investigate the mechanical resistance of coated and uncoated surfaces. Nevertheless, the complexity of material and interface makes difficult the comprehension of this test. For that purpose, efficient computational modeling is required. In this paper, we present a remeshing procedure specially developed for the computational modeling of scratch tests of coated materials. This procedure allows to perform scratch tests with high ratio penetration depth over layer thickness. Then, it is used to investigate the influence of the scratching velocity on the scratch behavior of a polymer substrate coated with a hard elastic coating. The substrate is considered as an elastic–viscoplastic solids and the coating follows a linear elastic behavior. First macroscopic results such as material deformation, scratch hardness and apparent friction coefficient are presented. Then the stress distribution in the film and at the coating/substrate interface are analyzed regarding the cohesive or interfacial failure of the system. A simple interfacial failure criterion is also proposed.     

Lubrication in steel strip rolling in Japan

Research into, and the state of technology for, lubrication in steel strip rolling in Japan are reviewed. Both cold and hot strip rolling are discussed. Subjects covered include coefficient of friction and oil film thickness, friction pick-up, and roll wear.     

Mixture Lubrication with Emulsions in Cold Rolling

A mixture model of lubrication in cold rolling with two adsorbed layers on the solid surfaces and an emulsion layer between them has been developed. The elastic deformation of the strip and the rolls is considered. A series of simulations using this model is carried out, and this model predicted that the value of the inlet film thickness is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. There exists a range of roll speeds that provides sufficient friction to perform the rolling process without front tension under the merged conditions and lower roll speeds. At high roll speed, the two adsorbed layers are separated by the emulsion layer, and the pressure hill disappears due to the smaller surface shear stress acting on the strip, so that rolling is no longer possible unless accompanied by a front tension.     

Coupled dynamic modeling of rolls model and metal model for four high mill based on strip crown control

The crown is a key quality index of strip and plate,the rolling mill system is a complex nonlinear system,the strip qualities are directly affected by the dynamic characteristics of the rolling mil.At present,the studies about the dynamic modeling of the rolling mill system mainly focus on the dynamic simulation for the strip thickness control system,the dynamic characteristics of the strip along the width direction and that of the rolls along axial direction are not considered.In order to study the dynamic changes of strip crown in the rolling process,the dynamic simulation model based on strip crown control is established.The work roll and backup roll are considered as elastic continuous bodies and the work roll and backup roll are joined by a Winkler elastic layer.The rolls are considered as double freely supported beams.The change rate of roll gap is taken into consideration in the metal deformation,based on the principle of dynamic conservation of material flow,the two dimensional dynamic model of metal is established.The model of metal deformation provides exciting force for the rolls dynamic model,and the rolls dynamic model and metal deformation model couple together.Then,based on the two models,the dynamic model of rolling mill system based on strip crown control is established.The Newmark-β method is used to solve the problem,and the dynamic changes of these parameters are obtained as follows:(1) The bending of work roll and backup roll changes with time;(2) The strip crown changes with time;(3) The distribution of rolling force changes with time.Take some cold tandem rolling mill as subject investigated,simulation results and the comparisons with experimental results show that the dynamic model built is rational and correct.The proposed research provides effective theory for optimization of device and technological parameters and development of new technology,plays an important role to improve the strip control precision and strip shape quality.     

柔性薄膜太阳能电池用精密不锈钢基板冷轧成形的数值模拟

利用有限元方法,研究了压下量及前后张力对柔性薄膜太阳能电池用不锈钢基板轧制过程中应力分布的影响.结果显示,适当增加压下量有利于表面应力的均匀分布,且可减少轧制道次,但过大压下量容易导致不均匀塑性变形;采用后张力稍大于前张力的轧制工艺,可使基板应力分布趋向均匀,当前后张力值分别为40 kN和58 kN时,应力分布均匀且板内最大等效应力值最小.研究表明,采用后张力稍大于前张力、压下率控制在30％以内的轧制工艺,可保证薄板应力值较小且分布均匀.最后,在模拟结果的指导下,成功轧制得到厚0.25 mm的不锈钢基板,其厚度分布与模拟结果基本一致,且粗糙度满足基板的使用要求.