Voltaire's contribution to the spread of newtonianism—I. letters from england: Les lettres philosophiques

Part I: In early middle life Voltaire had a considerable interest in science, provoked by a visit to London and by learning at close range of the work of men like Newton and Locke, which had developed in a more scientific direction than that of the Cartesianism then current and almost universal in France. With courage, and to the chagrin of his own countrymen, Voltaire advocated the empirically based work or Natural Philosophy of Newton. He published a thin volume known as the Letters from England, 1733 or Les Lettres Philosophiques in 1734, which brought him into conflict with the officialdom of France and then exile. We describe and discuss the contents and background of this very influential book and entertain some comments made about it, then and since. For us, the philosopher John Locke here comes to play a larger role in this subject than he normally assumes in discussions of Newtonianism. We endeavour to show too the roles played by Jacques Rohault and Samuel Clarke.Part II: Resting on Part I we discuss Voltaire's larger volume of 1738, on Elements of Newton's Philosophy. Mme Emilie du Châtelet (or Chastelet) was enormously influential in the writing of it and indeed is often credited as having been truly a co-author. She made a translation of Newton's Principia which was posthumously and openly published for her in 1759, by Clairaut, 10 years after her death. Mme du Châtelet and Voltaire were greatly responsible for spreading Newton's views in France; wrote Miller in [1(a)], “... he conquered the mind of the Continent by popularising Newton”. We review the translation of the Elements, its reception, and again describe the background of the period. Our subject is a little-known story that might well have been an entertaining and timely lecture for students of mechanics three years ago on the occasion of the tercentenary of the Principia [1(b)].     

Application of microscopy in authentication of valuable Chinese medicine I--Cordyceps sinensis, its counterfeits, and related products

Light and polarized microscope was applied to authenticate 32 Cordyceps and 6 artificial counterfeits and 8 fermented Cordyceps as well as 7 Cordyceps capsules available in Hong Kong markets. Results showed that transverse sections of stroma and powder of larvae can be used to differentiate C. sinensis from its counterfeits. The fermented Cordyceps are in powder form. Among the eight fermented Cordyceps collected, half of them were pure; three were a mixture of fermented Cordyceps and soya beans; one was a mixture of unknown plant tissues and soya beans. For the seven Cordyceps capsules, the powders of five samples were a mixture of fermented Cordyceps and soya beans; the powders of other two were a mixture of C. sinensis stroma powder and fermented Cordyceps. The study indicated that the microscopy is an unambiguous method that requests fewer sample for the authentication of valuable Chinese medicine-C. sinensis and its related products.     

Note: Measurement method for sound velocity of melts in large volume press and its application to liquid sodium up to 2.0 GPa

Based on large volume press and conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic technique, we have overcome the difficulty in determining the length of liquid specimen under high pressure, and the sound velocity in liquid Na has been measured up to 2 GPa. The P-V data deduced by our sound velocity results through equation of state is in an excellent agreement with previous data directly determined by piezometer method. This new experimental technique is convenient and ready for use, being expected to advance investigation on thermodynamic properties of liquid metals and other melts under high pressure.     

激光在机械制造领域中的应用及展望

综述了激光在切割、焊接、打孔、刻标记、辅助切削、成型、粉末烧结制模和热处理机械制造领域中应用的现状,并探讨了其发展前景。     

The application of water soluble,mega‐Stokes‐shifted BODIPY fluorophores to cell and tissue imaging

BODIPY (4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene) fluorophores are widely used in bioimaging to label proteins, lipids and nucleotides, but in spite of their attractive optical properties they tend to be prone to self‐quenching because of their notably small Stokes shift. Herein, we compare two BODIPY compounds from a recently developed family of naphthyridine substituted BODIPY derivatives, one a visible emitting derivative (BODIPY‐VIS) and one a near‐infrared emitting fluorophore with a Stokes shift of approximately 165 nm as contrast reagents for live mammalian cells and murine brain tissue. The compounds were rendered water soluble by their conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both PEGylated compounds exhibited good cell uptake compared with their parent compounds and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed all dyes explored to be nuclear excluding, localizing predominantly within the lipophilic organelles; the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that these BODIPY derivatives are modestly cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 10 μM where they induce apoptosis and necrosis. Although the quantum yield of emission of the visible emitting fluorophore was over an order of magnitude greater than the Mega‐Stokes shifted probe, the latter showed considerably reduced tendency to self quench and less interference from autofluorescence. The near‐infrared probe also showed good penetrability and staining in live tissue samples. In the latter case similar tendency to exclude the nucleus and to localize in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was observed as in live cells. This to our knowledge is the first demonstration of such a Mega‐Stokes BODIPY probe applied to cell and tissue imaging.     

SolidWorks参数化设计在注塑模中的应用研究

这里阐述了SolidWorks在注塑模设计中的应用及其参数化设计方法中的关键技术,介绍了进行注塑模CAD二次开发的基本框架,研究了现代国内注塑模CAD二次开发系统存在的一些问题,并指出了今后的主要发展方向。     

注塑工艺设计中模具CAE技术与正交试验的综合应用

模具CAE技术与正交实验、数据处理与分析技术的综合应用,可以有效地优化工艺参数方案,缩短模具设计周期、提高模具设计质量、降低模具制造成本。本文为注塑成型工艺方案的优化及模具设计提供了一种可行方案和技术路线。     

Voltaire's contribution to the spread of Newtonianism—II. Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton: The elements of the philosophy of sir Isaac Newton

Continuing from Part I [Int. J. Mech. Sci.32, 423, 1990]^§, we mainly summarise the contents of, and make comments on, the 25 chapters of Voltaire's Élémen, published in 1738. Mme du Châtelet was the constant companion of Voltaire for 10 years and was very influential during the writing of the latter volume (worthy of being designated a co-author say some), so that space is given over to describing their life and work together during that period, mostly at Cirey, in Montjeu, Lorraine. We include an account of her writing of a translation of Newton's Principia, widely published in France in 1759, and of her early death. Voltaire (and Mme du Châtelet) expended very considerable efforts to spread Newton's philosophy through France.We also outline John Locke's Elements of 1720—hitherto undescribed we believe—Henry Pemberton's A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy of 1728, and we mention Algarotti's book of 1737. The latter two authors, Voltaire (and Mme du Châtelet) were the major popularisers of Newton's work in Europe though others, s'Gravesande and Keil, for instance, have been held to be more influential in doing so.     

西门子运动控制数控技术应用中心揭幕仪式在京举行

2012年7月24日,西门子运动控制数控技术应用中心在北京正式揭幕。西门子全球运动控制部总裁Frank先生,西门子(中国)有限公司高级副总裁、工业业务领域客户服务集团总经理王平先生,西门子(中国)有限公司驱动技术集团副总裁、运动控制部总经理裴安咨先生,西门子(中国)有限公司运动控制部数控机床业务总经理许政顺先生及西门子工厂自动化工程有限公司总经理秦政先生出席了揭幕仪式并为揭幕仪式剪彩。该中心是我国首家数控技术应用中心,它坐落于西门子工厂自动化工程有限公司,占地约200西门子在北京创立中国首家数控技术应用中心     

电喷雾电离质谱及其在蛋白质化学研究中的应用

本文介绍了电喷雾电离质谱并综述其在蛋白质化学研究中的应用.由于电喷雾电离质谱可产生多电荷峰,因此扩大了检测的分子质量范围,同时灵敏度较高,另外它可与HPLC及高效毛细管电泳分离技术联用,扩大了质谱在蛋白质化学研究中的应用.     

A meshless method for predicting two dimensional flow front advancement and its application in injection moulding

Flow front advancement is a common phenomenon in many industrial process simulations, which are important in designing tools for these processes. The advancement is traditionally simulated by performing numerical computation in a meshed flow domain with a known velocity field. Since the design process is iterative, the costs of performing detail simulation in all iterations are high. This paper presents a meshless approach to simulate the flow front advancement in a bounded domain. The computation efficiency of this approach is raised because part of it is handled by a solid geometry kernel and the costs are further reduced by an estimated the velocity field. The generated flow front pattern is useful in preliminary analysis. An engineering example in injection moulding is raised to demonstrate the application.     

赢在转型升级台州蓄势待发

2012年12月26日,中国机床工具行业发展高峰论坛暨台州市机床工具行业协会五周年庆典在台州国际会展中心隆重举行,同期举行的还有台州市机床工具行业"十佳评选"的颁奖典礼.中国机械工业联合会执行副会长陆仁琪、中国机床工具工业协会名誉理事长梁训瑄、中国机床工具工业协会副秘书长陈惠仁、台州市人民政府副市长李跃程、台州市经济和信息化委员会主任林定刚、台州市机床工具行业协会当值会长王如增、轮值会长陈华贵等领导出席了庆典活动.     

x-y-Recording in transmission electron microscopy. A versatile and inexpensive interface to personal computers with application to stereology

An interface for IBM XT/AT-compatible computers is described which has been designed to read the actual specimen stage position of electron microscopes. The complete system consists of (i) optical incremental encoders attached to the x- and y-stage drivers of the microscope, (ii) two keypads for operator input, (iii) an interface card fitted to the bus of the personal computer, (iv) a standard configuration IBM XT (or compatible) personal computer optionally equipped with a (v) HP Graphic Language controllable colour plotter. The small size of the encoders and their connection to the stage drivers by simple ribbed belts allows an easy adaptation of the system to most electron microscopes. Operation of the interface card itself is supported by any high-level language available for personal computers. By the modular concept of these languages, the system can be customized to various applications, and no computer expertise is needed for actual operation. The present configuration offers an inexpensive attachment, which covers a wide range of applications from a simple notebook to high-resolution (200-nm) mapping of tissue. Since section coordinates can be processed in real-time, stereological estimations can be derived directly “on microscope”. This is exemplified by an application in which particle numbers were determined by the disector method.     

Mesenchymal stem cells,secretome and biomaterials in <i>in-vivo</i> animal models: Regenerative medicine application in cutaneous wound healing

The treatment of nonhealing and chronic cutaneous wounds still needs a clinical advancement to be effective.Both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), obtained from different sources, and their secretome derived thereof (especiallyexosomes) can activate signaling pathways related to promotion of cell migration, vascularization, collagen deposition,and inflammatory response demonstrating prohealing, angiogenetic and anti-scarring capacities. On the other hand,biodegradable biomimetic scaffolds can facilitate endogenous cell attachment and proliferation as well as extracellularmatrix production. In this Review, we revise the complex composites made by biomimetic scaffolds, mainly hydrogels,and MSC-derived exosomes constructed for cutaneous wound healing. Studies demonstrate that there exists asynergistic action of scaffolds with encapsulated exosomes, displaying a sustained release profiles to facilitate longlasting healing effects. It can be envisioned that dressings made by biomimetic hydrogels and MSC-derived exosomeswill be clinically applied in the near future for the effective treatment of nonhealing and chronic wounds.