耐高温石油微生物的筛选与降解能力初探

针对含油废水的特点,采用开放式系统运行方式,从长期受石油烃污染的土壤和炼油厂污水处理曝气池活性污泥样品中筛选、驯化得到高温复合菌群。该复合菌群降解石油烃的最适条件为:接种量为6%、温度50℃、pH=7.5、DO3.48 mg/L和NaCl质量分数低于0.3%。利用该复合菌群对炼油废水进行处理,菌群能产生鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性物质,降低废水的表面张力。由降解过程中实际除油率和表观除油率的变化情况,推断出复合菌群先将石油烃吸附到菌体表面,然后将其进行生物利用,使废水中的石油烃降解。     

有机磷化工废水治理工艺研究

介绍采用三效浓缩预处理、石灰碱解、SBR生化处理三段法综合治理有机磷化工废水的技术方案,特别推荐SBR降解有机磷化工废水的生物处理技术.针对有机磷化工生产工艺的实际情况,从微生物的富集、驯化、分离筛选开始,通过三段法综合治理,将原废水CODcr浓度平均为20000 mg/L,有机磷1000 mg/L,经过分类收集,含盐废水通过三效浓缩提取固形物用作肥料原料,综合废水在常温下,采用石灰碱解,CODcr去除50%左右,有机磷去除40%.进入SBR生化池的废水CODcr1500 mg/L左右.当停留时间为24 h,出水CODcr平均为91 mg/L,有机磷0.35 mg/L,各项指标达到国家一级排放标准.     

焦化废水生物强化处理工艺研究

采用不同培养基与菌群驯化方式,从焦化厂好氧污泥中筛选出一个苯酚降解菌群BF,进行了细菌群落结构分析、菌群降解特性分析与规模化验证实验。结果表明,在24~34℃、pH中性条件下,经40 d驯化后,菌群BF将焦化废水COD降至195 mg/L,较焦化厂出水平均COD降低了302 mg/L,降解率超过60.8%。经臭氧深度处理后,进一步将焦化废水COD降至148 mg/L,达到国家间接排放标准要求。     

一株苯酚降解菌的分离及降解特性

利用以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源的无机盐溶液作为驯化液,对某废水处理厂活性污泥进行驯化培养,从中分离筛选到1株苯酚降解菌,编号为BW-1.该菌株最高可耐受2000mg/L的苯酚.对该苯酚降解菌降解性能研究表明:该菌具有较强的苯酚降解能力,在35℃、pH值为6.0～7.5、装液量为60mL、接种量20%,摇床振荡速度120r/min的条件下,反应6h后可使400mg/L的苯酚降解率达80%以上;葡萄糖对菌体的生长及苯酚降解能力均有一定的影响;当葡萄糖浓度是600mg/L时,该菌对苯酚的降解率仍在60%以上.该研究对处理含有其它碳源的含酚废水具有一定的意义.     

紫薯色素生产废水的生化处理研究

高紫色素品种的紫薯加工出的天然食用色素可以代替人工合成色素,在食品工业中已得到广泛的应用。但从紫薯中提取色素所产生的废水具有化学需氧量(COD)质量浓度高、色度大等特点,必须处理达标后才能排放。通过对特定微生物的驯化,使其降解该类废水,探讨其生化降解特性。实验结果表明,在好氧反应器内p H值约为5、COD的初始质量浓度约为1 600 mg/L条件下,利用好氧生物接触氧化法处理6 h后,废水的COD质量浓度可降至200 mg/L以下。     

流化床生物反应器降解高浓双酚A工业废水的研究

通过定向筛选驯化过程获得了降解双酚A废水的高效菌群 ,结合新型高效流化床反应器研究开发了双酚A工业废水的生物处理技术。通过小试和放大实验 ,考察了双酚A废水降解过程的影响因素 ,确定了降解过程最优操作条件 :空塔气速为 0 0 1 0m/s,操作温度为 2 4～ 36℃ ,pH为 7 0 ,可使COD浓度为 3 2g/L的废水降解为COD小于 0 1g/L、苯酚含量低至 0 5mg/L ,并得到了活性污泥处理双酚A过程的动力学方程     

吹脱+好氧共代谢处理焦化废水的研究

焦化废水氨氮含量高,成分复杂,直接处理可能会对生物反应器造成影响。使用吹脱方法对焦化废水进行预处理,在pH值为10时可使氨氮降至120 mg/L,之后使用好氧的方法处理吹脱除氨后的焦化废水,经过驯化后焦化废水的出水COD可降至300 mg/L,加入葡萄糖进行共降解可以缩短好氧反应器启动时间。     

淀粉水解—好氧降解工艺研究中微生物的驯化培养

为使用生物法处理高浓度有机废水，本课题组构思了水解－好氧循环一体化工艺，并拟由批式间歇单元过程来考查设想的可行性。采用10g/L模拟淀粉废水作为目标废水，初步研究驯化后的水解，好氧微生物经不同培养时间后对目标废水的处理效果，也比较了不同时间从污水厂取来的污泥经驯化后的降解能力。结果表明，经过44h的驯化培养的水解菌具有较强的降解淀粉能力，经过12h驯化培养的好氧菌能较快消耗淀粉水解酸化后的产物，且具有很强的耐酸能力；不同时间从污水厂取来的污泥驯化培养的微生物在降解特性上无明显差异。     

假单胞菌复合菌剂对高浓度废水中氨氮总氮浓度降解的研究

在修复工程中,利用微生物处理高浓度氨氮废水.通过对填埋场渗滤液坑底活性污泥驯化,筛选出复合菌剂,在异养硝化培养基或基坑废水中培养25 d后,氨氮平均质量浓度从830.42 mg/L降至38.28 mg/L,去除率最高达95.4％;总氮平均质量浓度从930.03 mg/L降至330.68 mg/L,去除率最高达66.2％...     

强电离放电氧活性粒子降解油田废水中难降解COD方法研究

为解决油田废水经初级处理后废水中存有难降解有机污染物无法达到回用水标准的问题,采用强电场电离放电制取高含量氧活性粒子,再将其注入装有油田废水的量筒反应器中,以氧活性粒子降解废水中难降解有机污染物。结果表明,反应15 min后,废水中COD从136 mg/L降至31 mg/L,COD去除率达到77.2%,深度处理后油田废水达到GB/T 19923-2005回用水标准(COD≤50 mg/L)。为降解油田废水中难降解有机污染物并回用提供了1种新方法。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。