基于FP-Tree的频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法的研究

目前频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法有很多,例如CLOSET[1]。CLOSET以FP-Growth为基础,采用FP-Tree来表示模式支持集,通过深度优先搜索来挖掘频繁闭合模式。其困难是,递归构造“条件FP-Tree”的CPU开销和存储开销很大。为解决上面的问题,论文提出一种基于FP-Tree和COFI-Tree的频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法,在该算法中引用了COFI-Tree结构,COFI-Tree无需递归地构造“条件FP-Tree”,并且某一时刻只有一个频繁项的COFI-Tree在内存,所以大大减少了内存消耗。通过实验证明:当挖掘大型数据库时,在执行时间方面,该算法比其它算法更有效。     

Interactive mining of top-K frequent closed itemsets from data streams

Mining closed frequent itemsets from data streams is of interest recently. However, it is not easy for users to determine a proper minimum support threshold. Hence, it is more reasonable to ask users to set a bound on the result size. Therefore, an interactive single-pass algorithm, called TKC-DS (top-K frequent closed itemsets of data streams), is proposed for mining top-K closed itemsets from data streams efficiently. A novel data structure, called CIL (closed itemset lattice), is developed for maintaining the essential information of closed itemsets generated so far. Experimental results show that the proposed TKC-DS algorithm is an efficient method for mining top-K frequent itemsets from data streams.     

微阵列数据中Top-k频繁闭合项集挖掘

现有大部分微阵列数据中频繁闭合项集的挖掘需要事先给定最小支持度,但在实际应用中该最小支持度很难确定。针对该问题,提出top-k频繁闭合项集挖掘算法,基于自顶向下宽度优先搜索策略挖掘项集长度不小于min_l的top-k频繁闭合项集,并对搜索空间进行有效修剪,从而提高搜索速度。实验结果表明,该算法的时间性能在多数情况下优于CARPENTER算法。     

Meta itemset: a new concise representation of frequent itemset

The sheer size of all frequent itemsets is one challenging problem in data mining research. Based on both closed itemset and maximal itemset, meta itemset which is a new concise representation of frequent itemset is proposed. It is proved that both closed itemset and maximal itemset are special cases of meta itemset. The set of all closed itemsets and the set of all maximal itemsets form the upper bound and the lower bound of the set of all meta itemsets. Then, property and pruning strategies of meta itemset are discussed. Finally, an efficient algorithm for mining meta itemset is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and efficient.     

Efficient algorithms for mining closed itemsets and their lattice structure

The set of frequent closed itemsets uniquely determines the exact frequency of all itemsets, yet it can be orders of magnitude smaller than the set of all frequent itemsets. In this paper, we present CHARM, an efficient algorithm for mining all frequent closed itemsets. It enumerates closed sets using a dual itemset-tidset search tree, using an efficient hybrid search that skips many levels. It also uses a technique called diffsets to reduce the memory footprint of intermediate computations. Finally, it uses a fast hash-based approach to remove any "nonclosed" sets found during computation. We also present CHARM-L, an algorithm that outputs the closed itemset lattice, which is very useful for rule generation and visualization. An extensive experimental evaluation on a number of real and synthetic databases shows that CHARM is a state-of-the-art algorithm that outperforms previous methods. Further, CHARM-L explicitly generates the frequent closed itemset lattice.     

基于索引数组和复合频繁模式树的频繁闭项集挖掘算法

频繁闭项集惟一确定频繁项集且规模小得多.CROP是一种基于复合频繁模式树的、频繁闭项集高效挖掘算法,但存在着候选结点过多的问题.这些非闭合结点的生成、检查和剪裁带来了大量不必要的操作.提出了一种改进的频繁闭项集挖掘算法CROP_Index.该算法用＂索引数组＂来组织数据,找到频繁共同出现的项集.基于二进制位图,给出了一个包含索引的计算方法,并利用索引启发信息合并,得到复合型频繁模式树的初始结点;同时给出一些新的性质,使得改进的算法只生成闭合结点,从而节省了大量不必要的操作,缩小了搜索空间.实验结果表明该算法效率较高.     

频繁项集挖掘的研究进展及主流方法

关联分析作为数据挖掘的主要研究模块之一,主要用于发现隐藏在大型数据集中的强关联特征。而多数关联规则挖掘任务可分为频繁模式(频繁项集、频繁序列、频繁子图)的产生和规则的产生。前者发现数据集中满足最小支持度阈值的项集、序列与子图;后者从上一步发现的频繁模式中提取高置信度的规则。频繁项集挖掘是许多数据挖掘任务中的关键问题,也是关联规则挖掘算法的核心。十几年来,学者们致力于提高频繁项集的生成效率,从不同的角度进行改进以提高算法效率,大量的高效可伸缩性算法被提出。文中对频繁项集挖掘进行深入分析,对完全频繁项集、闭频繁项集、极大频繁项集的典型算法进行介绍和评述,最后对频繁项集挖掘算法的研究方向进行简要分析。     

Finding frequent itemsets over online data streams

Conventional data mining methods for finding frequent itemsets require considerable computing time to produce their results from a large data set. Due to this reason, it is almost impossible to apply them to an analysis task in an online data stream where a new transaction is continuously generated at a rapid rate. An algorithm for finding frequent itemsets over an online data stream should support flexible trade-off between processing time and mining accuracy. Furthermore, the most up-to-date resulting set of frequent itemsets should be available quickly at any moment. To satisfy these requirements, this paper proposes a data mining method for finding frequent itemsets over an online data stream. The proposed method examines each transaction one-by-one without any candidate generation process. The count of an itemset that appears in each transaction is monitored by a lexicographic tree resided in main memory. The current set of monitored itemsets in an online data stream is minimized by two major operations: delayed-insertion and pruning. The former is delaying the insertion of a new itemset in recent transactions until the itemset becomes significant enough to be monitored. The latter is pruning a monitored itemset when the itemset turns out to be insignificant. The number of monitored itemsets can be flexibly controlled by the thresholds of these two operations. As the number of monitored itemsets is decreased, frequent itemsets in the online data stream are more rapidly traced while they are less accurate. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed through a series of experiments in order to identify its various characteristics.     

MAXFP-M iner: 利用FP- tree 快速挖掘最大频繁项集

为提高频繁项集的挖掘效率，提出了最大频繁项集树的概念和基于FP-tree的最大频繁项集挖掘算法MAXFP-Miner，首先建立了FP-tree，在此基础上建立最大频繁项集树MAXFP-tree，MAXFP-tree中包含了所有最大频繁项集，缩小了搜索空间，提高了算法的效率，算法分析和实验表明，该算法特别适合于挖掘稠密型及具有长频繁项集的数据集。     

Mining top-k regular-frequent itemsets using database partitioning and support estimation

Temporal regularity of itemset appearance can be regarded as an important criterion for measuring the interestingness of itemsets in several applications. A frequent itemset can be said to be regular-frequent in a database if it appears at a regular period. Therefore, the problem of mining a complete set of regular-frequent itemsets requires the specification of a support and a regularity threshold. However, in practice, it is often difficult for users to provide an appropriate support threshold. In addition, the use of a support threshold tends to produce a large number of regular-frequent itemsets and it might be better to ask for the number of desired results. We thus propose an efficient algorithm for mining top-k regular-frequent itemsets without setting a support threshold. Based on database partitioning and support estimation techniques, the proposed algorithm also uses a best-first search strategy with only one database scan. We then compare our algorithm with the state-of-the-art algorithms for mining top-k regular-frequent itemsets. Our experimental studies on both synthetic and real data show that our proposal achieves high performance for small and large values of k.     

一种基于Fp-tree的压缩存储频繁项集结构

很多决策支持系统需要支持在线的、交互式的频繁项集挖,但是频繁项集挖掘是一个运算量非常庞大的过程.提出一种基于Fp-tree存储频繁项集结构--BFp-tree对频繁项集进行预处理,并将其存储在磁盘上,以支持在线挖掘要求.     

一种频繁核心项集的快速挖掘算法

传统的频繁核心项集挖掘需多次生成和反复扫描数据库,导致生成效率低下。为此,提出一种快速生成频繁核心项集算法FMEP。该算法使用Rymon枚举树作为搜索空间,并采用分而治之的策略选择特定的路径进行剪枝。利用频繁核心项集特有的反单调性质,可以快速地判断某一个候选项集是否为频繁核心项集,而无需和所有直接子集的析取支持度进行比较。通过上述方法,可以达到快速挖掘的目的。实验结果证明,该算法能够在挖掘出所有的频繁核心项集精简表示元素的同时,降低消耗时间,与MEP算法相比,在密集型数据集上的时间可缩短2倍以上,在稀疏型数据集上时间至少缩短30%。     

最大频繁项目集的快速更新

挖掘最大频繁项目集是多种数据挖掘应用中的关键问题．为克服基于Apriori的最大频繁项目集挖掘算法存在的不足,DMFIA采用FP-tree存储结构及自顶向下的搜索策略,有效地提高了最大频繁项目集的挖掘效率．但对于频繁项目多而最大频繁项目集维数相对较小的情况,DMFIA要经过多层搜索且在每一层产生大量的候选项目集,因而影响算法的执行效率．为此,该文提出了DMFIA的改进算法IDMFIA(the Improved algorithm of DMFIA)．IDMFIA采用自顶向下和自底向上双向搜索策略,可尽早修剪掉较短最大频繁项目集的超集和较长最大频繁项目集的子集．另外,该文还提出最大频繁项目集更新算法FUMFIA(Fast Updating Maximum Frequent Itemsets Algorithm),该算法充分利用已建立的FP-tree和已挖掘的最大频繁项目集,可对已挖掘的最大频繁项目集进行高效维护．实验结果表明,IDMFIA和FUMFIA可有效提高最大频繁项目集的挖掘和更新效率．     

CFP-tree: A compact disk-based structure for storing and querying frequent itemsets

Frequent itemset mining is an important problem in the data mining area with a wide range of applications. Many decision support systems need to support online interactive frequent itemset mining, which is a challenging task because frequent itemset mining is a computation intensive repetitive process. One solution is to precompute frequent itemsets. In this paper, we propose a compact disk-based data structure—CFP-tree to store precomputed frequent itemsets on a disk to support online mining requests. The CFP-tree structure effectively utilizes the redundancy in frequent itemsets to save space. The compressing ratio of a CFP-tree can be as high as several thousands or even higher. Efficient algorithms for retrieving frequent itemsets from a CFP-tree, as well as efficient algorithms to construct and maintain a CFP-tree, are developed. Our performance study demonstrates that with a CFP-tree, frequent itemset mining requests can be responded to promptly.     

基于FIUT结构增量式频繁项集挖掘

增量式频繁项集挖掘是当前研究的热点,基于FP-Growth的Pre-FUFP算法有效处理了频繁模式的更新,但需递归遍历FP-tree,导致效率较低。提出Pre-FIUT算法,引入频繁超度量树结构,提高了获得频繁项集挖掘效率;基于FIUT的Pre-FIUT可通过查看频繁超度量树叶子结点的支持度确定频繁项集,并与次频繁项集概念相结合进行增量式频繁项集挖掘。实验表明,Pre-FIUT算法能快速扫描和更新数据,合理利用内存,精确获得频繁项集。     

Fast and memory efficient mining of frequent closed itemsets

This paper presents a new scalable algorithm for discovering closed frequent itemsets, a lossless and condensed representation of all the frequent itemsets that can be mined from a transactional database. Our algorithm exploits a divide-and-conquer approach and a bitwise vertical representation of the database and adopts a particular visit and partitioning strategy of the search space based on an original theoretical framework, which formalizes the problem of closed itemsets mining in detail. The algorithm adopts several optimizations aimed to save both space and time in computing itemset closures and their supports. In particular, since one of the main problems in this type of algorithms is the multiple generation of the same closed itemset, we propose a new effective and memory-efficient pruning technique, which, unlike other previous proposals, does not require the whole set of closed patterns mined so far to be kept in the main memory. This technique also permits each visited partition of the search space to be mined independently in any order and, thus, also in parallel. The tests conducted on many publicly available data sets show that our algorithm is scalable and outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms like CLOSET+ and FP-CLOSE, in some cases by more than one order of magnitude. More importantly, the performance improvements become more and more significant as the support threshold is decreased.     

在单向FP-tree上挖掘频繁闭项集

频繁闭项集提供了频繁项集的一种完整的、最小表示。针对稠密数据集,提出一种基于单向FP-tree的频繁闭项集挖掘算法Unid_FP-FCI。该算法在挖掘过程中只生成被约束子树,而它是一种虚拟的树结构,在原有的单向FP-tree基础上用三个很小的数组来表示,因而避免了以往算法需递归构造条件FP-tree来计算频繁闭项集的弊端,极大地降低了内存空间和时间开销,提高了挖掘效率。     

基于动态项集计数的加权频繁项集算法

基于Apriori的加权频繁项集挖掘算法存在扫描数据集次数多的问题。为此,提出一种基于动态项集计数的加权频繁项集算法。该算法采用权值键树的数据结构和动态项集计数的方法,满足向下闭合特性,并且动态生成候选频繁项集,从而减少扫描数据集的次数。实验结果证明,该算法生成的加权频繁项集具有较高的效率和时间性能。     

改进的基于频繁模式树的最大频繁项集挖掘算法——FP-MFIA

针对最大频繁项目集挖掘算法(DMFIA)当候选项目集维数高而最大频繁项目集维数较低的情况下要产生大量的候选项目集的缺点,提出了一种改进的基于频繁模式树(FP-tree)结构的最大频繁项目集挖掘算法--FP-MFIA。该算法根据FP-tree的项目头表,采用自底向上的搜索策略逐层挖掘最大频繁项目集,从而加速每次对候选集计数的操作。在挖掘时根据每层的条件模式基产生维数较低的非频繁项目集,尽早对候选项目集进行剪枝和降维,可大量减少候选项目集的数量。同时在挖掘时充分利用最大频繁项集的性质,减少搜索空间。通过算法在不同支持度下挖掘时间的对比可知,算法FP-MFIA在最小支持度较低的情况下时间效率是DMFIA以及基于降维的最大频繁模式挖掘算法(BDRFI)的2倍以上,说明FP-MFIA在候选集维数较高的时候优势明显。     

应用于长频繁集挖掘的基于变动邻域搜索的遗传算法设计

提出了一种基于变动邻域搜索的长频繁集挖掘方法(VNS-GA),利用遗传算法的高效搜索性能快速挖掘最大频繁集。在遗传算法的适应度函数设计中,综合考虑项集支持度、长度以及项集支持度和邻域中心支持度的距离,算法一次运行可找出邻域内的最大频繁集,改变邻域中心即可找到我们需要的最大频繁集。算法有效性通过实验得到了验证,且实验表明该算法的时间复杂度与支持度阈值大小无关,因此对于长模式挖掘问题具有很高的效率。