Flexible investment decisions in the European interconnected transmission system

Investment decisions in the power transmission system are vulnerable to substantial long-term uncertainties. Especially, in large interconnected power systems like in Europe, the impact of different influencing factors on the decision-making process is hard to estimate. In the presented approach, stochastic simulations incorporate uncertainties like the development of fuel costs and demand growth. The resulting operation plan of the available power plants and the respective utilization of the transmission network are obtained by calculating the (least-cost) optimal power flow. The performance of possible network upgrades in uncertain scenarios is evaluated by applying a real options approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The focus of the presented work is on the strategic flexibility that FACTS devices can offer in order to appropriately cope with the uncertain development of the future. A case study for the cross-border connection between Germany and the Netherlands shows the applicability and practicability of the presented approach.     

Robust hierarchized controllers using wide area measurements in power systems

In this paper, we present a new method for robust centralized controller design using LMI’s with applications to power systems. This method makes possible to increase the damping rate of the decentralized system (that is, power system with PSS’s). It considers delays added to the signals that travel from the generators to the central controller. The robust hierarchized controller is composed by two control layers: the first one consists on decentralized controllers, that are applied independently to each machine of the system, what guarantees the stability and a minimum damping rate; the second one is composed by a centralized controller, that receives delayed information from all machines of the system, and it sends control signals to all generators. The centralized controller algorithm is robust, once it considers various operative conditions for the power system, and it also permits the choice of the communication delays.     

Application of modular multilevel converter for AGC in an interconnected power system

This article demonstrates the maiden application of a new Modular Multi level Converter based Series Compensation (MMCS) technique for multi area Automatic Generation Control (AGC) interconnected system. Primarily MMCS has been modeled in state space form and proposes an appropriate location in AGC to obtain the better dynamic responses in frequency, tie-line power and individual generating power; further to quench the oscillation for sudden changes in load. The system has been studied the operation of MMCS and investigated with Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) of reheat turbines used in system. Further, selection of suitable integral and proportional–integral controller gain has been investigated with Integral Square Error (ISE) technique and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for step load perturbation (SLP) in area-1 with performance index as its objective function by making control parameters as variables. System with MMCS is compared with out MMCS and observed performance has been increased and results are explored.     

Impact of FACTS controllers on the stability of power systems connected with doubly fed induction generators

The increasing power demand has led to the growth of new technologies that play an integral role in shaping the future energy market. Keeping in view of the environmental constraints, grid connected wind turbines are promising in increasing system reliability. This paper presents the impact of FACTS controllers on the stability of power systems connected with wind energy conversion systems. The wind generator model considered is a variable speed doubly fed induction generator model. The stability assessment is made first for a three phase short circuit without FACTS controllers in the power network and then with the FACTS controllers. The dynamic simulation results yield information on (i) the impact of faults on the performance of induction generators/wind turbines, (ii) transient rating of the FACTS controllers for enhancement of rotor speed stability of induction generators and angle stability of synchronous generators. EUROSTAG is used for executing the dynamic simulations.     

电力市场下的互联系统自动发电控制改进模式

自动发电控制（AGC）作为能量管理系统（EMS）中最重要的控制功能之一,能有效地提高电网互联系统频率质量,提高经济效益和管理水平。但随着我国电力系统市场化体制改革的不断深入和完善,互联系统原先以联络线和频率偏差控制（TBC）模式为主的频率控制方式就成了电力市场环境下互联系统区域间交易的壁垒。为了适应现代电力市场环境的要求,提出一种新的以TBC为基础、满足二次辅助服务市场开放要求的区域间AGC改进模式。     

Comparative performance analysis of teaching learning based optimization for automatic load frequency control of multi-source power systems

This paper presents a new population based parameter free optimization algorithm as teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) and its application to automatic load frequency control (ALFC) of multi-source power system having thermal, hydro and gas power plants. The proposed method is based on the effect of the influence of teacher on the output of learners and the learners can enhance their knowledge by interactions among themselves in a class. In this extensive study, the algorithm is applied in multi area and multi-source realistic power system without and with DC link between two areas in order to tune the PID controller which is used for automatic generation control (AGC). The potential and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of differential evolution algorithm (DE) and optimal output feedback controller tuning performance for the same power systems. The dynamic performance of proposed controller is investigated by different cost functions like integral of absolute error (IAE), integral of squared error (ISE), integral of time weighted squared error (ITSE) and integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) and the robustness of the optimized controller is verified by its response toward changing in load and system parameters. It is found that the dynamic performance of the proposed controller is better than that of recently published DE optimized controller and optimal output feedback controller and also the proposed system is more robust and stable to wide changes in system loading, parameters, size and locations of step load perturbation and different cost functions.     

Stability region and radius in electric power systems under sustained random perturbations

Two concepts are proposed to characterize the behavior of stochastic systems under sustained random perturbations in time: Using Lyapunov exponents we define the region where an electric power system can be operated under random perturbations without losing stability; and we characterize the maximum perturbation size that a system can sustain. The proposed methodology is applied to international test systems of nine and thirty-nine buses.     

Structure and operation strategies of an automatic supervisory control system for the KEPCO UPFC

The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) unified power flow controller (UPFC) is installed at the 154 kV Kangjin substation and is operated on the Kangjin–Jangheung transmission line. This UPFC has been operated by the manual set-point control method; however, it is very difficult for the operator to determine the operation point of UPFC in real-time. This paper proposes an automatic supervisory control system for the KEPCO UPFC to overcome the limitations of set-point control and increase the efficiency of UPFC. The functions and configuration of the system are described and the operation scheme that will be applied in the system is presented. In order to validate the proposed algorithm, a prototype program is developed and some simulations are conducted using the data collected from the load dispatch center in the KEPCO system. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller for power system control

In this paper, comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) for power flow, voltage, angle and impedance controls is presented. The control modes include some thirteen different power flow, voltage, angle and impedance control functions. The similarities and differences between some of the control modes and those of traditional transformers and series compensation devices are also discussed. The control modes were successfully implemented in a Newton power flow algorithm. Numerical examples are given on the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system to illustrate the feasibility and the performance of the Newton power flow algorithm.     

Design and allocation of power system stabilizers using the particle swarm optimization technique for an interconnected power system

In this paper, three particle swarm optimization (PSO) based power system stabilizers (PSSs) are developed for three power systems. The system under study here is a power pool consisting of 3 power systems. System I represents the Egyptian power system, system II represents the Jordan and Syrian power systems, and system III for the Libyan power system, which are originally self standing and completely independent systems. As a matter of fact each of them should equipped with its own PSS. For this reason this work is started by designing an optimum power stabilizer for each of them standing alone. After which, the developed PSSs are firstly installed one at a time. Then the three PSSs are installed together in the interconnected power system and their effect on its dynamic performance is studied.As a test for stabilization efficiency, the detailed power system model is subjected to a forced outage of a 600-MW generator, which is the biggest unit in the pool, when it is fully loaded. This outage results in loosing of about 3% of the spinning capacity of system I and about 2% of the spinning capacity of the whole interconnected system. The obtained results show an improvement in the power pool performance accompanied with an improvement in the inter-area oscillation.     

Robust modeling of the interline power flow controller and the generalized unified power flow controller with small impedances in power flow analysis

The interline power flow controller (IPFC) and the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) are two innovative configurations of the convertible static compensator (CSC) of FACTS. In this paper, direct modeling of the practical series or/and shunt operating inequality constraints of the IPFC and the GUPFC in power flow calculations are presented. Special initialization of a solution with the IPFC and GUPFC is also derived. Furthermore, an impedance compensation technique is proposed to deal with the numerical instability or the numerical difficulty of the IPFC and GUPFC models when either their coupling transformer impedances are too small or they are transformer-less controllers. Condition number analysis of the Newton power flow equations is given to get insights of the numerical instability of the voltage sourced models of the IPFC and GUPFC with small impedances. Numerical examples are given based on the IEEE 118-bus system, IEEE 300-bus system and a large scale system with 1000-buses.     

基于Matlab的交直流混合输电系统的仿真研究

利用S imPowerSystem s工具箱建立了一个两交一直的交直流混合输电系统模型,并对交流故障、直流故障下的系统稳定性和动态响应进行了分析,并给出了仿真结果。通过与交流输电系统仿真结果进行了比较,可以看出,由于直流输电系统的调节速度快和短时过载能力强的特点,所以交直流输电系统具有更好的稳定性能和响应速度。     

Comparison between two assessment modes for critical clearing times in electrical power systems

Two assessment modes for critical clearing times were analyzed in a power system taken as example: (a) with simultaneous tripping at both line ends; (b) with instantaneous tripping at one line end (zone-1 of distance relays), for computing the critical clearing times for the other end (zone-2 of distance relays). Both results are different, and an analysis of these results is included. The results of computing critical clearing times for zone-2 of distance relays when the other end operates in zone-1 have some advantages for the analysis of practical situations.     

低惯量电力系统频率稳定分析与控制研究综述及展望

大容量直流和高比例新能源接入下,越来越多的电力系统正逐渐演变为低惯量电力系统。低惯量电力系统惯量支撑力度弱、出力不确定性强、频率调节能力和阻尼特性差,致使频率稳定问题日益凸显。为更好地理解电力系统在低惯量运行场景下的频率稳定威胁以及为有效制定应对策略提供参考,对低惯量电力系统频率稳定分析与控制领域的国内外研究进展进行综述与展望。首先,分析低惯量运行场景产生的主要原因及其对频率稳定的潜在影响,并介绍近年来实际电网频率问题的典型案例。进而,对基于时域仿真、数学解析、数据驱动的各类频率稳定分析方法进行阐述。从“源、网、荷、储”多类型有功资源调频能力挖掘、多道防线加强与协调配合等角度给出改善低惯量电力系统频率稳定的控制措施。最后,展望了该领域未来需深入探索的研究方向。     

联网环流问题及其可控移相器解决案例研究

结合2系统联网实例对电力系统联网中出现的环流问题进行分析，为避免通常采用的解网运行所带来的各种弊病．提出采用可控移相器控制联络线功率限制环流的方案，并对其可行性与经济性进行分析.     

Study of a major oscillations event in northeastern area of the Iranian power network

Iranian power system encountered major oscillations in January 2008 in the northeastern area with an amplitude of about 120 MW. Since not all the events and variables had been recorded, a scenario to simulate the recorded oscillations and results of studies conducted to reproduce the oscillations by simulation are discussed in the first part. Tuning of supplementary controllers, such as PSSs, on the generating units and the use of reactive power compensators in the long transmission line to enhance stability and eliminate severe oscillations between the north and eastern areas are investigated in the second part. Eigen-value analysis and participation factors are used to appreciate the nature of oscillations and the required PSS settings. The results show that, by using the properly tuned PSSs and accurate compensation of the reactive power, transient stability and damping of oscillations are considerably improved.     

Robustness of damping control implemented by Energy Storage Systems installed in power systems

An Energy Storage System (ESS) installed in a power system can effectively damp power system oscillations through controlling exchange of either active or reactive power between the ESS and power system. This paper investigates the robustness of damping control implemented by the ESS to the variations of power system operating conditions. It proposes a new analytical method based on the well-known equal-area criterion and small-signal stability analysis. By using the proposed method, it is concluded in the paper that damping control implemented by the ESS through controlling its active power exchange with the power system is robust to the changes of power system operating conditions. While if the ESS damping control is realized by controlling its reactive power exchange with the power system, effectiveness of damping control changes with variations of power system operating condition. In the paper, an example of power system installed with a battery ESS (BESS) is presented. Simulation results confirm the analytical conclusions made in the paper about the robustness of ESS damping control. Laboratory experiment of a physical power system installed with a 35 kJ/7 kW Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) was carried out to evaluate theoretical study. Results are given in the paper, which demonstrate that effectiveness of SMES damping control realized through regulating active power is robust to changes of load conditions of the physical power system.     

Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-area interconnected thermal system

This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of interconnected two equal area, three and five unequal-areas thermal systems provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3% per minute in each area. A maiden attempt is made to apply integral plus double derivative (IDD) controller in AGC. Controller gains in the two-area system are optimized using classical approach whereas in the three and five area systems controller gains and governor speed regulation parameters (R_i) are simultaneously optimized by using a more recent and powerful evolutionary computational technique called bacterial foraging (BF) technique. Investigations reveal on comparison that Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI), Integral-Derivative (ID), or Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers all provide more or less same response where as Integral-Double Derivative (IDD) controller provides much better response. Sensitivity analysis reveals the robustness of the optimized IDD controller gains and R_i of the five area system to wide changes in inertia constant (H), reheat time constant (T_r), reheat coefficient (K_r), system loading condition and size and position of step-load perturbation.     

Unified power flow controller models for three-phase power flow analysis

In this paper, three models of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) suitable for three-phase power flow analysis in polar coordinates are presented. The symmetrical components control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the total three-phase active and reactive power flows of the transmission line while the injected shunt voltages and the series voltages are balanced, respectively; the general three-phase control model can be used to control the three shunt phase voltages and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line; the hybrid control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line. The proposed UPFC models were successfully implemented in a three-phase Newton power flow algorithm in polar coordinates. In the implementation of these UPFC models, transformers of some common connection types, which connect the UPFC with the network, are explicitly represented. Numerical results based on a five-bus system and the modified IEEE 118-bus system are given to illustrate the UPFC control models and demonstrate the computational performance of the three-phase Newton power flow algorithm.