合金成分对NiTi-Al基合金显微组织的影响

研究了不同Al含量和Ni/(Ti+Al)原子比对NiTi-Al基合金显微组织的影响。结果表明:在Ni_(50)Ti_(50-x)Al_x(x=0,5,7和9)合金体系中,当Al≤7 at%时,合金的微观组织并未发生明显的变化,均由NiTi基体相和分布于晶界处的Ti_2Ni+NiTi非规则共晶组织构成,而在Al含量升高至9 at%时,Ni_2TiAl相则会作为初生相析出。在Ni_(50-y)Ti_(43+y)Al_7(y=-2,-1,0和2)合金体系中,随着Ni元素含量的增加,Ti_2Ni相的体积分数逐渐降低,但当Ni≥51 at%时,Ti_2Ni相的体积分数基本保持一致,同时Ti_2Ni+NiTi非规则共晶组织消失,Ti_2Ni相以短条状或点状形态分布在晶界处。此外,NiTi-Al基合金在经过1200℃×12 h固溶和850℃×10 h时效的热处理之后,会在基体上均析出了大量的Ni_2TiAl相,但随着Ni元素含量的增加,Ni_2TiAl相的组织稳定性显著降低,并且晶界处的Ni_2TiAl相先于晶内的Ni_2TiAl相失去与基体之间的共格关系。综合考虑,Ni_(50)Ti_(43)Al_7合金有着较低的Ti_2Ni相体积分数以及优异的Ni_2TiAl相高温稳定性,是进一步研究NiTi-Al基合金组织与性能的适宜对象。     

温度对L1_0到L1_2有序转化中原子占位影响的相场模拟

基于三元微观相场动力学模型模拟了在弹性畸变能常数B=800时,不同温度对Ni_(75)Al_(14)Mo_(11)合金沉淀过程的影响。结果表明,该合金首先析出L1_0相,其大部分为L1_0(II)型;随着时效的进行,基体中L1_0相全部转变为L1_2相;在弹性畸变能与温度的综合作用下,Ni_(75)Al_(14)Mo_(11)合金的有序化和簇聚变化量很小。Ni原子倾向于占据α位和β1位;Al、Mo原子倾向于占据β_2位,但Al原子占位几率远大于Mo原子;最终,在同一畸变能下,随着温度的升高,在各位置上Ni、Mo原子占位几率下降,Al原子占位几率增加。     

时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响

本文研究了时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的组织和析出相进行了表征,并对其硬度、导电率和弹性模量进行了测试。结果表明：时效处理后析出Ni3Ti及 β''-Cu4Ti相。随着时效时间的延长,部分合金元素回溶于Cu基体,连续的亚稳定β''-Cu4Ti相向不连续的稳定Cu3Ti相转变。Ni3Ti相及β''-Cu4Ti相的析出减少了Ti原子的固溶,导致导电率升高。经过合适的时效处理,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金中的Ni3Ti相及连续的亚稳定β''-Cu4Ti相析出完全,导致硬度升高,但时效处理对合金弹性模量影响不大。在本实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的最佳时效处理工艺是 300°C时效2 h后炉冷,随后450 °C时效7 h炉冷。Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的硬度、导电率及弹性模量分别是183 HV、31.34 % IACS (国际退火铜标准)及148.62 GPa。     

预变形及时效对Ti-50.7at%Ni温控合金回复应力的影响

采用热循环处理及室温和高温拉伸试验等方法分别研究了预变形和时效对Ti-50.7at%Ni温控合金显微组织及回复应力的影响。结果表明:适当的预形变处理,会提高合金的回复应力;时效处理会使合金中的沉淀相Ti_3Ni_4弥散析出,Ti_3Ni_4对B2母相的钉扎作用使基体得到强化,400℃时效时析出的沉淀相Ti_3Ni_4最多,合金的回复应力最大,为50MPa,过长的时效时间会破坏B2和B19'的共格关系,组织逐渐恢复,回复应力显著降低。回复应力的大小是由沉淀相Ti_3Ni_4的析出速率和组织的回复进程共同决定的。     

Fe的添加对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响（英文）

制备了三种名义成分分别为Ni_(50)Ti_(50)、Ni_(49)Ti_(49)Fe2和Ni45Ti51.8Fe3.2(摩尔分数,%)的不同NiTi基合金来揭示Fe的添加对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响。采用光学显微分析法、透射电子显微分析法、X射线衍射和差示扫描量热法对这些合金的组织和相变行为进行分析。结果表明,Ni_(50)Ti_(50)合金的基体由B19′马氏体相和B2奥氏体相组成。而且,在B19′相中可以观察到孪晶亚结构。然而,三元NiTi Fe合金的组织则为B2奥氏体相。这两种合金的基体中弥散分布着大量的Ti2Ni沉淀相。NiTi形状记忆合金中添加Fe后导致三元合金的相变温度下降。由机理分析可以得到如下结论:这一现象主要是由原子的弛豫引起的,弛豫会导致相变过程中B2相的稳定化。     

时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响（英文）

研究了时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的组织和析出相进行了表征,并对其硬度、导电率和弹性模量进行了测试。结果表明:Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金时效处理后析出Ni_3Ti及β'-Cu_4Ti相。随着时效时间的延长,部分合金元素回溶于Cu基体,连续的亚稳定β'-Cu_4Ti相向不连续的稳定Cu3Ti相转变。Ni_3Ti相及β'-Cu_4Ti相的析出减少了Ti原子的固溶,导致导电率升高。经过合适的时效处理,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金中的Ni_3Ti相及连续的亚稳定β'-Cu_4Ti相析出完全,导致硬度升高,但时效处理对合金弹性模量影响不大。在本实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的最佳时效处理工艺是300℃时效2 h后炉冷,随后450℃时效7 h炉冷。Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的HV硬度、导电率及弹性模量分别是1.83 GPa、31.34%IACS(国际退火铜标准)及148.62 GPa。     

微量Ag对Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合金时效析出及组织热稳定性的影响

采用差热分析(DSC)及透射电镜(TEM),研究了微量Ag对Al-5.3Cu-0.8Mg-0.5Mn-0.5(Zr Ti)合金时效析出过程及显微组织热稳定性的影响.结果表明,添加微量Ag可改变合金的时效过程,提高合金的时效硬化能力.含0.6%Ag的Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合金在185 ℃峰时效时的强化析出相由Ω相与少量θ′相组成,Ω相呈薄片状,该相{001}Ω面与基体Al的{111}α面共格,位向关系为(001)Ω//(111)α、[010]Ω//[101-]及[100]Ω//[12-1]α.当温度低于300 ℃时,Ω相比θ′相具有更好的热稳定性;而在300 ℃经长时间处理时,Ω相变得不稳定并最终转变成θ′相.     

Pd替代对Ti-Zr-Ni准晶合金结构的影响

针对Ti_(45)Zr_(38)Ni_(17)与Ti_(40)Zr_(40)Ni_(20)准晶合金用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜与金相等手段研究了不同含量的Pd替代对其结构的影响.在吸铸态下,前一个合金形成了二十面体准晶相(IQC)与少量配位数为8的bccβ-(Ti,Zr)相,用2%Pd(原子分数,下同)对合金的Ti或Zr组元替代,抑制了β-(Ti,Zr)相析出并促使配位数为14的MgZn_2结构的简单六方C14 Laves相生成.而后一个合金中IQC相则与少量简单六方α-(Ti,Zr)共存,在2%Pd替代后α-(Ti,Zr)消失,生成了单一的IQC相,但当Pd替代量增加到6.7%或13.3%时,配位数为12的IQC相急剧减少而C14相大量析出,并在Ti_(40)Zr_(26.7)Ni_(20)Pd_(13.3)合金中生成了单一C14相.结果表明,添加中等尺寸的Pd原子有利于提高Ti-Zr-Ni合金的原子密堆性,使合金趋于生成高配位数的Laves相,这种相的Fermi面与Brillouin区的相互作用不显著,偏离了电子相的稳定机制.     

时效温度对0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金组织和性能的影响

采用相分析、SEM、万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究了不同时效温度对0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金在不同的时效温度下析出相有MC相、M23C6相和γ′相。MC和M23C6碳化物在650、670、690℃时的含量基本保持不变。随着时效温度的升高,γ′相的含量和尺寸不断增加。时效温度从650℃升高到720℃,γ′相质量分数由4.971%增加至10.744%,γ′相晶粒尺寸由11.0 nm增大到38.8 nm。在650℃保温14 h后,基体内部析出细小的球状γ′相,当时效温度为750℃时,合金内部出现链状的γ′相,当时效温度为810和840℃时,合金中存在方形的γ′相。随着时效温度的升高,合金室温抗拉强度和屈服强度呈现先增高后减小的趋势,当时效温度高于750℃后,室温抗拉强度和屈服强度均迅速下降,时效温度为720℃时,合金的冲击韧性值最小。     

等离子体烧结制备TiNi合金的表征

将高能球磨制备的原子比为1:1的Ti Ni合金粉进行等离子体真空烧结。利用XRD、EDS和SEM对合金粉和烧结样进行了成分与微观形貌的表征,同时对烧结样进行了硬度测试。结果表明:球磨22 h后Ti Ni粉呈非晶态粉末,球磨30 h后的TiNi合金粉发生了明显的固相反应,生成了TiNi、Ni_3Ti、Ti_3Ni_4等物相。等离子体烧结样的物相是Ti Ni,Ni_4Ti_3、Ni_3Ti和Ti_2Ni。平均晶粒尺寸约2μm,平均硬度(HV)达到9000 MPa,自然时效1年后的平均硬度达到6800MPa,是常规电弧熔炼法制备的Ti Ni合金的2~5倍。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。