全生命周期产品和过程模型集成技术研究

制造业的产品和过程集成技术体现在各个不同的层面,为此,研究了全生命周期产品和过程模型的集成技术。采用面向对象方法,构建全生命周期虚拟产品模型,对全生命周期的产品信息进行表达,并对全生命周期的涵义进行阐述。虚拟产品模型由实体对象和联系对象组成,它是一个动态模型,在产品全生命周期中不断进化。通过面向对象Petri网模型(OPN),描述产品全生命周期的各种过程。在虚拟产品模型和OPN模型的基础上重点讨论产品模型和过程模型的集成技术,并结合实例进行研究。产品和过程模型集成为产品信息的重用和追溯提供支持。     

A novel approach to include sustainability concepts in classical DFMA methodology for sheet metal enclosure devices

Nowadays sustainable design is a mandatory requirement in the product development process. For this reason, design methodologies are addressed to establish a close relationship between environmental, social and economic impact indicators and product features from early design stages, especially in those features related to its manufacturing. In this paper, the design for manufacturing and assembly—DFMA methodology is adapted to sheet metal enclosure devices, integrating functional and component relationships to minimize particular sustainability indicators such as energy consumption, carbon footprint, number of parts, required amount of material, assembly time and manufacturing costs. Savings with the proposed method are achieved following specific sub-tasks oriented to define new simplified product components, considering changes in manufacturing processes and re-defining mechanical connections between parts. Traditional DFMA approaches consider manufacturing and assembly issues related to a reduction of product complexity and economic savings. The proposed method aims to examine the benefits in life cycle stages such as raw material consumption, service, maintenance, upgrading and end of life—EOL. The methodology is validated through a redesign of a sheet metal industrial clock, in which the sustainability impacts are calculated from a comparison of an existent product vs. a new product development. The implementation of the method in the case study demonstrate reductions of more than 25% in product mass, consumed energy and CO₂ footprint, and more than 50% in theoretical assembly time and product complexity. Sustainability indicators of the proposed method are selected from literature analysis and taking into account attributes of sheet metal enclosure devices.     

An approach to conceptual and embodiment design within a new product development lifecycle framework

The design of new innovative products is the result of an accurate and precise management of knowledge sources all over its life cycle, such as technology, market, competitors and suppliers. The work contributes with a framework that shows how the knowledge sources influence in the state-of-the-art and market needs so that they become opportunities for innovating products addressing the whole product life cycle. It provides a systematic path from the early generation of ideas to the production of a new product proposal. Through a deep analysis of previous research works of new product innovation life cycle development frameworks and linking it with knowledge management, strategic planning and scorecards, we came out with a structured contribution. The result considers the concurrent activities and its relationships all the way through the product life cycle that can help in creativity and innovation, combined with a process management proposal. Managing the sources of knowledge in highly dynamic markets and technologies is one of the major difficulties involved in innovative products design and development. The emerging knowledge from external sources is confronted with organisation internal knowledge and experience in order to achieve the first product correct.     

Optimization of Aeroengine Shop Visit Cost in its Service Life Cycle

It is an important task for airlines to make a reasonable workscope for their engines,which has effects not only on engine performance and reliability,but also on airlines operating cost. Based on the recommendations given in the engine maintenance management manual,and taking the repair levels adopted in the previous shop visits into account,a series of module repair level optimization rules were set up,and a shop visit cost optimization model was also created for engine service life cycle. The particle swarm method was used to optimize the engine workscope and overhaul cost. The method proposed in this paper will be a reference for airlines to make engine workscope and to do engine maintenance management.     

基于全生命周期设计思想的工业设计方法

分析了工业设计与全生命周期设计的关系以及将全生命周期设计思想引入工业设计的意义.提出了基于全生命周期设计思想的产品设计方法.该方法包含识别机会缺口、建立需求模型和细节设计3个环节.在此基础上,建立了基于全生命周期思想的产品设计系统模型,整个系统以产品全生命周期评判准则为支撑.最后,以学生公寓系列产品设计为例,说明本文提出的方法和系统模型的具体运用,并给出了设计效果图.     

基于MIF的继电保护状态评价及其在设备全寿命周期管理中的应用

为准确评价继电保护设备健康状态,提升继电保护设备管理工作水平,提出一种基于多源信息融合技术的继电保护状态评价方法,该方法充分考虑了继电保护的技术特点;建立继电保护状态评价体系和评价指标,解决了多源信息融合技术在继电保护状态评价中的关键技术问题;建立继电保护状态评价及其在设备全寿命周期管理应用的功能模型和结构模型,确定了继电保护状态评价方法。结合目前继电保护设备全寿命周期管理的现状,有针对性地提出继电保护状态评价结果在设备全寿命周期管理过程中应用的解决思路,并开发完成基于多源信息融合技术的继电保护状态检修系统,应用于多家调度单位,验证了所提方法的正确性和实用性。     

Optimal maintenance models with minimal repair, periodic overhaul and complete renewal

This paper investigates the maintenance decision situation in which three actions, minimal repair, periodic overhaul and complete renewal, may be applied to the system under consideration. A new mathematical model is proposed to describe system improvement due to the maintenance action of an overhaul that differs from the virtual age approach by considering a direct reduction on the system's failure rate. Based on this improvement model, two cost models for determining the optimal overhaul interval and the number of overhauls in a renewal cycle, that minimize the expected unit-time cost or the total discounted cost, are established. Existence conditions of optimal solutions are obtained and special cases of the two cost models are discussed.     

Incorporation of high recyclability material selection in computer aided design

Manufacturing are now under increasing pressure of tighten environmental legislation to preserve natural resources. Product design, as a part of manufacturing activities, has to be more concern to deliver product specification with reduced environmental impact. Design for Recycling (DFR) is one of the promising approaches in prolonging material utilization of a product in the early stage of design. DFR focus on harmonizing product design with the recycling practices in order to minimize the loss of valuable materials and preventing unnecessary waste streams at the end of product’s life. In turn, it limits the usage of natural resources.To implement DFR, designers are faced with the challenge of compromising different design objectives such as cost, functional or technical requirements and product’s recyclability performance. This paper attempts to propose an intelligent approach that could facilitate designers to make an easy and quick recyclability assessment as well as selecting recyclable materials integrated with computer aided design. In this paper, the use of fuzzy inference system and genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the multi-objective problem in the selection of recyclable materials. Case study on the actual conceptual design using computer aided design environment is demonstrated and showing that the proposed method successfully can be applied concurrently during product design. Comparison of proposed method with Sustainability Express Solid Work is also presented. The proposed method can assist product designers to design a high recyclability product without ignoring technical perspectives.     

我国软件与系统工程标准化研究综述

软件工程将工程化的思想贯穿到软件的分析、设计、实现和维护的生存周期全过程,涵盖完成一个软件产品所必备的思想、理论、方法、技术、工具和环境.软件工程标准化通过制定、贯彻并监督实施标准,规范软件工程过程和方法,提高软件产品质量和工作效率,对软件行业的发展起着举足轻重的作用.本文对软件工程及标准化情况进行综述,并对软件工程重点领域的发展和标准化趋势进行分析总结.首先,本文总结软件工程的发展历程,对软件工程发展各阶段的技术和标准化重点进行分析,然后通过对国际标准和我国标准进行对比,剖析出我国软件工程及软件工程标准化情况,最后归纳总结我国软件工程标准化现存的问题和下一步研究工作的重点.     

伴随开发的成本预算——按目标成本面向过程确定产品生命周期的成本

 介绍一种按目标成本对产品生命周期成本的伴随开发的预算方法。除了描述预算产品成本的一般方法的框架条件外 ,其重点在于将其原理转移并专门适用于一个技术产品的各个生命阶段。     

Supporting product architecture design using computational design synthesis with network structure constraints

A product’s architecture can affect many aspects of product and process quality, from technical performance to the design effort required, production costs and satisfaction of later lifecycle requirements. This paper explores how computational tools can augment creative methods in product architecture design. Based on an empirical study aiming to understand the context of product architecture design, a new computational method is proposed to support this activity. In the method, product architectures—networks of components linked by connections—can be synthesised using constraints on the structure of the network to define the set of ‘realisable’ architectures for a product. An example illustrates how the method might be used on a real design problem, including the construction of an appropriate set of network structure constraints and the identification of promising architectures from the synthesis results. Preliminary evaluation of the method’s usability, assessed through a laboratory experiment, and its utility, assessed through application to a real historical design problem, supported by initial validation by an engineer from the case study company, suggests that the method has value for engineering design practice.     

Better integration of human factors considerations within safety in design

‘Safety in design’ is becoming an increasingly used approach in a variety of domains. Also known as ‘safe design’ or ‘prevention through design’, the general process seeks to eliminate health and safety hazards, or minimise potential risks, by systematically involving end-users and decision makers in the full life cycle of the designed product or system. This article focuses on the need to better integrate human factors considerations within safe design for high-hazard industries. In particular, it describes the benefits of applying a task-based approach to assist design processes. By way of presenting a safe design method for equipment used in mining, it shows the need to obtain end-user input both to better reveal design deficiencies and to identify effective solutions for future equipment. Overall, a multidisciplinary framework is advocated, in particular by blending human factors techniques and structured risk management methods with the existing equipment design processes.     

Semi-quantitative method for task planning in product eco-design

Ensuring the environmental sustainability of products is challenging because it involves all the stages and processes throughout product life cycle. Product eco-design is essential to achieve it. In the proposed methodology, product eco-design is implemented based on five eco-design elements, namely, function, material, geometric structure, connection relationship and manufacturing process. However, because of the fragmentation of existing eco-design tools, the gap between eco-design evaluation and eco-design optimisation requires a new mechanism to seamlessly integrate them for efficient industrial applications. A new checklist tool called Checklist of Product Eco-design Optimisation Potential (CPEOP) is developed to assess product eco-design optimisation potential. Based on the new tool, optimisation effect of product eco-design can be quantitatively assessed. Furthermore, a novel semi-quantitative method for task planning in product eco-design is proposed, which involves evaluating the product with CPEOP, screening candidates for eco-design and determining the candidates’ optimisation directions. The uncertainties arising from CPEOP and enterprise design status quo are further analysed. Subsequently, a case study on a refrigerator is conducted to elucidate the process of the method and reveal its potential. The proposed method is then discussed through a comparison with two mainstream eco-design tools.     

Strategic evolution of eco-products: a product life cycle planning methodology

This paper presents a methodology and a software tool to establish an eco-design concept of a product and its life cycle by assigning appropriate life cycle options to the components of the product. The product life cycle planning (LCP) methodology provides the following systematic procedures. First, the medium- or long-term production and collection plan for the product family is clarified. Next, target values for the product and its life cycle are set in the process of determination of customer-oriented specification and eco-specification. Then, eco-solution ideas to realize reasonable resource circulation are generated by using various life cycle option analysis charts. Finally, an eco-design concept which involves eco-solution ideas is evaluated for decision-making at early stages of product development. A design support tool was made for efficiently planning product life cycles by using quality function deployment and life cycle assessment data. Based on case studies, it was verified that the proposed methodology and tool are useful for developing multi-generational eco-products.     

基于生命周期阶段匹配的制造系统产品促销决策

利用原有产品及其后续产品的相似性,提出了一种确定产品所处生命周期阶段的匹配方法。该方法通过利用匹配算法提取现有产品的生命周期特征,与制造系统知识库的原有产品生命周期数据知识进行匹配,匹配后的数据可用于从知识库中获取适合现有产品的生产与营销决策,最后利用促销实例验证了其有效性。     

Joint optimisation of production,maintenance and quality for batch production system subject to varying operational conditions

This paper considers the integration problem of production, maintenance and quality for a capacitated lot-sizing production system subject to deterioration. The effects of varying operational conditions from batch to batch on system reliability and product quality are modelled by proportional hazards models, resulting in non-monotonic failure rate and defect rate. After each batch production, imperfect preventive maintenance (PM) is determined to mitigate the system deterioration, and inspection is taken to sort nonconforming items in the finished goods. Once the cumulative number of nonconforming items exceeds a predetermined threshold, an overhaul is performed to renew the system. An integrated model for optimising production plan, PM plan and overhaul strategy is developed to minimise the total cost while satisfying all product demands. A genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the integrated model efficiently. Numerical results validate the rationality of the model with varying operational conditions consideration and its applicability in economic benefits.     

基于寿命周期成本分析的产品延伸保修决策优化模型

随着用户对产品寿命周期成本的日益重视,延伸保修已成为生产商新的关注点。延伸保修对产品维修使用费用以及市场竞争力有很大影响,为得到产品延伸保修决策优化方案以降低寿命周期成本,在考虑预防性维修策略的基础上,分析了生产商延伸保修定价策略,构建出一种以用户在产品使用寿命期内单位时间总维修成本最小为目标的延伸保修决策优化模型,并提出了求解模型的网格搜索(grid search)算法。通过引入算例,借助Matlab仿真软件实现网格搜索算法,在保证生产商利益的基础上,有效的降低了产品单位时间总维修成本,延长了产品使用寿命周期长度,由此得到了用户最优延伸保修决策方案,验证了模型和算法的合理性和有效性。     

基于线性流程的企业设计项目管理研究

目的 在设计管理理论的基础上细化研究企业设计管理实践内容和具体方式,基于企业设计项目的线性流程特性,将成熟的设计管理方法引入企业产品设计开发领域。方法 以设计项目开展流程为切入点,分析当前企业设计管理主要环节存在的问题。结论 目前设计管理范围从单个部门的设计任务管理演变为跨职能部门的多专业团队设计管理,以基于流程的设计项目为载体,承载企业设计战略的实现。当前产品市场更新速度快,产品设计趋于系统化工程,设计项目因为周期、成本的限制而始终有限投入,对于如何在设计周期内合理调配软、硬件设计资源,提高设计效率、控制各种成本消耗、采用先进的设计项目管理模式显得十分迫切,对设计项目管理在企业产品开发中的应用提出若干建议。     

Metallographic Approach to Hirbine Blade Life Time Prediction

An economically optimized and safe utilization of turbine components is of vital importance to both manufacturers and operators of aero and industrial engines. Calculations of design life must take into consideration variations in several factors, such as material properties, manufacturing processes and operational conditions. Adding safety margins into the calculation results, with necessity, in a conservative figure.

The calculated life can be confirmed, or unconfirmed, by examination and testing of randomly selected components during maintenance and overhaul. Techniques for these examinations and for evaluation of the results, in terms of life predictions are not yet fully developed.

Methodology and practical results are presented, with comments on prospects and limitations. Medium strength, wrought superalloys to modern, highly alloyed cast blades are covered. Thelife limiting mechanism of the blades in the program is normally creep. Life time extension by rejuvenation has proven successful, both technically and economically. This paper will describe the practical application of this proven metallographic approach to life time prediction and extension.