Single-phase power supply to balanced three-phase loads through SVAr compensators

Static VAr Compensators (SVCs) can transform phase-to-phase loads into balanced three-phase loads. This paper shows that this function of SVCs is reversible; that is, SVCs can be used to supply power from a single-phase line to balanced three-phase loads. Those three-phase loads then show themselves to the single-phase line as single-phase loads with the desired power factor, even unity.     

Force-Commutated Reactive-Power Compensator

A reactive-power compensator (RPC) is a type of static var compensator (SVC) that is used to dynamically correct power factor to prevent voltage variation (flicker) in ac power sources due to large dynamic loads. It also minimizes total source current. Thus the application of an RPC or SVC to a load may allow addition of substantial new load to existing feeders or substations. A reactive-power compensator suited to industrial ratings (1.0-25 MVA) is described. It utilizes a force-commutated current-source bridge to provide both leading and lagging reactive power. The ability to operate both leading and lagging can reduce by 2:1 the ratings of the RPC itself and the capacitors and magnetics associated with it. The characteristics of the power circuit, the means used to control it, and the resulting dynamic performance is described. Speed of response compares favorably to the thyristor-controlled reactors now in common use as SVC's at higher MVA ratings. This RPC is suited to compensate any balanced three-phase dynamic load.     

基于PSCAD/EMTDC的不平衡负载的静止无功功率补偿研究

在总结已有的研究成果基础之上,将瞬时无功功率理论应用于提高功率因数和补偿三相不平衡负荷的静止无功功率补偿器控制之中。用PSCAD/EMTDC软件建立了补偿三相不平衡负荷的静止无功功率补偿器的仿真模型。通过理论分析和仿真研究验证了该软件及所建立的仿真模型能很好地模拟补偿三相不平衡负荷的静止无功功率补偿器的电路。     

具有不平衡负载的功率因数补偿策略的研究

将单相谐波和无功电流检测方法应用于三相系统中。在每相中分别采用与电网电压同频同相的单位正弦和余弦信号与该相负载电流相乘,经过低通滤波和处理后得到各相的瞬时基波有功电流和瞬时基波无功电流,进一步可得到谐波指令电流,和补偿谐波、无功及不平衡电流的指令电流,通过该电力滤波器补偿后,解决了三相不平衡问题,得到高的功率因数。通过仿真研究,证明了该方法的正确一性。     

Evaluation of reference current extraction methods for DSP implementation in active power filters

Generation of current references constitutes an important part in the control of active power filters (APFs) used in power system, since any inaccuracy in reference currents yields to incorrect compensation. In this paper, harmonic detection methods for generating reference currents have been evaluated on the basis of three-phase balanced and unbalanced load currents processed in the digital signal processor (DSP). The advantages and disadvantages of several methods found in the literature have been discussed on the basis of simulation results. Three of these methods have been programmed in the TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP) unit and their performances are evaluated from the viewpoint of practical considerations. Finally, instantaneous reactive power method to estimate the APF reference currents is implemented and its practical results obtained under balanced and unbalanced loads are given.     

Theory and application of distribution electronic power transformer

Three-phase and 4-wire Distribution Electronic Power Transformer's (DEPT's) operation principle is analyzed in this paper. Based on the analysis, the control scheme is established. In this control scheme, the input stage is controlled as a three-phase balanced current source and makes the primary current sinusoidal and power factor easily adjusted. While the output stage is controlled as a three-phase balanced voltage source and keep the load voltage sinusoidal and nominal. In order to meet the requirement of the single phase or unbalanced loads, each phase is an independent voltage source. With the proposed control strategy, the characteristics of DEPT are studied by simulations. And further detailed simulations are carried out to validate the power quality control function of DEPT. The results show that DEPT has very good static and dynamic performances, and it can not only realize the functions of conventional power transformer, but also can prevent from voltage sags, swells, flickers and harmonics infecting the loads while avoid loads impacting the primary system.     

Energy transfer on three-phase high-voltage lines: the strange behavior of the Poynting vector

The energy transfer along three-phase high-voltage power lines will be analyzed using the Poynting vector. The result is somewhat strange: From a single-phase line it is well known that the time averaged Poynting vector vanishes at each point of the space in case of a pure reactive load since in that case no active power is transmitted. But in contrast, for three-phase lines, it comes out that there are regions in space where the time averaged Poynting vector does not vanish, not even in case of pure reactive loads, except the loads are balanced and the geometry of the line system is complete symmetrical. In detail it is shown that for an asymmetric but besides pure reactive load there are areas in space around the lines where active power is permanently transmitted in the direction to the loads whereas in other areas active power is permanently transmitted from the loads, i.e. in the direction to the generator. The paper discusses this surprising behavior and tries to give an explanation in terms of physics.     

改善微网电能质量的有源电能质量调节器研究

提出在微网交流母线和低压配网公共连接点之间并入有源电能质量调节器,可改善微网电能质量,减小微网接入对低压配网电能质量的影响.提出了基于瞬时无功理论的同步锁相方法,准确分解出公共连接点电压基波正序分量,进而求得其相位.由补偿电流控制策略计算得到参考电流,控制有源电能质量调节器实时向微网补偿谐波电流和无功电流,即使在三相负载不平衡时,使公共连接点三相电流平衡且为正弦波,从而平衡公共耦合点的三相电压.Matlab/Simulink 仿真结果证明了所提同步锁相方法和补偿电流控制策略的有效性     

Evaluation of load division among transformers of different capacities in the grounded wye–delta and open wye–open delta banks under balanced loading and various power factor conditions

This paper evaluates the load division among transformers of different capacities in the grounded wye–delta and open wye–open delta banks under balanced loading and various power factor conditions. In some contingency cases two or three single-phase transformers of different kVA ratings are connected as a three-phase transformer bank to provide three-phase service for critical customers. In these cases, the load division among transformers becomes unequal and results in an unbalanced distribution system. The results of this study corroborate power company experience. Even when both three-phase sources and loads of the bank are balanced, the load division among transformers is unequal if transformers of different capacities are used in a bank, or an open wye–open delta connection is adopted.     

关于瞬时无功功率理论的探讨

通过瞬时无功功率P-Q理论(IRP)及电流物理分量理论(CPC)在电网电压、电流为正弦的三相三线制不对称电路中的应用的对比,表明瞬时无功功率理论的分析结果与电路中的某些功率现象不一致:即无功功率Q为零时,瞬时无功电流可能不为零;有功功率P为零时,瞬时有功电流不为零;电源电压为正弦,负荷为非谐波源时,瞬时有功电流和瞬时无功电流中都包含三次谐波分量。瞬时有功功率p、瞬时无功功率q与有功功率P、无功功率Q及不平衡功率D之间的关系说明p、q分别与多个功率现象相关,仅用P、Q的瞬时值不能无延时的辨识三相负荷不对称系统的功率特性。这一结论对有源电力滤波器的控制算法具有重要意义。     

An algorithm for optimum control of static VAR compensators to meet phase-wise unbalanced reactive power demands

The operation of thyristor-controlled static VAR compensators (SVCs) at various conduction angles can be used advantageously to meet the unablanced reactive power demands in a system. However, such operation introduces harmonic currents into the AC system. This paper presents an algorithm to evaluate an optimum combination of the phase-wise reactive power generations from SVC and balanced reactive power supply from the AC system, based on the defined performance indices, namely, the telephone influence factor (TIF), the total harmonic current factor (IT) and the distortion factor (D). Results of the studies conducted on a typical distribution system are presented and discussed.     

DIRECT EVALUATION OF TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT WITH STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS USING A STRUCTURE PRESERVING ENERGY FUNCTION

Abstract

The ability of Static Vax Compensators (SVCs) to rapidly and continuously control reactive power in response to changing system conditions can result in the improvement of system stability and also increase the power transfer in the transmission system. This paper concerns the application of strategically located SVCs to enhance the transient stability limits and the direct evaluation of the effect of these SVCs on transient stability using a Structure Preserving Energy Function (SPEF). The SVC control system can be modelled from the steady- state control characteristic to accurately simulate its effect on transient stability. Treating the SVC as a voltage-dependent reactive power load leads to the derivation of a path-independent SPEF for the SVC. Case studies on a 10-machine test system using multiple SVCs illustrate the effects of SVCs on transient stability and its accurate prediction.     

Adaptive static VAR controller for simultaneous elimination of voltage flickers and phase current imbalances due to arc furnaces loads

The present paper aims at utilizing the Static VAR Compensator SVC for simultaneously load balancing and voltage flicker elimination due to arc furnace loads. The SVC of thyristor controlled reactor-fixed capacitor TCR-FC type is considered. The effective susceptance of SVC is controlled and adapted by varying the thyristors firing delay angle. The three-phase imbalanced currents of arc furnace load is balanced by adjusting the effective susceptance of SVC Further, at the same time, the voltage oscillations due to arc furnace load currents are eliminated by updating the thyristor firing delay angle of SVC. An equivalent power system comprises a constant voltage source connected to arc furnace load through transmission system and step down transformer. The proposed SVC is connected at the terminal of the arc furnace load. To validate the effectiveness of the SVC in sense of load current balancing, improvement of power factor, and voltage flicker elimination due to arc furnace load, the above power system is simulated digitally over a wide range of arc resistances. The digital simulation results prove the power of SVC in terms of a constant terminal voltage and three-phase balanced unity power factor line currents with varying arc furnace currents.     

A novel approach to the design of a shunt active filter for anunbalanced three-phase four-wire system under nonsinusoidal conditions

A new approach is presented for the design of a shunt active filter in a three-phase, four-wire distribution system with unbalanced, distorted sources and unbalanced loads. The purpose of the shunt active filter is to provide compensation currents such that the source needs to supply balanced (positive-sequence) fundamental source current at unity power factor even though the load consumes harmonic currents as well as positive, negative, and zero-sequence currents. A major feature of the proposed approach is that it does not require symmetrical component transformation to transform the three-phase voltages and currents to α-β-o quantities. This makes practical implementation of the proposed method easier than the symmetrical component transformation approach. In addition, the power factor of the positive-sequence fundamental component is close to unity and only positive-sequence power is supplied by the source. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is demonstrated by computer simulation and experimental results of a shunt active filter for a three-phase four-wire distribution system with distorted, unbalanced source voltages and unbalanced loads     

Comparison of control strategies for DSTATCOM in three-phase,four-wire distribution system for power quality improvement under various source voltage and load conditions

This paper presents comparison of three different control strategies to generate reference current components for Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM). Reference currents are tracked by a three-phase voltage source converter in a hysteresis band control scheme. These methods are instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory, symmetrical component (SC) theory and an improved instantaneous active and reactive current component (IARCC) theory. The performance of three methods has been evaluated under various source voltage and load conditions with new IEEE Standard 1459 power definitions. A comparative study of their performance in terms of rms value of source current, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), supply power factor and compensator ratings is also presented. A three-phase, four-wire distribution system supplying linear as well as non-linear load is considered for simulation study which is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Under balanced and sinusoidal source voltage conditions, all three control strategies similar performance while an improved IARCC theory outperforms, particularly, under unbalanced and distorted source voltage conditions.     

一种实用的谐波分频检测方法

针对基于瞬时功率理论的ip-iq算法无法单独提取各次谐波分量等情况,提出了一种改进的ip-iq谐波分频检测方法。利用改进的ip-iq法能直接对a-b-c三相坐标系下的单相电流进行分解,获得单相电流的有功电流和无功电流,通过低通滤波器后获得基波或者各次谐波的有功电流分量和无功电流分量,再直接转换为a-b-c三相坐标系下的基波电流和各次谐波电流,省去了三相至两相坐标变换及其逆变换,因此计算量更少。仿真分析结果表明该法能较好的实时检测三相电网基波和各次谐波分量。     

面向不平衡负荷补偿的静止无功补偿装置的研究

目前大多采用开环控制方式的晶闸管控制电抗器（thyristor—controlled reactor。TCR）型静止无功补偿器（static var compensator,SVC）作为三相不平衡负荷的补偿装置,虽然开环控制保证了装置的响应速度,但在功率因数补偿方面的精度不能达到要求。而基于局部开环、整体闭环控制方式的TCR型SVC在保证响应速度的同时提高了装置的整体控制性能,并确保了补偿精度。为此,介绍了面向三相不平衡负荷补偿的TCR型SVC的补偿方法,局部开环、整体闭环控制策略的实现,并通过仿真验证了这种SVC控制方案的正确性和可行性。     

Damping enhancement by robust tuning of SVC controllers in thepresence of load parameters uncertainty

The paper explores the influence of power system loads on static VAr compensator (SVC) damping effectiveness. Equipped with properly tuned additional stabilizers, SVCs have been successfully used for improving the damping of electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The damping improvement is usually achieved through indirect voltage influence through voltage dependent loads. Tuning of an additional compensator stabiliser (ACS) traditionally assumes that loads are statically voltage dependent. However, load parameters are generally uncertain and loads often exhibit same dynamic response. This uncertain dynamic behaviour of loads can introduce an additional phase shift between voltage and load response and such can detune the ACS. Examples of detuning effects of dynamic loads as well as robust tuning of ACS are presented and discussed     

基于DSTATCOM的点焊机无功功率补偿研究

为了更好地解决点焊机负荷引起三相负荷不平衡、系统功率因数低等电能质量问题,提出了基于静止同步补偿器（DSTATCOM）的无功功率补偿方法。首先给出了配电静止同步补偿器的主电路结构,然后利用改进的基于瞬时无功理论的电流检测方法检测出谐波和无功电流,分析了配电静止同步补偿器平衡三相不平衡负荷的原理。最后根据点焊机在实际工作中的情况,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了采用的补偿方法可以平衡三相电流,提高系统功率因数和缓解电压跌落。该研究表明用于不平衡负荷的配电静止同步补偿器具有良好的动态性能和静态补偿效果。     

三相不对称负荷的无功功率对称化补偿

本文利用功率平衡器的原理提出了一种新的无功补偿方法。当三相负荷不对称且功率因氏时,采用这种补偿方法不但可将功率因数补偿到任意指定值,而且可钭原来的三相不对称负荷补偿成对于供电电源来说是三相对称的。