超临界CO2流体中超声速的特性

超临界CO2流体声速随压力和温度变化规律,对超声技术强化超临界流体萃取应用具有理论指导作用。为研究超临界CO2流体的超声速特性,设计了单探头脉冲回波法的声速测量探头,频率2.5MHz。采用汕头超声研究所生产的CTS-3600数字式超声探伤仪与声速测量探头连接。以温度每5℃和压力每1MPa为间隔,测量了温度为25℃～55℃,压力为7MPa～26MPa的CO2流体声速,根据不同温度下声速随压力变化的一组等温线,采用多项式拟合得到超临界CO2流体声速随压力和温度变化关系模型,在T=300K时计算模型计算值和文献参考值的相对误差。结果表明:超临界CO2流体声速随压力增加而增大,随温度升高而降低,在T=300K时模型计算值和文献参考值的相对误差在7%以内。     

Production of few-layer graphene by supercritical CO2 exfoliation of graphite

In this study, the authors report a supercritical CO₂ processing technique for intercalating and exfoliating layered graphite. Few-layer graphene is produced by immersing powdered natural graphite in supercritical CO₂ for 30 min followed by rapidly depressurizing the supercritical fluid to expand and exfoliate graphite. The graphene nanosheets are collected by discharging the expanding CO₂ gas directly into a solution containing dispersant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to avoid restacking. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that the typical graphene sheet contains about 10 atomic layers. This technique offers a low-cost, simple approach to large-scale production of pure graphene sheets without the need for complicated processing steps or chemical treatment.     

sc-CO2在GFRP中的渗透模型及其数值模拟

受成型工艺和材料属性的限制,GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics)在表面和内部存在一定数量的孔隙,导致管材输送超临界CO2(sc-CO2)时受到流体渗透和扩散的作用而性能降低.为研究不同工况下介质在GFRP中的渗透行为,本文建立了sc-CO2在GFRP中渗透扩散的多孔介质模型,运用计算机流体力学软件FLUENT模拟了sc-CO2在GFRP中的渗透行为,通过控制粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力,研究了渗透深度随时间变化的规律,以及温度和压强对sc-CO2在GFRP中的渗透速度影响规律.结果表明:不同渗透阻力系数下,sc-CO2在GFRP中的渗透速度相差较大,但其渗透深度的变化趋势基本一致,即渗透速度只有量的差异,没有质的区别;随温度的升高,sc-CO2的渗透速率降低;随压强的升高,sc-CO2渗透速率显著增加.     

Thermal conductivity anisotropy in polypropylene foams prepared by supercritical CO2 dissolution

Different relative density polypropylene foams were prepared by means of two foaming processes: chemical foaming by compression moulding and physical foaming by high pressure CO₂ dissolution. By controlling the foaming parameters, such as blowing agent concentration, foaming temperature, pressure drop and pressure drop rate, it was possible to regulate the cellular structure, foams showing from markedly isotropic-like cellular structures to ones with highly-elongated cells in the vertical foam growth direction (honeycomb-like cell orientation). The thermal conductivity was measured using the transient plane source method. Using this technique, it was possible to measure the global conductivity and the thermal conductivity in both the axial and radial directions of a given sample. Results show that the global thermal conductivity of foams was mainly regulated by their relative density. In addition, the honeycomb-like cell orientation of the CO₂ dissolution foams resulted in considerably higher values in axial direction when compared to radial, demonstrating that there was a direct influence of cellular structure on the thermal conduction behaviour of these foams, enabling the development of new polypropylene foams with direction-dependent thermal properties.     

TiC/Ti_3SiC_2泡沫陶瓷的制备和性能

采用聚氨酯泡沫为原始骨架,用高频感应加热反应熔渗制备TiC/Ti_3SiC_2泡沫陶瓷,研究了在制备过程中不同阶段泡沫体的Ti含量对其相组成、微区化学成分、显微组织以及抗压缩性能的影响。结果表明,随着泡沫体中Ti含量的增加,在其骨架中柑继生成TiC、Ti_3SiC_2及少量的Ti_5Si_3.骨架的致密度提高,泡沫材料...     

CO2绿色转化

<正>全球工业化水平的持续提升加速了煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料的消耗,大量二氧化碳(CO₂)被排放进大气,导致全球变暖和生态失衡,削减CO₂排放、将CO₂资源化成为亟需解决的问题。2010年前后,美国、欧洲、日本相继开启以"人工光合成"为题的国家级科研项目,投入经费均在1亿美元以上。2011年起,我国国家自然科学基金委、科技部相继资助了相关项目。2020年9月,我国政府进一步提出力争在2030年前实现"碳达峰"、2060年前实现"碳中和"的目标。     

Phase transformation in semi-transparent TiO2 films irradiated with CO2 laser

Anatase (TiO₂) thin films were obtained by immersion of glass plates into a titanium sol-gel precursor followed by calcination at 450 °C for 3 h. The Raman results for the CO₂ laser irradiated TiO₂ films show that laser radiation is able to promote favorable changes of anatase phase in anatase/rutile mixtures. Nevertheless, the transformation process level depends on laser characteristics and scan speed of the radiation treatment.     

CO2 heat pump systems

After the CFCs and the HCFCs were deemed unfit as working fluids in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump applications, there has been a renaissance for carbon dioxide technology. Heat pumps is one of the application areas where theoretical and experimental investigations are now performed by an increasing number of research institutions and manufacturers. This paper gives an overview of some of the current activities in the CO₂ heat pump field. Discussed are the important characteristics of the transcritical CO₂ process applied to heat pumps, and also discussed are theoretical and experimental results from several heat pump applications. Provided that calculations and system designs are performed on the premises of the working fluid, and that test plants are constructed and operated to fully exploit the specific characteristics of both the fluid and the transcritical process, the results show that CO₂ is an attractive alternative to the synthetic fluids. Competitive products may be launched in the near future.     

Effect of pressure on the electrodeposition of nanocrystalline Ni-C in supercritical CO2 fluid

Electrodeposition of Ni in a Watt's bath at different applied pressure, and in the presence of CO₂ fluid was investigated. The reduction of carbon and its alloying into the Ni deposit was focused. The current efficiency of electrodeposition and the carbon content in the Ni deposit were found to vary with the applied pressure. The crystal structure of the resulting Ni-C film was characterized by performing X-ray diffraction. The composition of the deposit was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was employed for microstructure analysis. The results showed that nanocrystalline Ni-C deposit could be obtained. The grain size of the Ni-C film varied from 14 to 43 nm, depending on the deposition pressure and carbon content. A significant increase in microhardness from 450 to 720 Hv could be obtained for the Ni film electrodeposited from a bath of 15 MPa supercritical CO₂ fluid. In 1 M HCl solution, a higher open circuit potential and a lower anodic current density were found when the carbon content in the Ni deposit was increased.     

Inerting of magnesium dust cloud with Ar, N2 and CO2

Experiments were conducted on the inerting of magnesium dust with N₂, CO₂, and Ar. Comparing the maximum explosion pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, and limiting oxygen concentration with different inertants, it was determined that Ar is not the best inert gas under all conditions as commonly believed. N₂ was more effective than Ar as an inertant. CO₂ provided more inerting effect than either Ar and N₂ in low magnesium dust concentrations, although explosibility was increased at higher dust concentrations. Both N₂ and CO₂ as inerting agents showed higher LOC values than Ar. These results indicated that N₂ is a more economical inerting gas than Ar for the tested coarse magnesium dust.     

Effect of La2O3 addition and O2 atmosphere on the electric properties of SnO2TiO2

The electric properties of (Sn, Ti)O₂ doped with 1.00 mol% CoO, 0.05 mol% Nb₂O₅ and x mol% La₂O₃ (0.25≤x≤1.00) have been studied. Sn_0.25Ti_0.75Co_0.01Nb_0.005 doped with 0.50 mol% La₂O₃ has a nonlinearity coefficient of 6. An increase in the concentration of La₂O₃ raised its resistivity, thereby altering the electric properties of the material. A thermal treatment in oxygen atmosphere increased the nonlinearity coefficient to a value of 9.     

聚丙烯/纳米二氧化钛复合材料的超临界流体微孔发泡

以聚丙烯(PP)/nano-TiO2复合材料为研究对象,采用快速降压超临界微孔发泡技术,制备了泡孔密度、泡孔直径分别为2.8×107cell/cm3~3.15×109cell/cm3,46.36μm~6.08μm的PP/nano-TiO2微孔复合材料。研究了复合材料中nano-TiO2的质量分数、饱和压力及发泡温度对PP/nano-TiO2复合材料发泡行为的影响,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对微孔形貌进行表征。结果表明,加入nano-TiO2可以改善PP的发泡性能,并得到泡孔分布均匀的闭孔发泡材料;随复合材料中nano-TiO2质量分数由1%提高到5%,泡孔密度增加,泡孔直径减小。对于nano-TiO2质量分数为3%的PP/nano-TiO2复合材料,随着饱和压力的增加,泡孔直径和泡孔密度都增加;随着发泡温度的升高,泡孔密度减小,泡孔直径变大。     

Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with ejector-expansion device

An ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle is proposed to improve the COP of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle by reducing the expansion process losses. A constant pressure mixing model for the ejector was established to perform the thermodynamic analysis of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle. The effect of the entrainment ratio and the pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was investigated for typical air conditioning operation conditions. The effect of different operating conditions on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was also investigated using assumed values for the entrainment ratio and pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector. It was found that the COP of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle can be improved by more than 16% over the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle for typical air conditioning operation conditions.     

Structural features of AgCaCdMg2(PO4)3 and AgCd2Mg2(PO4)3, two new compounds with the alluaudite-type structure, and their catalytic activity in butan-2-ol conversion

AgCaCdMg₂(PO₄)₃ and AgCd₂Mg₂(PO₄)₃, two new compounds with the alluaudite-type structure, were synthesized by a solid state reaction in air at 750 °C. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of AgCaCdMg₂(PO₄)₃ indicates the presence of small amounts of (Ca, Mg)₃(PO₄)₂ with the whitlockite structure, as impurity, whereas AgCd₂Mg₂(PO₄)₃ is constituted by pure alluaudite. The Rietveld refinements of the X-ray powder diffraction patterns indicate an ordered cationic distribution for AgCd₂Mg₂(PO₄)₃, with Ag on A(2)′, Cd on A(1) and M(1), and Mg on M(2), whereas a disordered distribution of Cd and Ca between the A(1) and M(1) sites is observed for AgCaCdMg₂(PO₄)₃. The catalytic properties of these compounds has been measured in reaction of butan-2-ol dehydrogenation. In the absence of oxygen, both samples exhibit poor dehydrogenation activity. All samples displayed no dehydration activity. Introduction of oxygen into the feed changed totally the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The production of methyl ethyl ketone increases with time on stream and the reaction temperature. AgCaCdMg₂(PO₄)₃ is more efficient than AgCd₂Mg₂(PO₄)₃.     

Preparation of SiC foams by CVI-R technique with SiCl4/H2/CH4 system

Silicon carbide foams were prepared by the chemical vapor infiltration-reaction (CVI-R) of SiCl₄/H₂/CH₄ with carbon foam derived from mesophase pitch (MP), which had not only high bending strength but also low bulk density. The influence of the CH₄/SiCl₄ ratio in reaction atmosphere on the properties of as-prepared silicon carbide foams was investigated in detail. As the CH₄/SiCl₄ ratio was 0.25, resultant foam possessed the highest bending strength of 17.13 MPa. At the same time, correlations between properties and microstructure are also discussed.     

Effect of SiO2 coating on polyethylene separator with different stretching ratios for application in lithium ion batteries

To enhance the properties of polyethylene separators in lithium ion batteries, we tested separators with uni-axial stretching ratios of 180% and 300%. We also tested stretched separators coated with SiO₂ ceramic substance to increase ionic conductivity and thermal stability without sacrificing mechanical properties. To test the thermal and tensile properties, thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) is employed. CR 2032-type coin cells are prepared by sandwiching pristine and coated stretched separators, respectively, between the Li anode and Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ cathode to evaluate the AC impedance and cycling performance. The coated separators are observed with superior ionic conductivity, thermal and tensile properties. The cells prepared with coated separator have slightly higher discharge capacity and a better capacity retention ratio than the cells with pristine separators. These results suggest that the coated separator is a better option for lithium ion batteries.     

Enhancement of Sinter Densification of SrO-BaO-Nb2O5-SiO2 Tungsten-Bronze Glass-Ceramics by Doping with P2O5

Densification behaviors of SrO—BaO—Nb₂0₅—SiO₂ based glass—ceramics prepared by conventional sintering were investigated with an emphasis on the influence of P₂O₅ content.Although P₂0₅ dopant did not modify the surface crystallization mechanism,it resulted in a decrease of the glass transition temperature,which facilitates the viscous glass flow necessary for sintering.However,premature crystallization of（Sr,Ba）Nb₂O₆ induced by addition of excess amount of P₂0₅ essentially retarded sintering due to the formation of closed pores in the matrix.The SrO-BaO-Nb₂0₅-Si0₂ glass with 1.0 mol%P₂0₅（SBN-1P） showed the best sinter densification,which was accomplished at about 850℃.     

Influence of TiO2 incorporation in HfO2 and Al2O3 based capacitor dielectrics

Atomic layer deposition was applied to fabricate metal oxide films on planar substrates and also in deep trenches with appreciable step coverage. Atomic layer deposition of Ru electrodes was realized on planar substrates. Electrical and structural behaviour of HfO₂-TiO₂ and Al₂O₃-TiO₂ nanolaminates and mixtures as well as Al₂O₃ films were evaluated. The lowest leakage current densities with the lowest equivalent oxide thickness were achieved in mixed Al₂O₃-TiO₂ films annealed at 700 °C, compared to all other films in as-deposited state as well as annealed at 900 °C. The highest permittivities in this study were measured on HfO₂-TiO₂ nanolaminates.     

Electrodeposition PbO2-TiO2 and PbO2-ZrO2 and its physicochemical properties

Composite materials based on PbO₂ containing TiO₂ or ZrO₂ were prepared from electrolytes containing a suspension of TiO₂ or ZrO₂. The contents of foreign oxides in the composite depend on the electrolyte composition and conditions of deposition. When a dispersed phase is incorporated into the composite coating, the dimensions of lead dioxide crystals decrease to submicro- and nano-size. Physico-chemical properties of composite materials are mainly determined by their chemical composition.