离散粒子群与内点法结合的电力系统无功优化

基于离散粒子群优化算法与内点法,提出了一种新颖的混合策略来求解电力系统无功优化问题：不考虑无功优化中的离散约束,采用内点法求解得到初始解;根据优化变量的不同性质将无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化2个子问题,并采用离散粒子群优化算法和内点法交替求解,使两者的优化结果互为基础、相互利用,从而保证了混合策略的整体寻优效率。以IEEE30和IEEE118节点作为试验系统,与常规的离散优化算法做比较,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

基于内点法和改进粒子群算法的无功优化混合策略

基于内点法与粒子群算法,提出了一种混合策略来求解电力系统无功优化问题。根据优化变量的不同性质将无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化两个子问题,采用改进的粒子群优化算法和内点法交替求解,使两者的优化结果互为基础,提高了混合策略的整体寻优效率;根据粒子运动趋势及目标函数中网损与节点电压无功的相关性,对基本粒子群算法进行改进,自适应调整惯性权重和罚因子;以IEEE30节点系统和某实际地区电网作为试验系统,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

A hybrid genetic algorithm-interior point method for optimal reactive power flow

By integrating a genetic algorithm (GA) with a nonlinear interior point method (IPM), a novel hybrid method for the optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can be mainly divided into two parts. The first part is to solve the ORPF with the IPM by relaxing the discrete variables. The second part is to decompose the original ORPF into two sub-problems: continuous optimization and discrete optimization. The GA is used to solve the discrete optimization with the continuous variables being fixed, whereas the IPM solves the continuous optimization with the discrete variables being constant. The optimal solution can be obtained by solving the two sub-problems alternately. A dynamic adjustment strategy is also proposed to make the GA and the IPM to complement each other and to enhance the efficiency of the hybrid proposed method. Numerical simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and Chongqing 161-bus test systems illustrate that the proposed hybrid method is efficient for the ORPF problem.     

基于遗传算法和内点法的无功优化混合策略

基于遗传算法与内点法，文中提出了一种新颖的混合策略来求解无功优化问题：不考虑无功优化中的离散约束，采用内点法求解得到初始解；根据优化变量的不同性质，将原无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化2个子问题，并采用遗传算法和内点法交替求解。在遗传迭代的不同阶段，针对种群个体的不同特点，分别对遗传算法和内点法的具体实施方案进行了动态调整，使两者的优化结果互为基础、相互利用，保证了混合策略的整体寻优效率。IEEE30和IEEE118节点系统的仿真计算结果表明：与其他混合算法相比，该混合策略在计算速度和优化效果方面都具有明显的优势。     

一种多分区互联电网分布式无功优化算法

电网互联进程不断加快和系统规模的不断扩大对互联电网无功优化计算提出了更高的要求。提出了一种基于子网边界节点等值注入功率的多分区互联电网无功优化分布式协调优化算法。基于电网监控分层分区的特点,通过建立保留分区间联络线的简化外网模型,将子网间边界向量相等的耦合约束转化为边界节点注入功率修正方程的等式约束。构造边界节点电压加权修正的外层协调环节,依靠等值注入功率和对应边界节点电压向量的数值更新与传递实现全网无功优化问题的分布式求解。该方法有效地降低了协调层的参与度,进一步提高了子网无功优化的独立性,符合无功优化和控制的本地性要求。对多个IEEE试验系统进行了数值仿真测试与分析,结果表明方法具有良好的有效性和适用性。     

考虑发电机安全运行极限的非固定分段无功优化模型及其算法

针对目前无功优化中没有根据不同发电机运行区域建立相应的无功辅助费用的问题，考虑了发电机安全运行极限约束，按照无功输出能力的不同，把发电机运行域分为了4个区，并给出了各个区域的发电机无功辅助费用计算函数。建立了以系统有功网损费用与发电机无功辅助费用之和最小为目标函数的无功优化模型，其对应的优化问题是一个具有非固定分段特点的非线性混合整数规划问题。文中提出了2种优化算法来求解该优化问题：结合启发式规则的混合整数规划内点法HEUIPM，其计算速度虽快，但为局部优化算法，并且在某些情况下存在不收敛的可能性；基于非线性内点法和免疫遗传算法所提出的启发式混合随机优化算法IPMIGA，该算法是全局优化的, 没有收敛性问题, 但其计算速度比HEUIPM慢很多。所以文中将2种方法结合起来，在程序设计时, 先用HEUIPM算法, 遇到不收敛时自动转到IPMIGA算法。对节点数从14到171的5个测试系统进行了仿真计算，结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

考虑交流潮流约束的机组组合并行解法

针对传统机组组合模型的种种不足,该文提出了一种考虑交流潮流约束及静态安全约束的机组组合模型,并给出了一种完整的并行化解法。该法借助于扩展拉格朗日松弛法和变量复制技术,将原问题转换为其对偶问题,并利用附加问题原理将对偶问题分解为动态规划和最优潮流(OPF)子问题。对于OPF子问题,采用鲁棒性好、收敛速度快的预测校正内点法求解,同时在求解过程中,采用并行处理技术。IEEE118节点及IEEE300节点仿真结果表明,该方法收敛性好,非常适合并行处理。     

PCPDIPM based optimal reactive power flow model with discrete variables

This paper presents a new approach to deal with the optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem with the discrete control variables. First, a quadratic ORPF model based on augmented rectangular coordinates is established by treatment with the TLC branch; and then quadratic penalty functions are incorporated into the proposed model to handle the discrete control variables; at last, the predictor corrector primal dual interior point method (PCPDIPM) is used to implement the optimization.In the PCPDIPM based ORPF solution, the quadratic discretization formulation results in the constant Hessians that all have elements of 1, or −1, or the penalty factor, and mostly being zero, thereby accelerating the entire optimal process significantly. Experimental results are provided comparing the performance of the proposed discretization approach with that of the conventional one.     

基于内点法的分布式电源选址定容

分布式电源可以改善系统的潮流分布、网络损耗、可靠性等,其效果与分布式电源的位置和容量密切相关。内点法具有收敛快、精度高等优点,在求解电力系统优化问题上可行有效。因此把传统的选址定容模型分成连续和离散,采用内点法进行连续求解。另外,提出一种基于Pareto最优理论引入协调参数w使两个子函数达到优化,进行选址定容。构造有功损耗和节点电压水平多目标函数,结果表明,基于多目标协调内点法是可行有效的,能协调优化多目标函数,同时计算时间短,收敛速度快。     

A new Optimal reactive power planning based on Differential Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a new multi-level methodology based on the optimal reactive power planning. The developed methodology is designed to solve the problem of the non-feasibility solution of the fuel cost minimization problem (for a given operating point) where the classical method such as interior point method (IPM) is applied. The proposed solution to solve this problem is based on the application of the optimal reactive power planning problem considering voltage stability as the initial solution of the fuel cost minimization problem. To improve the latter the load voltage deviation problem is applied to improve the system voltage profile. For à good result improvement, the reactive power planning problem and the load voltage deviation minimization problems are solved using a new optimization method namely the Differential Search Algorithm (DSA). Moreover, the fuel cost minimization problem is solved using IPM. To identify the candidate placements of compensation devices for the optimal reactive power planning problem, a new voltage stability index namely: The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is used. The methodology has been tested with the equivalent Algerian power system network, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to improve the reactive power planning problem and to minimize the system voltage deviation.     

Optimal VAR control for improvements in voltage profiles and for real power loss minimization using Biogeography Based Optimization

In this paper, a Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) technique is introduced to solve multi-constrained optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem in power system. ORPF is a multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem that minimizes the bus voltage deviation and real power loss. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated for IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system. A comparison of simulation results reveals optimization efficacy of the proposed scheme over other well established population based optimization techniques like conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO), general passive congregation PSO (GPAC), local passive congregation PSO (LPAC), coordinated aggregation (CA) and interior point based OPF (IP-OPF).     

基于内点半定规划的机组组合问题

提出一种基于内点半定规划(semidefinite program- ming, SDP)直接求解机组组合(unit commitment, UC)问题的新方法。通过引入辅助变量,该方法将原整数变量约束转化为凸二次约束,进而将UC问题转化为半定规划问题,并用现代内点法进行求解。针对计算结果中整数变量存在微小偏差的问题,采用启发式技术进行修正。100机24时段等6个系统的仿真结果表明,所提方法能有效处理机组爬坡约束,具有较快的计算时间,适合于求解大规模的UC问题,是一种有应用前景的方法。     

A solution of optimal power flow with multicontingency transient stability constraints

This paper presents a formulation of the multicontingency transient stability constrained optimal power flow (MC-TSCOPF) problem and proposes a method to solve it. In the MC-TSCOPF formulation, this paper introduces a modified formulation for integrating transient stability model into conventional OPF, which reduces the calculation load considerably. In our MC-TSCOPF solution, the primal-dual Newton interior point method (IPM) for nonlinear programming (NLP) is adopted. Computation results on the IEEJ WEST10 model system demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented MC-TSCOPF formulation and the efficiency of the proposed solution approach. Moreover, based on quite convincing simulation results, some phenomena occurred when considering multicontingency are elaborated.     

A new optimal reactive power flow model in rectangular form and its solution by predictor corrector primal dual interior point method

A new optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) model in rectangular form is proposed in this paper. In this model, the load tap changing (LTC) transformer branch is represented by an ideal transformer and its series impedance with a dummy node located between them. The voltages of the two sides of the ideal transformer are then used to replace the turn ratio of the LTC so that the ORPF model becomes quadratic. The Hessian matrices in this model are constants and need to be calculated only once in the entire optimal process, which speed up the calculation greatly. The solution of the ORPF problem by the predictor corrector primal dual interior point method is described in this paper. Two separate prototypes for the new and the conventional methods are developed in MATLAB in order to compare the performances. The results obtained from the implemented seven test systems ranging from 14 to 1338 buses indicate that the proposed method achieves a superior performance than the conventional rectangular coordinate-based ORPF.     

基于半定规划的{0,1}-经济调度

基于内点半定规划,提出一种直接求解{0,1}-经济调度问题({0,1}-ED)的新方法.通过引入辅助变量,该方法将原整数变量约束转化为凸二次约束,进而将{0,1}-ED问题转化为半定规划问题,并用内点法进行求解.对于大系统整数变量的微小偏差,应用简单的启发式技术调整.ED-420等9个测试系统的仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效地处理{0,1}-经济调度,对于大多数问题都可以得到较精确的结果,计算时间具有多项式复杂性.     

An Unfixed Piecewise-Optimal Reactive Power-Flow Model and its Algorithm for AC-DC Systems

A novel AC-DC optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) model with the generator capability limits is proposed. The objective is to minimize the total cost of generator reactive and active power outputs paid by an independent transmission company. In the model, the generator operation area is divided into four parts with each one having a different reactive output cost function. The boundaries between the four parts change with operation states of generators and are unfixed. The model is an unfixed piecewise mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. A heuristic approach is introduced into the interior point method to solve the unfixed piecewise problem. The numerical results of six test systems that range in size from 14 to 2572 buses demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于动态博弈理论的多区域电压协同控制方法

随着互联电网的快速发展,区域电网间的无功耦合越来越强,区域间电压控制的协调问题日益突出。通过引入动态博弈理论来解决区域电压控制多个控制主体间的协调冲突问题,提出了多区域电压协同控制方法。首先采用非零和、非合作、非线性二次型博弈类型,建立多区域电压协同控制的动态博弈模型,然后利用基于原对偶内点法的两层迭代算法求得纳什均衡解,并通过Ward等值方法,以有限的区域间信息交换,实现各电压控制分区的分散协调计算,最后在新英格兰10机39节点系统中进行了算例分析,计算结果显示了所提电压协同控制方法的有效性和优越性。     

基于变量代换内点法的加权最小绝对值抗差状态估计

传统内点法加权最小绝对值(WLAV)抗差状态估计能够抑制坏数据影响,提高状态估计精度,但该方法模型复杂,计算效率低,限制了其工程应用价值。文中提出一种基于变量代换内点法的电力系统WLAV估计方法,该方法通过添加中间变量,将非线性量测方程分解为两步线性方程和两步非线性变换,并建立两步线性方程的WLAV估计数学模型。与传统内点法WLAV抗差状态估计相比,该方法无须形成海森矩阵,可有效提高迭代方程中系数矩阵的稀疏度,并减小矩阵的阶数,有效提高WLAV状态估计的计算速度。基于美国电气与电子工程师学会(IEEE)标准系统、波兰电网和国内某省网的仿真结果验证了所述方法的有效性,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

Total transfer capability computation for multi-area power systems

This paper presents a method for multi-area power system total transfer capability (TTC) computation. This computation takes into account the limits on the line flows, bus voltage magnitude, generator reactive power, voltage stability, as well as the loss of line contingencies. The multi-area TTC problem is solved by using a network decomposition approach based on REI-type network equivalents. Each area uses REI equivalents of external areas to compute its TTC via the continuation power flow (CPF). The choice and updating procedure for the continuation parameter employed by the CPF is implemented in a distributed but coordinated manner. The proposed method leads to potential gains in the computational efficiency with limited data exchanges between areas. The developed procedure is successfully applied to the three-area IEEE 118-bus test system. Numerical comparisons between the integrated and the proposed multi-area solutions are presented for validation.     

Multi-objective optimal reactive power flow including voltage security and demand profile classification

This paper proposes a method to optimize reactive power flow (ORPF) with regard to multiple objectives while maintaining system voltage security across a time-domain. Compromise programming is employed in the ORPF formulation, which is designed to minimize both losses and payment for the reactive power service in the framework of the UK daily balancing market. In coordination with ORPF, continuation power flow (CPF) is applied to evaluate and maintain the voltage security margin of the system. Prior to the optimisation procedure, the related control parameters can be grouped with the aid of a load classification method in order to simplify the control actions. During the optimisation, through the application of both ORPF and CPF, multi-objective optimisation can be achieved with voltage security at an acceptable level. The Ward and Hale 6-bus system and a 60-bus UK test system are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling framework.