不同状态膨化硝酸铵的自敏化结构研究

采用真空析晶法制备不同状态膨化硝酸铵(EAN)样品,利用密度测试法、N2吸附法、扫描电镜法、板痕试验法测试普通硝酸铵(AN)和不同状态EAN的孔隙率、孔隙结构、比表面积、粒子表面形貌及雷管起爆感度和作功能力。结果表明：普通AN颗粒表面比较规则光滑、密实、孔隙率和比表面积低;EAN样品颗粒表面不规则,存在大量棱角、突起、晶形严重歧化,比表面积大、孔隙率高,具有典型的自敏化结构特征;用不同状态EAN样品制得的铵油炸药(ANFO)的雷管起爆感度和作功能力与AN结构密切相关,膨化ANFO样品的雷管起爆感度和作功能力较普通ANFO样品高。实验所采用的表征技术可用于揭示不同状态EAN的自敏化结构。     

膨化硝酸铵晶体特性研究

膨化硝酸铵是一种改性硝酸铵晶体,具有显著自敏化特征,成功应用于各类膨化硝铵炸药及震源药柱中.在膨化剂(表面活性剂)的作用下改善了膨化硝酸铵的物理性能和晶体结构及其特征.本文通过硝酸铵固体表面接触角的测量,算出了膨化硝酸晶体表面能;利用差热分析(DSC)技术给出了膨化剂对硝酸铵晶变的影响;采用x射线衍射分析了膨化硝酸铵晶体的晶格特性.     

自敏化硝酸铵安全性能及其应用研究

本文在研究表面活性理论基础上,应用真空析晶技术制得了颗粒内部含有大量微气孔的硝酸铵,这种硝酸铵易粉碎、比表面大、具有自敏化的特征,其起爆感度增加.文中对自敏化硝酸铵的机械感度、热感度、静电感度、雷管感度等进行了全面的研究.结果表明,自敏化硝酸铵的雷管感度在工业生产过程中是可以控制的,用自敏化硝酸铵代替普通硝酸铵可以制得性能优良的硝铵炸药.     

自敏化硝酸铵安全性能及其应用研究

本文在研究表面活性理论基础上,应用真空析晶技术制得了颗粒内部含有大量微气孔的硝酸铵,这种硝酸铵易粉碎、比表面大、具有自敏化的特征,其起爆感度增加。文中对自敏化硝酸铵的机械感度、热感度、静电感度、雷管感度等进行了全面的研究。结果表明,自敏化硝酸铵的雷管感度在工业生产过程中是可以控制的,用自敏化硝酸铵代替普通硝酸铵可以制得性能优良的硝铵炸药。     

膨化硝铵震源药柱配方的优化设计

在普通硝酸铵中 ,加入专用表面活性剂和水 ,进行溶化 -真空结晶处理 ,制得一种含有微气泡的自敏化硝酸铵 ,这种改性硝酸铵称为膨化硝酸铵。用膨化硝酸铵替代原用普通硝酸铵 ,震源药柱内装药中的梯恩梯含量降低 50 %。文中建立了震源药柱内装药配方设计的数学模型。给出了高、中、低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱的三个配方和爆炸特征数据。     

评自敏化理论最新专著———《膨化硝铵炸药 自敏化理论》

由我国炸药领域著名学者、专家、博士生导师、南京理工大学原副校长吕眷绪教授撰写的《膨化硝铵炸药自敏化理论》一书,己于2008年5月在兵器工业出版社隆重出版,目前正在《爆破器材》编辑部发行。     

疑似危险物的鉴定与评估

为配合公安机关对疑似危险物进行鉴定和评估,由国家颁布的国家标准《化学品物理危险性测试导则》和《GB/T 13226-1991工业雷管铅板试验方法》,被系统地应用于危险物的爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准。其中,联合国隔板试验1(a)、克南试验1(b)和时间/压力试验1(c)用于鉴别危险物是否具有爆炸性;雷管敏感度试验5(a)用于确定危险物对强烈机械刺激的敏感度;铅板试验用于鉴定各种火雷管、电雷管和导爆管雷管是否具有爆炸性。利用上述试验方法,对硝酸铵(AN)和高氯酸铵(AP)样品,以及某公安机关缴获的疑似黑火药和导火索、疑似硝铵炸药、疑似电雷管和火雷管等危险物,进行了燃烧性或爆炸性的鉴定和评估。结果表明,AN不能用工业雷管起爆,AP以及与AN的混合物均具有爆炸性,能用工业雷管起爆,验证了该爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准的有效性。疑似硝铵炸药可用联合国隔板试验1(a)鉴别出是否具有爆炸性,疑似黑火药和疑似导火索可用燃烧试验定性鉴别出是否具有燃烧性,疑似电雷管和疑似火雷管可用铅板试验鉴别出是否具有爆炸性。     

有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆压

为更好地理解硝铵炸药状态对爆轰性能的影响,采用有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆速和爆压。简要介绍了有机玻璃法测炸药爆压的原理和实验装置,采用该法测试了普通硝铵炸药及3种膨化硝铵炸药的爆速、爆压。结果表明,硝铵炸药具有低爆速和低爆压的非理想爆轰特征,膨化硝铵炸药较普通硝铵炸药具有更高的爆速和爆压,颗粒粒度减小有利于提高膨化硝铵炸药的爆压性能。有机玻璃法是同时获得硝铵炸药爆速和爆压数据的简便方法。     

铵油炸药微观结构及其对雷管起爆感度的影响

炸药微观结构对性能影响显著,为更好认识铵油炸药(ANFO)微观结构及其对起爆感度的影响,采用扫描电镜法(SEM)和密度测试法表征不同状态铵油炸药颗粒的微观结构,通过切片技术观测ANFO炸药颗粒内部的微观特征,借鉴板痕试验原理测试样品雷管起爆感度。结果表明,未膨化ANFO炸药颗粒内部及外部孔洞和裂纹很少,颗粒表面较膨化ANFO炸药光滑;膨化ANFO炸药颗粒表面存在大量孔洞、裂纹和突起,表面凹凸不平,颗粒内部存在大量毛孔和孪晶。研究同时表明,膨化AN颗粒内的晶体生长过程并未进行完全。多孔的颗粒结构和凹凸不平的颗粒表面有利于提高ANFO的雷管起爆感度。     

膨化硝酸铵自敏化特征实验研究

本文应用表面活性剂和真空析晶工艺制得了膨化硝酸铵,测定了其热分解活化能、晶体结构、晶体中的孔径和微孔体积.与普通硝酸铵相比,这种膨化硝酸铵热分解反应活化能较低,固体颗粒内部具有大量的微气孔和微孔体积,晶体呈蜂窝状结构,具有自敏化特征,其反应活性、反应速度以及反应的完全性增加,它可以作为含能材料理想的氧化剂.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.