温度对GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能影响研究

在25℃,40℃,60℃和90℃的蒸馏水中对高庙子(GMZ)膨润土进行了膨胀性能试验。由于在试验条件下渗透膨胀占主导地位,GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能随温度的升高而增大,其中最大膨胀率随温度线性增加,而膨胀力随温度呈指数增加。压实GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能可用em=Kp^D-3表示。N2吸附试验结果表明温度对GMZ膨润土的表面分维D基本没有影响。在渗透膨胀条件下,采用扩散双层模型计算发现膨胀系数K与温度T_c之间存在线性关系,并且通过GMZ膨润土和Bikaner膨润土的膨胀试验进行了验证。将K–T_c线性关系与e_m–p分形关系相结合,提出了温度作用下GMZ膨润土膨胀性能的一种简便定量评价方法。     

石英砂掺量对混合型缓冲回填材料抗剪强度的控制机制

高放废物深部地质处置工程中,向膨润土中加入一定比例的石英砂可以优化缓冲回填材料的热传导性和可施工性。从"混合土"的概念出发,设计干密度和含水率相同、掺砂率不同的压实膨润土-砂混合物试样,通过剪切试验揭示掺砂率对抗剪强度的控制机制。试验材料选用内蒙古高庙子膨润土(GMZ001膨润土),石英砂按照质量0%～50%的比率添加。剪切试验结果表明:随着掺砂率的增大,压实混合物由应变软化型向应变硬化型过渡,黏聚力及内摩擦角逐渐减小,即抗剪强度降低。基于混合土孔隙结构假说,通过类比分析,对黏土-砂混合物抗剪强度的界限掺砂率进行估计,提供孔隙结构的扫描电镜证据。引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念,描述石英砂颗粒之间的黏土基质的物理状态,阐释石英砂掺量对混合型缓冲回填材料抗剪强度的控制机制。     

Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01

Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) has been decided upon as the first option for use as buffer/backfill materials in the deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China. The basic functions of the materials used in the waste repositories request among others a sufficient swelling pressure and low hydraulic conductivity in order to provide long-term stability to the barrier system under environmental pressure and behavior of the waste loads. As such, it is necessary to investigate the influence of initial dry density on the swelling properties of Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) in order to achieve better design of buffer/backfill materials. In this study the swelling pressure of GMZ01 has been studied and analyzed by multi and one-step wetting constant volume tests with five different dry densities (1.15, 1.35, 1.50, 1.60 and 1.75 mg/m³). Results show that swelling pressure changes with time nonlinearly, while there is a linear relationship between time/swelling pressure and time. Curves of swelling pressure and the amount of absorbed water varying with time can be classified into typical phases. For the GMZ01 tested here, the initial dry density is an important factor influencing the swelling pressure. The results show that there is an exponential relationship between swelling pressure and dry density. Moreover, comparison was done between the experimental swelling pressure results of used GMZ bentonite in this study and other bentonites cited in literature: (i) other GMZ׳s and (ii) different types of bentonites proposed as buffer/backfill materials (i.e., MX80, Kunigel, Montigel, and Calcigel). The effect on the microstructure of the density and the wetting under the constant volume condition (after the swelling pressure test) has been investigated by studying the results of pore size distribution for GMZ01 by using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) photos. Finally, two different theoretical concepts were used to estimate the swelling pressure (the modified DDL and thermodynamics approaches). The results of the two methods show that the swelling pressure results compare relatively well with the experimental data for the GMZ bentonite.     

高庙子膨润土膨胀力时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下膨胀力时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末压实为两种不同密实状态的试样,随后在保持压实试样的体积和含水率不变的条件下,分别静置0,1,7,15,30和90 d,最后采用膨胀仪对完成静置试样的膨胀力进行量测;同时结合静置过程,完成了部分试样的扫描电镜（SEM）试验。试验结果表明：高庙子膨润土的膨胀力随静置时间的增长不断减小,且前期减小明显,后期逐渐趋于稳定;膨胀力的时效性与试样初始条件有关,试样含水率和干密度越大,膨胀力随静置时间的衰减越明显,即时效性越强。SEM试验结果表明,静置90 d后,高庙子膨润土内的蒙脱石发生了水化,集合体分解,颗粒相互黏结,微观孔隙结构趋于均质化,呈现点阵式的絮状结构;试样静置过程中不同微观结构层次之间的水分重分布导致的蒙脱石水化是高庙子膨润土静置过程中膨胀力降低的主要内在原因。     

高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特征

 高放废物深地质处置中，缓冲/回填材料系统起着工程屏障、水力学屏障、化学屏障、传导和散失放射性废物衰变热等重要作用，是高放废物地质处置库长期安全性和稳定性的有效保障。前人研究表明，膨润土是理想的缓冲/回填材料。在归纳总结压实膨润土膨胀力的室内试验研究成果的基础上，采用恒体积试验法研究高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特性，该膨润土已经被确定为我国高放废物地质处置库首选缓冲材料。结果表明，高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01膨胀力随时间的变化曲线是一条渐近线，而时间/膨胀力与时间之间存在很好的线性关系；膨胀力发展过程曲线与吸水量曲线具有明显的阶段性特征；高压实高庙子膨润土的膨胀力和干密度之间存在指数关系，干密度是影响膨胀力的一项重要的因素。所取得的膨胀力特性成果，对于高庙子膨润土膨胀性能的正确判定具有非常重要的意义。     

膨胀条件下混合型缓冲回填材料的渗透特性

 选取内蒙古高庙子膨润土(GMZ001膨润土),分别向其中添加0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%的石英砂,采用电子压力试验机在20 MPa荷载下静力压实制样,利用柔性壁渗透仪实测300 kPa围压条件下膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透系数和体积膨胀变化。研究表明,在0%～50%掺砂率范围内,GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透性随掺砂率增大没有明显的变化,能够满足高放废物处置缓冲回填材料低渗透性的要求。引入有效黏土密度的概念,分析掺砂率和干密度对渗透系数的共同影响可知,膨润土–石英砂混合物渗透系数的对数值与有效黏土密度存在良好的线性衰减关系。结合压实试验结果发现,GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透系数为掺砂率的单值函数,据此提出不同压实条件下GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物渗透系数的预测关系式,期望为混合型缓冲回填材料的配比优化提供理论依据。     

圆饼状高压实膨润土膨胀力各向异性特征研究

针对作为我国缓冲/回填材料的高压实高庙子膨润土，采用自主研制的膨胀力-渗透性一体化测试仪器开展膨胀力试验，分别测定圆饼状试样的轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力发展规律，研究试样初始干密度、初始吸力和尺寸效应对其膨胀力各向异性特征的影响。试验结果显示，轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始干密度的增加呈指数增大，膨胀力各向异性特征愈加显著。轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始吸力的增加而呈减小趋势；相同初始吸力条件下，径向膨胀力均大于轴向膨胀力，但是膨胀力各向异性系数随着初始吸力增大而不断减小。试样尺寸对膨胀力有显著影响，增加试样高度，轴向膨胀力不断增加，径向膨胀力增加到某一数值后不再随高度增加，膨胀力各向异性系数随着试样高度的增加逐渐减小。最后，基于膨润土膨胀机理、压实效应和尺寸效应，分析了膨胀力各向异性特征的形成机理。     

Coupled effects of saline solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures

Based on the results of one-dimensional free swelling tests, the coupled effects of NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of compacted GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures were analyzed. The concentrations of the NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions were 0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 mol/L, the temperatures were 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C and the sand contents were 0, 30 and 50%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were also performed to find the influences of the temperature, solution concentration and sand content on the mineral composition and microstructure. The results showed that the maximum swelling strain of the specimens increased with an elevated temperature, while it decreased with increases in the solution concentration and sand content. The swelling process was accelerated by the rising temperature. The XRD tests indicated that the combined effect of a high temperature and a high solution concentration may have caused more Na⁺ from the saline solutions to enter the interlayer, partly displacing the divalent cations. The MIP tests demonstrated that adding sand to the bentonite could reduce the amount of inter-granular pores and increase the intra-aggregate pores. These findings are advantageous to the transfer of heat and pour fluid in the specimens; and thus, the swelling deformation capacity of the bentonite-sand mixtures was higher than that of pure bentonite under the same conditions.     

约束状态对高庙子膨润土的水力学特性的影响

在我国核废料深地质处置中,高庙子膨润土作为首选缓冲回填材料,起着阻隔核素迁移的作用。高压密膨润土填充于核废料包装罐与围岩之间,在水化初期和水化后期分别处于自由膨胀和侧限状态。因此,认识其在这两种约束状态下的水力学特性是十分重要的。为了加深对高庙子膨润土水力学特性的认识,对其分别进行了自由膨胀和侧限状态下的土水特征测定试验、微观结构测定试验和非饱和渗透系数测定试验。最后在以上试验结果的基础上,分析了约束状态的不同对高庙子膨润土水力学特性的影响。     

高庙子膨润土–砂混合料的三向膨胀力特性

 对不同干密度和含砂率高庙子膨润土–砂混合缓冲/回填材料的试样进行一系列三向膨胀力试验研究,结果表明,混合料三向膨胀力均随干密度呈指数关系递增,随含砂率呈指数关系递减。混合料存在各向异性,竖向膨胀力大于水平向膨胀力;含砂率和干密度均对试样的各向异性产生影响;当含砂率大于30%以后,含砂率的增加对其各向异性影响较小;混合料的各向异性随干密度的增大更加显著,并逐渐趋于稳定;对各向异性的机制进行分析,提出基于体积率的膨润土干密度这一指标,建立高庙子膨润土及其含砂混合料三向膨胀力的经验模型,并对模型进行验证和应用,研究成果可为高放废物深地质处置库中的缓冲/回填材料设计提供参考。     

压实膨润土膨胀应变时效性试验及模型研究

本文对高庙子膨润土试样竖向膨胀应变时效性进行了试验和理论研究。首先,3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末被压实到2种不同干密度,然后保持试样含水率不变分别静置0、1、7、15、30和90天,最后利用膨胀变形仪对静置完成后的试样的水化膨胀变形进行了测量,试验结果表明:试样的水化膨胀曲线呈双曲线型,水化初期膨胀明显,之后逐渐稳定;竖向膨胀应变随初始干密度的增加而增大,与初始含水率关系不明显;最大竖向膨胀应变随静置时间的增长不断衰减,且静置前期衰减明显,后期趋于稳定;基于试验成果,通过类比,建立了压实膨润土的膨胀应变时效性经验模型,拟合结果表明该模型能够较好地反映静置时间对高庙子膨润土膨胀应变的影响。     

Numerical thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of compacted bentonite in China-mock-up test for deep geological disposal

The China-mock-up test is to evaluate the performance of the compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) conditions in deep geological disposal.A numerical study of the test is conducted in this paper.The principal THM characteristics of the bentonite are presented at first.A THM model is then presented to tackle the complex coupling behavior of the bentonite.The model of Alonso-Gens is incorporated to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite under unsaturated conditions.With the proposed model,numerical simulations of the China-mock-up test are carried out by using the code of LAGAMINE.The time variations associated with the temperature,degree of saturation,suction and swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite are studied.The results suggest that the proposed model is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite,and to predict moisture motion under coupled THM conditions.     

高碱溶液对高庙子膨润土侵蚀作用的研究

采用NaOH溶液模拟高放射性核废物处置库中可能产生的高碱性孔隙水,对初始干密度为1.70 g/cm³的高庙子（GMZ）膨润土试样进行渗透侵蚀试验,借助扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）对侵蚀后试样的表观特性进行观察分析,对碱溶液侵蚀对膨润土试样膨胀性、渗透性、孔隙比和化学成分的影响规律进行解释,以研究碱性孔隙水侵蚀对膨润土性能影响的微观机理。结果表明,GMZ膨润土主要成分蒙脱石呈层片状结构,蒙脱石水化会在其表面形成羽翼状的胶体,会堵塞试样的孔隙;高碱性溶液的侵蚀会造成膨润土水化产生的羽翼状胶体溶解和膨润土结构的不可逆性破坏,并且破坏程度与碱溶液的浓度成正相关关系;经高碱性溶液侵蚀的膨润土试样,其表面有明显的溶蚀痕迹,说明碱溶液的入渗侵蚀会造成膨润土有效成分蒙脱石的溶解,试验结果与X射线衍射（XRD）测试结果吻合。因此,碱性孔隙水的入渗侵蚀会逐渐溶解膨润土中的蒙脱石,破坏了膨润土的结构,增大了膨润土的孔隙率,进而降低了膨润土的膨胀性,提高了膨润土的长期渗透性,最终造成膨润土的封闭和缓冲性能降低。     

高庙子膨润土及其混合材料导热性能研究

导热性能是高放废物地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要性能之一。采用瞬变平面热源法,研究了我国高放废物地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料高庙子膨润土,及以其为主料,添加不同含量石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑组成的混合材料的导热性能。分析了添加剂种类和含量、干密度、饱和度等因素对导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高庙子膨润土及其混合材料的导热系数、热扩散系数都随干密度和含水量的增大而增大;石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑能够不同程度提高膨润土的导热系数,石英砂的作用优于北山花岗岩碎屑;饱和度对添加剂发挥其提高缓冲/回填材料导热性能的作用影响明显,饱和度越高,添加剂的作用越显著。     

钠钾盐梯度循环作用下高压实膨润土膨胀力衰变特性

高放废物深地质处置库近场环境中,高压实膨润土将长期遭受含盐地下水的循环化学作用,导致其膨胀性能不断衰变。针对干密度为1.7 g/cm3的高压实高庙子(GMZ)膨润土,分别开展了0.5 mol/L和1.0 mol/L两种盐梯度、Na Cl-水-KCl和Na Cl-水不同循环路径下的恒体积膨胀力试验,探讨盐梯度循环化学作用下其膨胀力的衰变特性。结果表明:盐梯度循环作用下,膨润土膨胀力的发展与离子种类、浓度和循环次数等因素有关。盐化阶段膨胀力不断降低,淡化阶段膨胀力有所提高;低盐度梯度循环下各阶段的稳定膨胀力均高于高盐度梯度循环时的膨胀力。随着循环次数的增加,稳定膨胀力逐渐下降,入渗溶液浓度越高,降幅越大,且衰减幅度随着循环次数的增加而减小。KCl溶液的入渗会引起膨润土发生矿物相变,膨胀力显著降低;当KCl溶液浓度达到一定值时,蒙脱石的充分溶解导致膨润土丧失膨胀能力。     

接缝对高压实膨润土工程屏障自封闭性能的影响

 以高庙子膨润土为研究对象,采用自主研制的多功能膨胀–渗透仪,对不同初始干密度的试样进行不同接缝宽度条件下的膨胀力和渗透试验,并对水化后的膨润土进行水银孔隙率定试验,从微观结构层面分析接缝对膨润土渗透性的影响机制。结果表明：接缝的存在将导致膨润土的膨胀力减小、渗透性增大,从而降低膨润土在处置库中的自封闭性能;在水化过程中,接缝的存在会引起膨润土内部孔隙大小和数量的变化,宏观表现为膨润土渗透性增大。     

高庙子膨润土的土水特征曲线

近年来，用于高放废物深地质处置工程屏障的高压密膨润土越来越受到关注。经过全国范围内的比较和筛选，内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床被确定为我国高放废物处置库缓冲材料的首选矿床。采用渗析法和水汽平衡法来控制吸力技术，通过上水特征曲线测定试验、环境扫描电镜和乐汞试验，研究高庙子高压密膨润土在不同吸力下的持水特性及其微观结构特征。利用压汞试验结果推算膨润土在恒体积条件下的土水特征曲线，并与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明：在不同吸力作用下，膨润土的持水特性与其微观结构之间有着密切关系。     

高掺砂率膨润土混合土膨胀特性及其膨胀量预测

膨润土与砂混合土中掺砂率的高低会引起混合土膨胀特性的差异。对纯膨润土及其低掺砂率混合土,浸水膨胀完成后蒙脱石孔隙比em与竖向应力σv在双对数坐标内呈唯一线性关系。对高掺砂率混合土,在较小荷载下浸水,不会形成砂骨架,em–σv线性关系仍成立;在较大荷载下浸水,会形成砂骨架,砂骨架形成后,em与σv间不再满足该线性关系。利用砂骨架孔隙比的概念可确定不同掺砂率混合土形成砂骨架时对应的起偏应力及混合土能够形成砂骨架的临界掺砂率。砂骨架形成前,砂颗粒被蒙脱石包围,外力由蒙脱石承担,最终变形量由试样中单位体积蒙脱石的含量决定。砂骨架形成后,竖向应力最终由砂骨架和蒙脱石共同承担,提出了确定不同掺砂率下两者承担比例的方法,进而可确定砂骨架形成后的膨胀变化量,预测结果与膨胀试验结果吻合较好。该方法可以预测高掺砂率混合土的浸水膨胀量。     

混合型缓冲回填材料压实性能研究

 根据国外高放废物地质处置领域缓冲回填材料研发趋势,提出我国混合型缓冲回填材料开发新构想,即在纯膨润土中添加一定量的石英砂,期望在不显著降低渗透性能的前提下明显改善其热传导性能和力学强度。选取内蒙古高庙子膨润土(GMZ001膨润土)为主料,添加0%～50%含量的石英砂,采用标准击实试验和重型击实试验,研究混合土的动力压实特性;采用专门设计的压实模具,研究混合土在20和50 MPa压力下的静力压实特性。研究结果表明,不同掺砂率的膨润土–砂混合物,最大干密度与最优含水率存在统一的幂函数关系,而与压实方法及压实能大小无关。对于不同的压实方法及压实能大小,最优含水率与掺砂率之间存在线性关系。利用这些关系,就可以针对特定的压实目标选择适宜的压实方法。研究表明,高庙子膨润土掺加10%～30%的石英砂有助于改善压实质量,预计防渗性能也不会降低。     

Deterioration of swelling pressure of compacted Gaomiaozi bentonite induced by heat combined with hyperalkaline conditions

Compacted bentonite has been considered a suitable engineered barrier material for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories for several decades. However, hyperalkaline groundwater produced by cementitious materials, combined with the heat generated by nuclear decay during the long-term storage of waste canisters, may cause the deterioration of the swelling properties of compacted bentonite. In this study, a series of swelling pressure tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed on compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite (dry density 1.7 Mg/m³) to investigate the deterioration of the swelling pressure. Results indicated that the deterioration of the swelling pressure was facilitated by the temperature when the same concentration of NaOH solution was infiltrated, and a model of swelling pressure deterioration was developed to predict the long-term swelling pressure. Furthermore, the dissolution of montmorillonite and some silicate minerals, as well as the formation of non-expanding secondary minerals, led to transformations of the agglomeration patterns of the soil particles and structural damage to the bentonite, which controlled the long-term deterioration of the swelling pressure. Therefore, for the long-term operation of an HLW repository, the deterioration of the swelling pressure of compacted bentonite should be monitored, and safety assessments should account for the effects of heat and alkalinity.