An Optimal PMU Placement Method Against Measurement Loss and Branch Outage

This paper presents a new method for an optimal measurement placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for power system state estimation. The proposed method considers two types of contingency conditions (i.e., single measurement loss and single-branch outage) in order to obtain a reliable measurement system. First, the minimum condition number of the normalized measurement matrix is used as the criteria in conjunction with the sequential elimination approach to obtain a completely determined condition. Next, a sequential addition approach is used to search for necessary candidates for single measurement loss and single-branch outage conditions. These redundant measurements are optimized by binary integer programming. Finally, in order to minimize the number of PMU placement sites, a heuristic technique to rearrange measurement positions is also proposed. Numerical results on the IEEE test systems are demonstrated     

An integer-arithmetic algorithm for observability analysis of systems with SCADA and PMU measurements

This paper presents an efficient numerical method for observability analysis of systems including both conventional (SCADA) measurements and synchronized phasor (PMU) measurements, using integer preserving Gaussian elimination of integer coefficient matrices. The observable islands are identified in a noniterative manner, by performing backward substitutions on the integer triangular factors of the integer gain matrix. Multiple placement of conventional and phasor measurements for a system that is found to be unobservable is done by a direct method, using the integer triangular factors of a Gram matrix associated with a reduced size Jacobian matrix. Since all computations performed are exact, no round-off error, numerical instability, or zero identification problems occur. The IEEE 14-bus system is used to illustrate the steps of the proposed method. Test results for the IEEE 300-bus and the FRCC 3949-bus systems are provided to demonstrate the features of the proposed algorithms.     

Placement of Synchronized Measurements for Power System Observability

This paper presents a method for the use of synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. The placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs), utilizing time-synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors, is studied in this paper. An integer quadratic programming approach is used to minimize the total number of PMUs required, and to maximize the measurement redundancy at the power system buses. Existing conventional measurements can also be accommodated in the proposed PMU placement method. Complete observability of the system is ensured under normal operating conditions as well as under the outage of a single transmission line or a single PMU. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems as well as on a 298-bus test system are presented in this paper.      

用改进的Tabu搜索方法优化补偿电容器分档投切的研究

对基本的 Tabu搜索方法进行了改进 ,将“改进遗传算法”中的优化编码技术引入 Tabu搜索方法 ,并在此基础上引入动态管理退出迭代判定条件、动态管理 Tabu表深度和动态管理邻域搜索规模等 ,用以处理补偿电容器分档投切的组合优化问题 ,并给出了算例     

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units with Linear and Non-linear Models

Abstract—This article presents a non-linear programming-based model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units. The optimal phasor measurement units placement is formulated to minimize the number of phasor measurement units required for full system observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at all buses in a power system. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the solution of the proposed model. The existence of power flow and injection measurements, the limited phasor measurement units channel capacity, the lack of communication facilities in substations, and the single phasor measurement units loss are also incorporated into the initial proposed formulation. The non-linear programming model is applied to IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems in MATLAB. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results to those obtained by a binary integer programming model also implemented in MATLAB. The comparative study shows that the proposed non-linear programming model yields the same number of phasor measurement units as the binary integer programming model. A remarkable advantage of the non-linear programming against binary integer linear programming is its capability to give more than one optimal solution, each one having the same minimum number of phasor measurement units (same minimum objective value), but at different locations.     

基于堆叠自编码网络的风电机组发电机状态监测与故障诊断

为实现风力发电机的异常检测分析,提出了一种基于风电机组发电机正常状态下数据采集与监控(SCADA)样本数据的堆叠自编码网络深度学习方法。首先将多个自编码网络连接构成深度堆叠自编码网络,选取发电机SCADA状态变量数据作为网络的训练输入,使网络逐层智能提取数据间的分布式规则,从而构建发电机的堆叠自编码学习模型。依据故障状态下发电机SCADA数据内部动态平衡规则被破坏,利用发电机深度学习网络的输入与重构值计算重构误差,并作为整体状态的观测量。通过采用自适应阈值检测重构误差的状态趋势变化,并作为异常预警判定准则,从而实现对发电机故障的判定。当发电机发生异常时,变量的实际值与对应模型的重构值发生较大偏差,表现为状态变量的残差趋势将会偏离原有的动态稳定状态。因此利用状态变量的残差趋势变化对异常变量进行隔离,判定可能的故障原因达到故障诊断的目的。通过对发电机故障前后记录数据进行仿真分析,结果验证了堆叠自编码网络深度学习方法对发电机状态监测与故障诊断的有效性。     

定制化求解机组组合混合整数线性规划模型的固定—推断法

为了突破机组组合算法的自主可控问题,基于开源混合整数线性规划求解器CBC,提出一种快速获取机组组合问题可行解的固定—推断法。首先将机组组合模型转换为推断标准模型,然后按重要性对所有整数变量进行排序。并利用约束违反函数依次确定整数变量的值,实现整数变量的固定,利用约束关系推断出与其相关的整数变量值。最后经过多轮的固定—推断可以实现所有整数变量的取值,从而求解一个线性规划问题即可得到各机组的出力。仿真结果表明,所述算法能有效求解大规模机组组合问题,可在更短时间内获取质量较好的可行解。与CBC求解器结合,能显著提升CBC求解器对于机组组合问题的求解效率。此外,所述算法还具备在其他求解器上进行定制的潜力。     

Generator maintenance scheduling in power systems using metaheuristic-based hybrid approaches

The effective maintenance scheduling of power system generators is very important for the economical and reliable operation of a power system. This represents a tough scheduling problem which continues to present a challenge for efficient optimization solution techniques. This paper presents the application of metaheuristic approaches, such as a genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA) and their hybrid for generator maintenance scheduling (GMS) in power systems using an integer representation. This paper mainly focuses on the application of GA/SA and GA/SA/heuristic hybrid approaches. GA/SA hybrid uses the probabilistic acceptance criterion of SA within the GA framework. GA/SA/heuristic hybrid combines heuristic approaches within the GA/SA hybrid to seed the initial population. A case study is formulated in this paper as an integer programming problem using a reliability-based objective function and typical problem constraints. The implementation and performance of the metaheuristic approaches and their hybrid for the test case study are discussed. The results obtained are promising and show that the hybrid approaches are less sensitive to the variations of technique parameters and offer an effective alternative for solving the generator maintenance scheduling problem.     

Fault section estimation in power systems using a genetic algorithm

In this paper, a new method of fault section estimation in power systems using genetic algorithms (GAs) is presented. The main contributions of this paper include the following three aspects: (a) the fault section estimation problem is formulated as a 0–1 integer programming problem; (b) an efficient method to identify the faulty subnetworks is developed by using information from circuit breakers, and thus the fault diagnosis can be fulfilled in a very short time for large-scale power systems and can be implemented online; (c) a new method based upon a genetic algorithm is used to solve the fault section estimation problem, and the simulation results show that the GA based method can find multiple optimal solutions directly and efficiently in a single run, which is very suitable for complex fault diagnosis problems, especially for situations where protective relays and/or circuit breakers malfunction, because different combinations of fault sections and protective relay and/or circuit breaker malfunctions may give the same alarms.     

基于SCADA及PMU多时段量测信息的独立线路参数估计方法

基于单一线路两端的监控与数据采集系统(supervisory control and data acquisition system,SCADA)和相量采集装置(phasor measurement unit,PMU)多时段量测信息,建立了5种独立线路的约束最小二乘参数估计模型,其中,量测方程分别由线路两端有功、无功和电压幅值的SCADA量测、电流与电压相量的PMU量测以及线路两端电压相角差的PMU虚拟量测组合形成,约束方程为参数变量的上下限约束。采用Matlab的lsqnonlin优化函数求解参数估计问题,并基于多条典型线路的模拟量测信息仿真分析了所有模型的适用条件。结果表明,在负荷较重、线路较长条件下,利用所建含PMU量测的4种模型,都可以有效估计出线路的阻抗参数。     

基于SCADA和WAMS的电网仿真运行方式

电网仿真初始运行方式是影响计算结果的主要因素之一。由于SCADA覆盖了电网主要运行设备,因此可以将SCADA数据作为建立电网仿真计算运行方式的主要数据源。然而,仅仅依赖SCADA数据建立的初始运行方式与实际系统相比可能存在较大偏差。随着广域实时动态监测系统(WAMS)逐步在电网中的广泛应用,由其采集的电网实时动态数据也成为建立仿真初始运行方式的主要数据源之一。作者提出了一种利用SCADA数据和WAMS数据建立电网仿真计算运行方式的方法。该方法计及了SCADA和WAMS的特点,确定了SCADA、WAMS与仿真计算数据库间的数据流,具有明确校核调整机制。利用该方法所建立的运行方式可以经受SCADA、WAMS实测数据的反复校核。     

Method for minimum‐loss reconfiguration of distribution system by tabu search

This paper proposes a loss minimum reconfiguration method by tabu search for an open‐loop radial distribution system with distributed generators. The problem is to find the optimal normal open sectionalizing switch positions which minimize the total distribution line losses subjected to the line/transformer capacity constraints and voltage constraint. Generally, the problem is mathematically formulated as a complex combinatorial optimization problem or mixed integer programming problem, and is solved by using mathematical programming method, heuristic algorithm, intelligent method, and so on. However, a satisfactory algorithm for power companies has not yet been attained in both computational burden and solution accuracy. Thus, in this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the above problem by using tabu search (TS). Reverse power flow caused by distributed generators can be included in the solution algorithm. TS is one of the meta‐heuristic algorithms, and sometimes has been evaluated to be better than genetic algorithm (GA) or simulated annealing (SA) from viewpoints of both computational speed and solution accuracy. In order to evaluate the validity and efficiency of the algorithm, several numerical examples are shown in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 18–25, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20086     

Optimization of multiobjective system reliability design using FLC controlled GA

A practical optimal reliability design of a system requiring high system reliability could be formulated as an appropriate mathematical programming model; however, in the real world, we should be concerned with some kinds of decision criteria. In particular, system reliability and construction cost are basically in conflict with each other, so that when taking both of them into consideration, the system reliability design model can be formulated as a bi‐objective mathematical programming model. In this research, we consider a bi‐criteria redundant system reliability design problem which is optimized by selecting and assigning system components among different valuable candidates for constructing a series‐parallel redundant system. Such a problem is formulated as a bi‐criteria nonlinear integer programming (bi‐nIP) model. In the past decade, several researchers have developed many heuristic algorithms including genetic algorithms (GAs) for solving multi‐criteria system reliability optimization problems and obtained acceptable and satisfactory results. Unfortunately, the Pareto solutions obtained by solving a multi‐objective optimization problem using a GA cannot guarantee its quality, and the number of Pareto solutions obtained is sometimes small. In order to overcome such problems, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm combined with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and a local search technique to obtain as many Pareto solutions and as good as possible. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through comparative numerical experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 72–80, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20319     

基于混合量测的电力系统线性动态状态估计算法

针对当前电力系统中广域测量系统（WAMS）和数据采集与监控（SCADA）系统并存的现状,利用量测变换技术,将SCADA系统下支路功率量测和节点注入功率量测转换为等效的电流相量量测,并与WAMS组成混合量测系统,在此基础上提出了直角坐标系下的线性动态状态估计算法。该算法采用Holt两参数线性指数平滑技术,结合线性定常系统Kalman滤波原理,实现了系统状态的预测和估计。该算法具有常数雅可比矩阵,从而大大减少了动态状态估计的计算时间,保证了动态状态估计的计算精度。通过IEEE14节点系统的仿真结果,验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于改进二进制蝙蝠算法的独立型微网容量优化配置

该文围绕独立型风/光/柴/储微网的容量优化配置展开研究,以微网系统供电可靠性为约束条件,同时考虑微网经济性、环保性和可再生能源利用率3个指标,以加权后的年均综合费用最小为优化目标,构建微网容量优化配置的非线性整数规划模型。针对连续优化算法直接用于求解离散优化模型而导致的局部最优问题,该文提出一种改进的二进制蝙蝠算法(improved binary bat algorithm,IBBA),将差分进化(differential evolution,DE)算法的变异、交叉、选择操作与二进制蝙蝠算法(binary bat algorithm,BBA)相结合,增强BBA的全局寻优能力。算例结果表明,IBBA求解得到的配置结果在精度和稳定性上均优于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)、粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)和DE算法。     

发电经济调度可行解判据及其求解方法

发电经济调度问题是一个经典混合整数规划问题,然而用拉格朗日松弛法得到的对偶解对原问题通常是不可行的,要获得可行解必须先得到一种可行的机组组合.本文分析了现有可行化条件中存在的问题,提出了一个易于检验的可行化条件,并证明它是充分必要的.随后,介绍了获得可行解的方法.     

配电网络电容器实时优化投切的逐次线性整数规划法

并联补偿电容器组是配电网络无功优化的重要设备。本文从实时控制的角度研究电容器优化投切的台数问题，推导了其逐次线性整数规划模型，并提出了适合配电网电容器投切特点的对偶松弛解法和逐次归整解法。所得模型简洁，求解过程无振荡现象，收敛快，计算量小，且所得优化整数解不易偏离最优整数解。     

Multistage and coordinated planning of the expansion of transmission systems

In this paper, an efficient genetic algorithm (GA) is presented to solve the problem of multistage and coordinated transmission expansion planning. This is a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, difficult for systems of medium and large size and high complexity. The GA presented has a set of specialized genetic operators and an efficient form of generation of the initial population that finds high quality suboptimal topologies for large size and high complexity systems. In these systems, multistage and coordinated planning present a lower investment than static planning. Tests results are shown in one medium complexity system and one large size high complexity system.     

基于遗传算法和模拟退火算法的电力系统的故障诊断

根据元件故障与保护动作和断路器跳闸之间的逻辑关系，首先把电力系统的故障诊断问题表示为０－１整数规划问题。在此基础上，采用了两种方法求解，第一种方法是遗传算法，第二种方法是模拟退火算法。这两种方法都能以较大的概率收敛到全局最优解，并能够求得多个最优解。提出的方法理论严密，与当前比较流行的以启发式知识为基础的专家系统方法不同。本文的方法可以处理任意复杂的故障，也可以处理有保护和断路器误动作的情况，且计算时间与故障的复杂程度基本无关。此外，提出的方法原则上适合于并行处理。     

计及PMU支路电流相量的状态估计模型

评述了相量量测在电力系统状态估计中的各种应用模型,包括仅采用相量测量装置(PMU)的量测进行线性估计、在非线性估计中加入PMU电压幅值和相角量测,以及把非线性估计和线性估计结合等方案.把PMU量测值直接作为估计值虽然可以降低估计的维数,但不一定有利于估计精度.当前PMU的配置还难以满足可观性要求,故必须将PMU量测与其他量测一起用于状态估计.但在非线性估计中,很难直接利用PMU支路电流量测,特别是其相角量测.文中提出通过量测变换来计及PMU支路电流幅值和相角量测的模型.对各种非线性估计模型的仿真说明该模型的估计精度优于其他方案.