Surface characterization of AISI 316L biomaterials obtained by electropolishing in a magnetic field

The paper deals with comparison of the results obtained by electropolishing AISI 316L surfaces in an externally applied magnetic field with those of a standard electropolishing process. All electrochemical investigation methods, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve measurements, and surface analytical methods such as surface roughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine the efficacy of electropolishing in a magnetic field.     

Thermoelectric detection of the magnetic field by fluxgate gradiometer on subsurface tin inclusions embedded in a copper bar

A comparison between published analytical results with measured experimental results of the magnetic field produced by thermoelectric currents of subsurface semi-spherical pure tin inclusions embedded in a copper bar under the influence of an external heating and cooling into the specimen is presented. The measurements were taken from a 12.7 mm-thick copper bar with different subsurface semi-spherical pure tin inclusion diameters and lift-off distances between the sensor tip and specimen surface varied from 12.7 to 3.18 mm and from 1 to 8 mm, respectively. The experimental magnetic flux density measurements show a reasonable agreement as compared to analytical data as a function of the lift-off distances with the different inclusion diameters with the exception of the intrinsic material background magnetic signal that affected deeply the detectability of subtle imperfections in noncontacting thermoelectric measurements.     

Magnetization reversal of a double-layer exchange-coupled ferromagnetic film

A theoretical investigation of magnetization reversal of a double-layer magnetic film with an easy-plane and easy-axis anisotropy has been performed. An analytical expression for the magnetization distribution in the layers in the presence of a magnetic field has been obtained. The calculations performed on the basis of the analytical relationships obtained show that when the thickness of the layers is close to the width of a magnetic inhomogeneity, it substantially affects the magnitude of the critical field for the magnetization reversal of the sample and the shape of the magnetization curve. It is also shown that a decrease in the exchange coupling between the layers leads to an increase in the magnitude of the critical field of magnetization reversal.     

Magnetic leakage field due to sub-surface defects in ferromagnetic specimens

This paper describes analytical expressions for the magnetic leakage field of two types of internal defects: two dimensional rectangular and elliptical defects as functions of the applied magnetic field strength, the defect size and the distance below the surface. In this study, the magnetic image effects from the spatial boundary and the defect boundary are taken into consideration. That is, the leakage field of rectangular-like defects or elliptically shaped defects ‘below the surface’ are derived by using the modified dipole model and image theory. The profiles and strengths of leakage fields calculated from the proposed analytical forms are presented under various conditions and compared with experimentally measured ones.     

电磁超声表面波换能器发射过程的精确建模与分析

针对具有曲折线圈结构的电磁超声表面波换能器模型精度较低问题,以铝合金板材表层缺陷检测为背景,在考虑交变磁场影响前提下,通过将有限元方法与解析法相结合,建立了一个精确描述电磁超声表面波换能器发射过程的三维模型。仿真分析表明,换能器在发射过程中产生的交变磁场可激发出两倍频率成分的表面波;该表面波分量能够有效提高换能器的缺陷敏感度;增加发射电流、降低提离距离均可显著增强该分量。试验验证了所建模型的有效性和精确性。     

电阻点焊熔核形成过程磁流体动力学分析

引入磁流体动力学理论,采用解析方法对电阻点焊熔核形成过程中电场、磁场、热场、流场及其相互耦合进行了系统的分析,揭示了点焊熔核形成过程中各物理场的特征,以及它们相互作用对熔核内熔化金属流动的影响规律.研究发现,在焊接电流及其感应磁场相互作用产生的磁场力的作用下,熔化金属磁流体仅仅在通过电极轴对称轴的对称平面内绕四个核心做旋转运动,并且金属流动开始于结合面,最大速度也出现在结合面上.这为进一步通过有限元方法深入研究电阻点焊熔核形成多物理场耦合过程提供了重要的简化依据.     

Effects of a magnetic field on the anodic dissolution, passivation and transpassivation behaviour of iron in weakly alkaline solutions with or without halides

The effects of a 0.4 T horizontal magnetic field on the anodic dissolution, passivation and transpassivation behaviour of iron in bicarbonate solutions of various concentrations and in dilute bicarbonate solutions with or without halides are investigated by electrochemical polarisation measurements. The applied magnetic field does not affect the activation-controlled anodic current, the steady passive current and the transpassive current, but significantly affects the activation-passivation transition processes for iron in bicarbonate solutions without halides. The effects of magnetic field are strongly dependent on passivation mechanisms that result in different types of surface films and corresponding rate determining steps of film dissolution. There is a synergistic effect between the applied magnetic field and halides, chlorides or bromides, on attacking the passivation of iron in dilute bicarbonate solutions. The effects of the magnetic field are analysed based on the previously proposed electrochemical kinetics equations. The magnetic field affects the anodic polarisation behaviour through its enhancing effects on mass transport processes at the precipitation-dissolution type surface film/solution interfaces. The magnetic field shows little or no effects on continuous and steady passivation films where the oxidation rate is controlled by mass transport processes within surface films. Magnetoelectrochemistry measurements are suggested as a prospective method for researches on corrosion or passivation mechanisms.     

一种永磁同步电主轴转矩脉动和电磁力波的抑制方法

针对磁极为平行充磁且两边平行的表面式永磁同步电主轴存在转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的问题,提出一种磁极结构优化方法以抑制转矩脉动和径向电磁力波。基于等效面电流法建立磁极表面半径为任意值的永磁同步电主轴转子气隙磁场的解析模型;综合研究转子气隙磁场对定子开槽电主轴转矩脉动、径向电磁力波的影响;在最小气隙长度不变的前提下,确立优化目标(气隙磁通密度的谐波和幅值),并通过迭代计算的方式得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案(方案一结构和方案二结构);最后,通过有限元法验证转子气隙磁场解析模型的有效性,并对原结构电主轴、方案一结构电主轴和方案二结构电主轴的转子气隙磁场谐波、转矩脉动、齿槽转矩、平均转矩和径向电磁力波进行对比分析。结果表明:该优化方法可以得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案,实现原电主轴指定阶次磁通密度谐波、转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的综合抑制。     

Study on traveling magnetic field casting of sheet components

The distribution of a magnetic field over an inductor used for sheet castings has been investigated experimentally. With an increase in height from the surface, the magnetic field density decreases according to the exponential law. In the transverse direction, the magnetic field density is approximately uniform except near the edges. The magnetic field density is direct proportional to the number of turns multiplied by the current in amperes. Ferromagnetic material in the upper mould can enhance the magnetic field density. Under the electromagnetic force, the mould-filling process of sheet casings has been studied by physical simulation method. The difference in filling capability between gravity casting and travelling magnetic field casting has been studied. The electromagnetic force can enhance the filling process, but it also brings a problem. With an increase in the magnetic field density, the surface quality of the aluminum alloy sheet castings becomes poor. The reason is discussed.     

轴向磁化开口磁环在周期永磁聚焦系统中的应用

采用解析法和有限元法计算了轴向磁化永磁环中心轴上的磁感应强度分布,得到了开口磁环的磁场分布规律。完整磁环中心轴上的磁感应强度不存在径向分量B⊥,只包含轴向分量Bz。磁环开口后,轴向磁场的峰值降低,而径向磁场增加,其中心轴上的合成磁场体现出非轴对称性,不利于其在周期永磁(PPM)聚焦系统中的应用。基于轴向分量Bz和径向分量B⊥的分布特点,设计了新型的PPM系统结构,实现了带开口磁环的PPM系统的轴向周期磁场。实际制备PPM系统的轴向磁场测试结果为上述设计提供了有力支持。     

On the influence of the magnetic field upon hydrogasdynamic processes in a boiling magnetic fluid

The processes of the growth and separation of the vapor bubbles in a boiling magnetic liquid were experimentally and theoretically modeled. Experimental results of the influence of a homogeneous constant magnetic field upon the volume and departure frequency of magnetic fluid drops from a horizontal surface in a transparent nonmagnetic liquid are presented. The mechanism of the influence of the magnetic field upon the volume and departure frequency of the magnetic fluid drops is explained. The shape and volume of a magnetic liquid drop placed in a nonmagnetic environment are theoretically calculated for various values of the magnetic field intensity the drop is exposed to.     

Experimental characterization of dry EDM performed in a pulsating magnetic field

This paper presents an investigation of the hybrid dry EDM process performed in a pulsating magnetic field for improving process performance. In this study, the pulsating magnetic field is applied tangential to the electric field, for increasing the movement of electrons and degree of ionization in the plasma. Experiments with parametric variations showed that this hybrid approach leads to productivity-improvement by 130% and zero tool wear as compared to the dry EDM process without the magnetic field. The improvement in surface quality is illustrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

间断高频磁场作用下连铸铸型内金属液的运动和铸坯的表面质量 Ⅰ.液体金属弯月面运动对铸坯表面质量的影响

为了消除连铸钢坯的表面缺陷，提出了在铸型外部加间断高频交流磁场的铸造方法.用液体Ga作为钢液的模拟物，借助于激光测位仪研究了外加间断磁场对铸型内液体金属运动的影响.通过Sn的连续铸造模拟实验，探讨了弯月面波动和铸坯的表面质量之间的关系.结果表明，外加间断磁场能控制铸型内液体金属的运动，改善铸坯的表面质量控制弯月面的运动，可使铸坯表面形成和间断频率fi相应的条纹.当fi接近于实验系统的固有频率时，电磁场抑制液面运动的效果最好，铸坯的表面质量最佳.     

MOTION OF MELT IN CONTINUOUSLY CASTING MOLD AND SURFACE QUALITY OF INGOT UNDER INTERMITTENT HIGH FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD Ⅰ. Effect of the Motion of Melten Meniscus on Surface Quality of Ingot

为了消除连铸钢坯的表面缺陷，提出了在铸型外部加间断高频交流磁场的铸造方法，用液体Ｇａ作为钢液的模拟物，借助于激光测位仪研究了外加间断磁场对铸型内液体金属运动的影响。通过Ｓｎ的连续铸造模拟实验，探讨了月弯月面波动和铸坯的表面质量之间的关系。     

186kA大型预焙阳极铝电解槽磁场的三维数值计算

应用表面磁荷法对186kA大型预焙阳极铝电解槽的磁场进行了三维数值计算,通过计算结果与实际测量结果的比较,可以得出,应用表面磁荷法对铝电解槽磁场进行计算所得的结果为较为精确的,且计算结果比较接近铝电解槽的实际磁场,应用本计算软件对铝电解槽磁场进行三维计算可以满足铝电解槽母线设计的要求。     

Effects of an applied magnetic field on the dissolution and passivation of iron in sulphuric acid

The effects of an applied magnetic field (MF) on the electrochemical state, anodic dissolution and passivation of iron in sulphuric acid solution were studied by potentiodynamic scanning polarisation measurements, potentiostatic polarisation measurements and scanning electron microscopy observation. The magnetic field reduced the fractional surface film coverage on the electrode by enhancing the film dissolution process. This made the electrode prone to active dissolution. With increasing applied potentials the magnetic field accelerated the anodic dissolution at relatively low potentials, changed the oscillation or passivation to permanent active dissolution at intermediate potentials, and maintained the passive state at high potentials. Potentials for the onset of passivation moved in the noble direction when the magnetic field was imposed. An electrode kinetics formulation for the effects of the magnetic field on the dissolution and passivation is proposed. In the presence of a magnetic field and at specific anodic potentials, scalloping occurred due to accelerated localized dissolution. The scalloping areas were on both sides of the electrode and oriented parallel to the direction of the earth’s gravitation field. The ratios of the scalloping area caused by a 0.4 T magnetic field on the whole electrode surface were 0.69 (at 200 mV), 0.66 (at 350 mV) and 0.75 (at 400 mV), respectively. In contrast, uniform electrode surfaces were observed at these anodic potentials in the absence of the magnetic field. Uneven dissolution of iron in the presence of a magnetic field was related to the relative configuration between the magnetic field direction and the electrode surface and also to the special concentration gradient of reactive species at the electrode circumferential area.     

NDE of a 3-D surface crack using magnetic field induced by DC current flow

A method is proposed for nondestructive evaluation of a 3-D surface crack by means of measurement of a magnetic field induced in the air by DC current flow in a material. A semielliptical crack is considered. The crack length is assumed to be known in advance and the crack depth is to be found. The current is applied between two close points on both sides of the crack and the change in magnetic: flux density in the air due to the crack is measured in non-contact with the surface of the material. An approximate equation relating the magnetic flux density to the depth and length of the crack is derived numerically and some experimental results show that the evaluated crack depth is in good agreement with the actual one.     

Thermodynamics of a helicoidal magnetic structure in a spin-wave approximation

Specific features of the heat capacity, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility of a chiral magnet caused by the magnon contribution have been studied. It has been shown that the local heat capacity and the magnetization are functions of the coordinates and that their behavior depends on the magnitude of an applied magnetic field. The temperature dependences of these quantities have been investigated. The results of the approximate analytical calculations and numerical calculations have been compared between themselves.     

方钢纵向磁化时各棱上的磁荷线密度

根据方钢纵向磁化原理（磁荷将均布于各条棱线上）和磁介质的磁化规律给出了方钢和带有矩形沟槽的方钢纵向磁化后各条棱线上的磁荷线密度近似解析表达式，并得出结论，工件表面沟槽深度与其引起漏磁场间的“直线律”关系仅是近似的。     

Modeling and simulation of cylindrical electro-chemical magnetic abrasive machining of AISI-420 magnetic steel

The objective of the present research is to simulate cylindrical electro-chemical magnetic abrasive machining (C-EMAM) process for magnetic stainless steel (AISI-420). C-EMAM is a new hybrid machining process used for high efficiency finishing of cylindrical jobs made of advanced engineering materials. The material is removed from the workpiece surface due to simultaneous effect of abrasion and electrochemical dissolution. Finite element method is used to calculate the distribution of magnetic field between the magnetic poles in which cylindrical shaped workpiece is placed. The cutting forces responsible for abrasion are calculated from the magnetic forces due to gradient of magnetic field in the working gap. The effect of electrochemical dissolution and abrasion-assisted dissolution are incorporated into the C-EMAM process model using empirical relation for average anodic current. The empirical relation is correlated with the input parameters in the present system based on experimental results. Finally a surface roughness model is developed by considering total volume of material removed with the assumption of triangular surface profile. The simulation results for material removal and surface roughness are validated using experimental results. The simulated results agree with experimental observations.