Experimental study on the effects of sediment size and porosity on contaminant adsorption/desorption and interfacial diffusion characteristics

The joint effects of the sediment size and porosity on the contaminant adsorption/desorption and interfacial diffusion characteristics were experimentally investigated. The adsorption of Phosphorus (P) on the natural and artificial sediment suspensions was measured with respect to the P adsorption isotherms and kinetics in the experiment. The obtained adsorption isotherms for different grain-sized sediment suspensions fit well with the Langmuir equation, dependent on the initial aqueous concentration and sediment content. The P kinetic adsorption behaviors for cohesive fine-grained and non-cohesive coarse-grained sediment suspensions clearly show the size-dependent feature. On the other hand, the P kinetic release feature of a porous sediment layer is affected by not only the direct desorption of the uppermost sediments, but also the diffusivity in the pore-water within the underlying sediment layer, characterized by the sediment size and porosity, respectively. Furthermore, the temporal contaminant release from the permeable sediment layer into the overlying water column increases with the increasing flow velocity, while this enhancement in mediating the interfacial diffusion flux is somewhat insignificant in an immediate release stage, largely due to the resistance of the diffusive boundary layer on the hydrodynamic disturbance.     

Numerical research on the mechanism of contaminant release through the porous sediment-overlying water interface

After the pollutant discharged into the river or lake has been reduced, the release of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water may cause the river and lake be contaminated again. On the condition that the overlying water flow does not lead to sediment suspension, numerical researches are carried out for the mechanism of contaminant release through the sedimentoverlying water interface. The overlying water flow is calculated as turbulence. The sediment is regarded as isotropic homogeneous porous medium, therefore the seepage field in the porous sediment layer is obtained by solving Darcy＇s equations. Coupled two dimensional steady flows of the overlying water and the pore water in the sediment are calculated. Based on the flow fields obtained, the unsteady contaminant solute transportation process in the pore water in the sediment and the overlying water is numerically simulated, as the shapes of the sediment-overlying water interface are flat or periodic triangular respectively. Numerical results show that the exchange of the pore water and the overlying water is an important factor which decides the release flux of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water. The pressure distribution produced by the overlying water flow along the sedimentoverlying water interface, as it is not flat, may induce the seepage of the pore water in the sediment and through the sedimentoverlying water interface, which may increase the release flux of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water.     

Numerical research for contaminant release from un-suspended bottom sediment under different hydrodynamic conditions

Contaminant release from bottom sediments in rivers is one of the main problems to study the environmental hydrodynamics. Contaminant will release into the overlying water column under different hydrodynamic conditions through pore-water in sediment, the release mechanism can be roughly divided into convection diffusion, molecular diffusion and adsorption/desorption. In this article, phosphorus was as a typical contaminant with sorption. Through theoretical analysis of the contaminant release, according to different particle-sized and hydraulic conditions, the mathematics model of contaminant release can be established by the coupled Navier-Stokes equation, Darcy equation, solute transport equation and adsorption/desorption equation. Then that model was verified by flume experiment. Numerical studies show that, under different velocity, the instantaneous concentration of convection diffusion is about 6 times to 50 times larger than that of molecular diffusion during initial stages. The concentration of molecular diffusion is about 1 times to 4 times larger than to that of convection diffusion during late stages. Through analysis, the diffusive boundary layer near the interface can be obtained. In addition, the release will increase with particle size decreasing, and the release will be influenced much more by the size change when the particle size is relatively big under different velocity.     

北大港水库水-土界面盐分释放规律研究

为了研究天津北大港水库水质咸化机理,采用野外取样与室内土柱试验相结合的方法,研究了北大港水库蓄水时底质与上覆水体之间盐分的释放规律。结果表明:底质向上覆水体释放盐分时水体中存在一个明显的盐分渐变区(扩散边界层),该层位于水-土界面以上10cm的范围,底质中释放出的盐分有60%集中在边界层,边界层以上水体盐分垂直变化较小;底质中盐分的累积释放量随时间的变化符合对数函数形式,试验运行前50天中盐分累积释放量占底质盐分总释放量的80%左右;水-土界面处盐分释放通量的变化趋势存在周期性,每个周期内均呈现先迅速增加后缓慢下降。     

Sediment rarefaction resuspension and contaminant release under tidal curren- ts

Based on experiment in tidal flume, this paper analyzes the sediment rarefactive phenomenon and hydraulic characteristics of sediment resuspension with different physical properties under the effect of tidal current. According to this experiment, sediment resuspension is related to the hydraulic characteristics of overlying water and its own dry density, namely the moisture content of sediment and deposition time. Generally, river sediment can be classified into the upper layer of floating sludge and lower layer of deposit sediment. Incipient velocity goes higher as the sediment layer goes thicker. Based on the experiment, incipient velocity formula of sediment can be obtained. There is a cohesive force among natural fine sediment whose resuspension is almost irrelevant to their diameters. Therefore, the critical incipient velocity is determined by the cohesive force instead of particle diameter. The lower layer of deposit sediment is generally not so easy to start up. And it will be rarified and release into the overlying water when contacting with overlying water. However, this rarefaction release velocity is gentle and slow. Under the same flow condition, annual loss amount of lower layer deposited sediment is about one fifth of upper layer of floating sediment. Flow velocity of tidal river and variation of the water level are asymmetrical, both of which vary under different tidal cycles. During long tidal cycle, flow velocity and water level change in the same phase and amplitude with tide. During the whole ebb and flow, flow direction does not change as the water level goes under the influence of acceleration and deceleration. As the tide cycle increases, the incipient velocity of sediment goes higher. This means that the long period tide cycle plays buffer effect on the resuspension of sediment, which makes the sediment not so easy both to start up and to suspend.     

Hydrodynamic effects on contaminants release due to rususpension and diffusion from sediments

Hydrodynamic effects play a very important role in the contaminants release from sediments. Experiments were perfor-med to study contaminants releasing characteristics due to resuspension. The time-dep...     

基于图像识别的非恒定流卵砾石输移试验研究

采用自主研发的水位、泥沙运动同步观测系统,分析相同幅度、不同周期非恒定流条件下卵砾石起动试验研究,其中水位与泥沙运动观测系统主要由相机、超声水位计组成。提出了卵石运动图像的分析方法,能够有效识别经过断面的卵石运动。初步对非恒定流条件下卵砾石输移进行研究,试验结果表明,非恒定流条件下,上升段输沙强度大于下降段输沙强度,随着周期的增加,上涨段与下降段的输沙强度差逐渐减小。     

沉水植物苦草对上覆水各形态磷浓度的影响

沉水植物是影响湖泊磷营养状态的重要因素。在室内模拟了"水-苦草-沉积物"生态系统,在沉水植物苦草生长过程中分析上覆水中的总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)、溶解性有机磷(DOP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)、颗粒态总磷(PP)的变化,探讨了苦草对上覆水磷赋存形态的影响。结果表明,苦草在生长过程中减缓了沉积物磷的相对释放速率使上覆水中TP、SRP、DOP、PP均呈现不同程度的下降。上覆水TP、SRP、DOP、PP分别下降了37.5%、74.6%、42.0%、19.5%;苦草主要通过吸收上覆水和间隙水中的磷及对环境因子的影响,使得上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持在较低的水平,降低沉积物向水体释放磷的速率。     

时间变态对水流及泥沙运动的影响的初步分析

利用一维不恒定水流泥沙数学模型 ,研究泥沙实体模型试验的时间变态问题。针对上游流量和泥沙浓度呈阶梯形变化的边界条件问题 ,通过比较模型与原型尺度下的水流条件、泥沙浓度、累计淤积面积等各物理量的差异 ,定量地描述了时间变率、模型长度、水沙的不恒定性等对模型试验可能造成的影响 ,并对误差产生的原因进行了分析。     

向家坝水电站泥沙淤积计算

为了研究上游为两个水库共同调度的情况下水库泥沙的淤积特性,选取了金沙江干流向家坝水电站作为研究对象.采用自主开发的一维非恒定流泥沙冲淤计算数学模型对向家坝水电站水库泥沙淤积进行了计算,具体对水库库区泥沙淤积、水库河床纵剖面变化、水库库容损失、水库排沙比、库区坝前泥沙淤积厚度作了计算,进一步分析泥沙淤积形态、泥沙淤积速度、库容损失以及排沙比的变化特点,得出了以下结论:由于上游水库的调度作用,使库区来水来沙较天然大不相同,导致库区泥沙淤积呈现带状淤积为主;前期泥沙淤积速度较慢,以后逐年加快,接近平衡时,淤积速度才又减慢;库容损失逐年增加;排沙比较大,水库运行前期排沙比较大但逐年减小,以后又逐年增大至水库淤积平衡.此外,还简要介绍了向家坝、溪洛渡以及雅砻江上的二滩电站的联合运行的综合拦沙效应.     

径流与潮流对长江口泥沙输运的影响

本文首先建立了一个一维水流、二维泥沙数学模型，以长江口南港北槽为实际背景，研究了径流和潮流共同作用下，泥沙输运的规律，讨论了泥沙近底边界条件，认为非恒定情况下泥沙底边界条件应考虑沉效应。     

泥沙颗粒和孔隙水在底泥再悬浮污染物释放中的作用

在环境水动力学中,河流底泥污染物释放是人们研究的主要问题之一。污染物进入到水体中后会有一部分聚集在水体底泥中,并在底泥的上层形成一条污染底泥层。底泥再悬浮时,污染物会通过再悬浮颗粒以及孔隙水重新释放到上覆水体中。此文中分别以氯化钠和磷代表典型非吸附性污染物和吸附性污染物,研究底泥污染物释放中底泥颗粒相和水相在不同的水力条件下所起到的作用。研究表明,在底泥静止状态和瞬间悬浮条件下,底泥污染物的释放主要来自于水相孔隙水,非吸附性污染物的释放主要集中在这两个状态下;而在连续悬浮条件下,再悬浮颗粒的解吸释放起着主要的作用,吸附性污染物的释放大部分发生在此阶段。另外,此文还研究了两种类型的泥沙即粘性细颗粒泥沙和非粘性粗颗粒泥沙在底泥连续悬浮时的释放量和释放时间的异同。研究表明,再悬浮粗颗粒泥沙的污染释放量要比再悬浮细颗粒小,但前者释放持续的时间要比后者长。     

镧沸石控制人工湖泊沉积物磷释放的试验研究

环境条件的变化会引起沉积物中的磷向上覆水释放,从而引发富营养化。投加镧系钝化剂可以有效控制沉积物中磷的释放。然而,目前应用最为广泛的锁磷剂 Phoslock存在着 La3+释放的风险;此外,由于锁磷剂吸附量较小,形成的钝化剂层较厚,氧气从上覆水向沉积物的传质也会被阻碍。使用具有较大吸附量和较低 La3+释放风险的新型材料———镧沸石作为钝化剂,考察了其对人工湖泊沉积物中磷释放的控制效果。通过等温吸附线和 Langmuir 模型拟合,发现镧沸石对磷的最大吸附量为71. 94 mg /g,是 Phoslock的 7 倍。吸附动力学试验表明,镧沸石对磷的吸附速率较快,0. 5 h 内可以利用 81%的吸附位。磷形态分析发现,镧沸石吸附的磷 85%以上为酸溶态或残渣态磷,说明其与磷的结合具有较好的稳定性。投加镧沸石后,沉积物中磷在 pH 值为 10. 8 时的释放量可以降低 30%;厌氧条件下沉积物中磷的释放可以被镧沸石完全抑制。40 d 模拟钝化试验发现,投加质量百分比1. 65%的镧沸石可以显著降低上覆水中溶解性可反应磷( SＲP) 和总磷( TP) 的浓度,其中 SＲP 浓度的降低幅度大于 TP。模拟钝化试验中,非稳定形态的磷被转化为较为稳定的酸溶态磷和残渣态磷。结果表明,镧沸石在沉积物内源磷控制方面具有良好的应用前景。     

ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMICS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW AROUND WAVING PLATES

Hydrodynamic characteristics for two-dimensional flow around a waving plate are investigated. Under large Reynolds number approximation, the flow is assumed to be a combination of the outer potential flow and a thin vortex layer, which consists of a boundary layer and a shed free shear layer. A nonlinear mathematical formulation for describing the outer unsteady potential flow coupled with an unsteady boundary layer equation for the inner viscous flow adjacent to the waving plate is developed. A semi-analytical method with a nonlinear Kutta condition imposed at the trailing edge is used to solve the velocity field of the outer flow and the evolution of wake vortex induced by a large-amplitude waving plate. The unsteady boundary layer equation is solved by extending Pohlhausen’s method to its unsteady counterpart. The thrust and viscous drag coefficients, propulsive efficiency, and the pattern of wake vortex sheet are discussed.     

洋河水库底泥磷的释放规律研究

本文研究了洋河水库底泥中磷的释放规律。通过调整上覆水的DO、pH、温度等条件，在室内进行静态模拟试验，得到了如下结果：厌氧条件促进底泥无机磷的释放，好氧条件抑制底泥磷的释放，同时还可吸收水体中的磷；弱酸性或弱碱性上覆水条件均促进底泥中磷的释放；随着温度的升高，底泥中无机磷的释放量也随之增加。     

波浪边界层下的泥沙起动

首先对波浪作用下泥沙起动研究进行了回顾，通过分析，认为同样边界层下单向水流泥沙起动标准可以用于波浪条件，在此基础上，对不同边界层单向水流和波浪作用下起动曲线进行对比论证，由此得到波浪作用下泥沙起动标准曲线并给出相应的计算公式，大量试验资料表明，该曲线与实验值有着良好的一致性。     

Effects of vegetations on the removal of contaminants in aquatic environments： A review

This paper reviews the removal of contaminants including nutrients, metals and organic pollutants by vegetations in aquatic environments. The removal efficiencies are considered with respect to 16, 19 and 14 kinds of different aquatic plants, respectively in three tables. Due to different characteristics, the removal effects of plants on contaminants from the overlying water differ greatly. The vegetation can improve the water quality mainly through two ways： （1） to adsorb and absorb pollutants from water, （2） to prevent pollutants from releasing from sediment. The contaminant removal mechanisms of vegetations and related physical, chemical and biological effects are discussed. The effects of vegetations on the contaminant removal are found to depend on the environmental conditions, the number and the type of plants, the nature and the chemical structure of the pollutants. In addition, the contaminant release and reoaoval by vegetations under hydrodynamic conditions is specially addressed. Further research directions are suggested.     

水系连通机理及其影响因素

为了摸清水系连通性衰退的成因,本文通过引入水系连通性指标和推求河道水力几何关系,深入分析了水系连通性的连通机理和影响因素.结果表明河道纵向连通性取决于河道来水来沙条件与边界形态,侧向连通性取决于河道分汇流比及分汇流区的水流流态和冲淤形态,河道横向连通包括河道滩槽并存、洪水期滩槽水沙交换以及水生植物的传播,主要是通过洪水...     

盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层对污染物释放的影响

为了解盐城市盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥氧化层理化性质,探讨其对底泥氮、磷及有机物释放过程的影响,在测定底泥理化性质的基础上进行了室内静态柱状试验。结果表明:盐龙湖表面流人工湿地长期运行后在底泥表层形成了厚度为1 cm、呈棕黄色、无明显臭味、含水率低、TP含量高、TOC和TN含量低的氧化层;氧化层对于底泥中污染物的释放特征影响显著(P0.05),对内源污染的控制具有一定的正面作用;无氧化层试验组上覆水中TN、NH_3-N和COD的平均质量浓度分别比有氧化层试验组高9.5%、30.8%和3.5%;在湿地的实际管理中,不宜对湿地进行疏浚,如疏浚则疏浚深度应达到健康层。     

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN FLOWING WATER

In this paper, the bottom of the Dianshan Lake was selected as a test sample. The dynamic release of contaminated sediments into the overlying water column was experimentally investigated in an open water channel under different hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental results indicate that the Total Phosphorus (TP) release process can be divided into three stages: rapid release, slow release and equilibration release. In the initial release stage the measured TP concentration changes along the depth. The TP concentration near the sediment-water interface is higher than that near the water surface, but the TP concentration becomes uniform along the depth after 3 h. The dynamic release of re-suspension sediment pollutants is about 6 times higher than the static release of sediment-water interface. There are three main types of release mechanism: diffusion release, re-suspended pore water mixing release and re-suspended particles desorbing release.