2024-T351铝合金喷丸残余应力松弛模型研究

喷丸引入的残余压应力场可以有效地提高构件的疲劳性能,但残余压应力会随着循环周期而发生松弛,进而降低残余压应力对疲劳性能的增益效果,因此深入研究残余应力松弛规律,有助于更加准确的掌握其对疲劳性能的影响.为了系统性地研究残余应力松弛规律,以2024-T351铝合金标准试件为研究对象,综合考虑应力幅、载荷条件和喷丸引起冷作硬化程度的改变对残余应力的影响,根据理论构建残余应力松弛模型.通过拉伸疲劳试验,基于全寿命试验数据和阶段性试验数据对松弛模型进行验证,证明了模型的有效性.     

喷丸强化对2024铝合金疲劳性能的影响分析

以2024铝合金材料为研究对象,开展了表面喷丸处理对材料疲劳性能的影响研究。采用试验方法对比分析了2024铝合金试件在喷丸强化前后的疲劳性能。在此基础上采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟分析了喷丸强化后试件的残余应力分布规律。两组疲劳试验数据对比分析表明:喷丸强化后2024铝合金材料的疲劳寿命可以提高(1.53~2.55)倍。有限元分析结果表明:喷丸强化在材料表层引入了残余压应力,从而提高了材料的疲劳性能。分析结果为定量研究喷丸强化对材料疲劳性能的影响提供了参考。     

2024铝合金喷丸残余应力松弛规律研究

喷丸残余压应力能有效提高材料的抗疲劳性能,但服役过程中残余压应力不稳定,会出现松弛。为深入研究喷丸残余压应力的松弛规律,对喷丸2024铝合金标准拉伸试样在两种拉伸载荷强度下进行疲劳试验研究,采用基于cosα法的μ-X360n型X射线衍射仪分析了残余应力在疲劳过程中的变化规律。结果表明：在载荷10 kN时,残余压应力出现了常规松弛,即在首次循环加载后残余压应力大幅度下降,在剩余的疲劳加载过程中,残余压应力基本保持不变或缓慢下降,且引入的残余应力分布始终同初始分布保持一致;在载荷15 kN时,残余压应力出现了反向松弛,即在首次循环加载后残余压应力变为残余拉应力,残余应力分布由初始的“√”型分布变为了近似于一条直线分布,由内向外逐渐减小。为描述喷丸残余压应力的松弛行为及过程,在已有试验模型基础上,提出了考虑喷丸表面状态的残余应力松弛模型。     

残余应力对齿轮弯曲疲劳的量化影响研究

随着风电、高铁、掘进等高端装备对齿轮功率密度、服役寿命等要求的提高,齿轮的弯曲疲劳问题日益显著。为提升齿轮弯曲疲劳性能,通过渗碳热处理、喷丸强化等工艺为齿轮引入较高的残余压应力已逐渐成为工业界的标配。为揭示残余应力对齿轮弯曲疲劳性能的量化影响,在最大主应变寿命预测准则中引入残余应力影响项,通过弯曲疲劳试验确定最优残余应力影响系数,进而采用新的试验数据验证模型的准确性。基于工程应用出发,引入修正应力的概念统一不同残余应力状态下的齿轮弯曲应力-寿命(S-N)曲线,研究结果显示,最大主应变准则中,残余应力影响系数取值为0.15时,可实现较高的寿命预测精度,而修正的S-N曲线中,最佳残余应力影响系数为0.25。研究成果可用于工程实际中齿轮弯曲疲劳快速评估。     

42CrMoA钢的单次喷丸和复合喷丸强化

对42CrMoA高强钢进行了单次喷丸、精整复合喷丸、抛光复合喷丸强化处理,研究了不同喷丸工艺下钢的表面粗糙度、疲劳性能、表层残余应力、组织细化程度及显微硬度。结果表明:喷丸方式对42CrMoA钢最大残余压应力和应力层深度影响不大;单次喷丸、精整复合喷丸、抛光复合喷丸后钢的表面残余压应力、表面组织细化程度、显微硬度及疲劳极限依次增大,表面粗糙度则依次减小;复合喷丸尤其是抛光复合喷丸可显著降低42CrMoA钢的喷丸表面粗糙度。     

高强螺纹滚压工艺的有限元模拟及试验研究

对高强螺纹进行滚压处理可有效提高螺纹结构的抗疲劳性能。为深入研究螺纹滚压工艺规律,以提高螺纹紧固件的抗疲劳性能,建立螺纹滚压工艺三维有限元模型,并基于该模型研究了滚轮参数对滚压后残余应力的影响规律,最终采用疲劳试验验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:滚轮型面夹角、直径、型面圆弧半径等参数对滚压后引入的残余应力分布具有很大影响。滚轮型面夹角越小,滚压后引入的残余压应力层越深;较小的滚轮直径有利于引入较大的残余压应力和残余应力层深;较大的圆弧半径可获得较高的表面残余压应力和最大残余压应力,同时在一定范围内导致残余应力层深减小。疲劳试验结果表明,采用未经优化的滚轮强化后,螺纹疲劳寿命提高1.6倍,而采用经优化设计的滚压轮强化后,螺纹疲劳寿命提高4倍。该结果证实了基于有限元分析的滚轮优化方法的有效性。     

激光冲击强化与喷丸提高不锈钢疲劳性能对比研究

对不锈钢材料1Cr11Ni2W2MoV进行了激光冲击强化和喷丸强化后表面粗糙度和残余应力测试分析,与喷丸相比,激光冲击强化对试件表面形貌和表面粗糙度的影响更小,产生的残余压应力更大。对光滑试件和2种强化后试件的振动疲劳对比试验表明,激光冲击强化能显著提高不锈钢材料振动疲劳寿命,是喷丸的2倍以上。     

多次激光喷丸作用下TC4钛合金的疲劳性能及微裂纹扩展预测模型

对TC4钛合金板进行不同次数激光喷丸处理,再进行高周疲劳试验,研究了其疲劳性能及断裂机理;基于残余压应力及晶界介微观尺寸对微裂纹扩展的阻滞作用,采用抑制参数、张开应力强度因子、残余应力强度因子对Paris公式进行修正,建立了激光喷丸处理后疲劳微裂纹扩展预测模型,并进行了试验验证.结果表明:随着喷丸次数增加,TC4钛合金的疲劳强度增大,疲劳寿命延长,断裂方式由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变;疲劳微裂纹预测模型预测得到的疲劳寿命与试验值的相对误差小于10％,说明模型准确.     

喷丸强化可提高弹簧寿命

最近根据布里斯托尔静态试验弹簧联合有限公司(Associated Spring Inc., Bristol, CT.)进行的研究表明:对压缩弹簧进行适当的喷丸强化处理后,其许用应力和疲劳寿命均提高40％以上。喷丸强化后弹簧钢丝表面产生一层残余压应力,从而可改善弹簧的工作性能,延长弹簧使用寿命。喷丸强化的目的是用最大程度的压应力使金属表面获得最小的变形。在这一过程中需要控制的变量主要是喷丸时间、弹丸速度及弹丸直径。经喷丸强化处理后可大大减少由于金属表面的凹坑、刻痕、接缝等     

前混合水射流喷丸强化表面力学特性及疲劳寿命试验

为获得前混合水射流喷丸强化增益效果,研究前混合水射流喷丸对2A 11铝合金和45钢的表面显微硬度、表面残余压应力和疲劳寿命的影响.采用显微硬度计和X射线应力分析仪分别测定喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余应力,利用扫描电镜观察疲劳断口形貌,获得喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余压应力随喷丸压力、扫描速度及靶距的变化规律,指出射流喷丸可以大幅度地提高2A11铝合金和45钢的疲劳寿命,当2A11铝合金和45钢的应力振幅分别为155.7 MPa和282MPa时,喷丸试样疲劳寿命比未喷丸试样疲劳寿命分别提高25.31倍和18.56倍,且未喷丸试样疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,喷丸试样疲劳裂纹有的萌生于试样表面,有的萌生于试样内部,当疲劳源在试样内部时,裂纹在夹杂物处萌生.因此,前混合水射流喷丸是一种提高金属零构件疲劳寿命的有效方法.     

喷丸残余应力场有限元模拟研究进展

喷丸强化处理工艺可以显著提高金属材料的抗疲劳和抗应力腐蚀等性能,这与喷丸后在金属表面层形成的残余应力场紧密相关,因此对喷丸残余应力的大小及分布进行预测具有重要意义.对近年国内外喷丸残余应力场的有限元模拟进行评述,总结出6种典型的残余应力分析模型,分别是二维轴对称模型、四对称面模型、三对称面模型、双对称面模型、单对称面模...     

Residual stress behaviors induced by laser peening along the edge of curved models

Laser peening (LP) induces high-magnitude compressive residual stresses in a small region of a component. The compressive residual stresses cause plastic deformation that is resistant to fatigue fracture. Fatigue cracks are generally nucleated at critical areas, and LP is applied for those regions so as to delay the crack initiation. Many critical regions are located on the edge of the curved portion of structures because of stress concentration effects. Several investigations that are available for straight components may not give meaningful guidelines for peening curved components. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate residual stress behaviors induced by LP along the edge of curved models. Three curved models that have different curvatures are investigated for peening performance. Two types of peening configurations, which are simultaneous corner shot and sequential corner shots, are considered in order to obtain compressive residual stresses along an edge. LP simulations of multiple shots are performed to identify overlapping effects on the edge portion of a curved model. In addition, the uncertainty calculation of residual stress induced by LP considering laser pulse duration is performed.     

Kinematic modeling and deformation mechanics in shot peening of functional ceramics

The applications of functional ceramics are significantly limited by the brittleness and low reliability. Recent studies have shown that compressive residual stress can be created in ceramics by shot peening, which improves the contact strength and fatigue of ceramic components. However, the formation mechanism of residuals stress in shot peening is yet to understand. In this study, a pressure-dependent plasticity model has been incorporated into a finite element simulation model of shot peening to understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation. Since shot velocity is the key process parameter to dominate the impact energy which determines the deformation state of the peened surface and the resultant residual stress, a new kinematic model of shots has also been developed by incorporating air drag and travel distance inside and outside the peening nozzle. The results have shown that the shot velocity model can be used to predict shot velocity. The experiment-based model may help understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation.     

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample’s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.     

考虑残余应力的螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法研究

考虑渗碳、磨齿、喷丸等工艺产生的齿面残余应力,建立齿面接触应力与残余应力的复合应力场,提出一种螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法。构建齿轮有限元接触分析模型,计算多轴交变接触应力场。考虑空间螺旋曲面残余应力分布的复杂性,将变曲率齿面离散为网状节点;测量各节点表面与次表面的残余应力,建立齿面残余应力场。基于Dang Van多轴疲劳准则,构建齿面裂纹萌生模型;计及残余应力与裂纹闭合效应,构建齿面裂纹扩展模型。计算复合应力场下齿轮接触疲劳寿命,研究残余应力对齿面裂纹萌生-扩展寿命的影响规律。结果发现：复杂齿面空间变曲率会影响喷丸等工艺产生的残余应力分布,中心区域的残余压应力高出齿面边缘区域约20%;复合应力场下齿面裂纹萌生位置与寿命主要取决于接触应力,残余应力会改变齿面节点平均应力进而影响疲劳寿命;齿面裂纹扩展寿命约占全寿命的10%,表征齿轮接触疲劳快速失效至迅速断裂。上述研究对于高性能齿轮传动的长寿命、高可靠性设计具有一定的参考价值。     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evaluated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.     

喷砂工艺对双金属带锯条锯切性能和疲劳寿命的影响

用快速高压喷砂和慢速低压喷砂两种喷砂工艺对双金属带锯条进行处理,通过锯切GCr15和空转疲劳测试,分别对比两种工艺处理后带锯条的锯切寿命和疲劳寿命。通过影像测量仪和扫描电镜观察带锯条锯刃和锯条体表面形貌,通过X射线衍射检测带锯条锯条体表面的残余应力。结果表明:与快速高压喷砂相比,慢速低压喷砂能够优化锯齿齿尖形貌,减少锯切过程中的崩刃,从而提高带锯条的锯切性能;同时还能增加锯条体表面残余压应力,并使表面形貌均匀,从而提高带锯条的疲劳寿命。     

Process characterization of vibrostrengthening and application to fatigue enhancement of aluminum aerospace components��part II: Process visualization and modeling

In a companion paper [1], vibrostrengthening was introduced as a fatigue life enhancement process that can be used as an alternative to shot peening. Vibrostrengthening is a modification of a typical vibratory finishing process; it maintains the workpiece fixed inside a vibrating tub filled with a granular (typically ceramic or metal) medium. The resulting interaction between granular medium and workpiece produces improved fatigue resistance. Experimental results indicate that the vibrostrengthening process produced significant improvement in fatigue resistance on baseline (as machined) samples and performance as well, if not better than shot peening. The enhanced fatigue life produced by vibrostrengthening is thought to be the result of the combined effects of the improved surface finish and the compressive residual stress field that the process produces on the workpiece??s surface. Curiously, compared to shot-peening, the velocities (and hence kinetic energy) of an individual particle impinging on the workpiece??s surface is much smaller. Yet, the levels of subsurface stresses are comparable to those seen in shot-peened specimens. This paper makes two contributions to the understanding of the vibrostrengthening process. Through an experimental study using high-speed video recordings of the granular medium and motion analysis to correlate the instantaneous dynamics of particles impinging on the workpiece, it provides evidence that a single impingement event transfers the momentum of a number of particles from the granular medium to the workpiece, thus providing a plausible explanation for the plastic deformation and the resulting compressive stress field observed after the process. It also gives estimates of the effective number of particles participating in such an event. The study of the motion of the particles relative to the workpiece also explains variations in the effectiveness of the process in producing a fatigue strength enhancement with changes in location of the workpiece within the media tub. The second contribution the paper makes is in the development of a model to predict the expected fatigue life of a workpiece, given the surface finish and the residual stress levels introduced by the vibrostrengthening process. In the companion paper [1], we concluded that the fatigue life enhancement is the result of vibrostrengthening improving the surface finish and introducing a compressive residual stress field near the surface. Therefore, we introduce a model that, if given measured values of the surface roughness and the residual stress field, can predict fatigue crack propagation and hence the life of the specimen.     

Finite element analysis of shot-peening effect on fretting fatigue parameters

Shot peening is widely used to improve the fretting fatigue strength of critical surfaces. Fretting fatigue occurs in contacting parts that are subjected to fluctuating loads and sliding movements at the same time. This paper presents a sequential finite element simulation to investigate the shot peening effects on normal stress, shear stress, bulk stress and slip amplitude, which are considered to be the controlling parameters of fretting damage. The results demonstrated that among the modifications related to shot peening, compressive residual stress has a dominant effect on the fretting parameters.