Influence of Drying Conditions on Volatile Compounds of Pasta

The effect of drying temperatures on the profile of volatile compounds of pasta was studied. The solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry allowed to identify 72 volatile compounds in the samples of not-dried, low-temperature-dried (LT-dried), high-temperature-dried (HT-dried), and wrongly very-high-temperature-dried (WVHT-dried) pastas. The samples of not-dried pasta contained alcohols, aldehydes, short-chain ketones, esters, furans, and some sulfur compounds. In the LT-dried pasta, the volatile aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation were more abundant than in HT-dried pasta. HT-dried pasta showed higher levels of furan and furan derivatives (especially 2-furanmethanol), derived from the Maillard reaction, than LT-dried pasta (p?<?0.05). Pyrazines arose from WVHT treatment. Significant differences were observed also for the color indices when comparing pasta subjected to LT and HT drying (p?<?0.001). Several volatile Maillard reaction products were significantly correlated (p?<?0.05 and p?<?0.01) to a* and 100???L*. The ratio aldehydes/furans allowed distinguishing in a significant way the treatments, independently from the lot characteristics.     

不同干燥条件对风干牛肉品质影响

为提高风干牛肉的干燥效率,明确干燥条件对风干牛肉品质的影响,以牛肉为研究对象,通过常规方式和高温短时干燥处理方式[对照组（15 ℃,7 d）、A 组（50 ℃,30 h）、B 组（55 ℃,27 h）、C 组（60 ℃,24 h）、D 组（65 ℃,21 h）]对其进行风干,分析不同处理对牛肉水分含量、水分活度、剪切力、蛋白质氧化、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值、游离氨基酸含量、风味成分变化及感官评分的影响。结果表明,高温短时干燥对风干牛肉水分含量和水分活度影响不显著（p>0.05）,对牛肉剪切力影响显著（p<0.05）。风干牛肉脂肪氧化和蛋白质的氧化、水解随着风干温度升高而增加。风干结束后,5 组样品中TBARS 值最高为1.18 mg MDA/kg,羰基含量为4.66 mmol/mg蛋白;风干牛肉游离氨基酸总量B 组最高,为628.88 mg/100 g。气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）结果显示,B 组样品主要的挥发性风味物质最为丰富,且与其他4 组差异最大,主要的特征风味物质为丁酸丙酯、丙二酸二乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丙酸异丁酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸正己酯、乙酸辛酯等;适当提高干燥温度可以明显改善风干牛肉的色泽、风味和组织状态的评分。综合各项指标,风干温度55℃、风干时间27 h 处理的风干牛肉品质最佳。     

Effects of Heating,Vacuum Drying and Steeping on Gelatinization Properties and Dynamic Viscoelasticity of Various Starches

Starches having A‐ and B‐type X‐ray diffraction patterns (A‐ and B‐type starches) were modified by heating at 120 °C for 2 h (HT), vacuum drying at room temperature for 20 h (VD) and steeping at 50 °C for 20 h (ST). The properties of starches were compared using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic viscoelasticity behavior during heat processing (G' behavior). As observed by DSC, HT rarely changed the gelatinization properties for A‐type starches, but decreased the gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies (ΔH) for B‐type starches. A shift of the X‐ray diffractograms from B‐type to A‐type patterns was not detected after HT. Similar changes in gelatinization properties were observed for B‐type starches after VD. ST increased the gelatinization temperatures and also narrowed the gelatinization temperature range irrespective of crystal type. Both HT and VD decreased the peak temperature (T_p) in G' behavior and increased the peak G' value for B‐type starches. ST increased T_p and also decreased the peak G' value irrespective of starch crystal type. G' values after reaching T_p — which indicate the viscoelasticity of the swollen starch granules without breakdown — showed significant increases only for B‐type starches after HT.     

不同干燥方式对马铃薯全粉糊化特性、风味及薯粉面包品质的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对马铃薯全粉糊化特性及马铃薯面包品质的影响,在鲜马铃薯切片处理后,分别采用漂烫后干燥、蒸后干燥及真空冷冻干燥方式制备马铃薯全粉。测定了不同马铃薯全粉的糊化特性、风味特征、马铃薯全粉占比20%制备的薯粉面团的粉质特性及薯粉面包的质构与感官特性。结果表明:冻干粉的糊化温度最高,为70.1 ℃;蒸干粉的回生值和崩解值最低,分别是284.6和866.3 mPa·s。电子鼻可很好的区分3种不同干燥方式制得马铃薯全粉的气味,其中蒸干粉电子鼻检测响应值最大,风味最浓。添加蒸干粉对面团破坏性最小,其弱化度为65 FU;添加蒸干粉的面包硬度最低,而弹性与比容最大;采用蒸干粉制作马铃薯面包的感官评分最高。     

不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响

通过向龙牙百合鳞茎淀粉中添加不同来源的亲水胶体(瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、果胶、魔芋胶、羟丙基甲基纤维素),测定其黏度、热力学及流变学特性的变化,探究不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响.结果 表明:不同亲水胶体与淀粉的混合体系表现出不同的糊化及流变学特性.添加瓜尔豆胶后的混合体系峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度...     

不同干燥方式对茄子理化性质的影响

该文研究热风干燥（hot-air drying,HD）、微波干燥（microwave drying,MD）、真空干燥（vacuum drying,VD）、真空微波干燥（vacuum microwave drying,VMD）和真空冷冻干燥（vacuum freeze drying,VFD）对茄子微观结构、抗氧化性、色泽以及总酚和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对茄子干燥品质量影响较大。VFD样品的总酚和总黄酮含量最高、抗氧化性能最强、微观结构保留较好。5种干燥方式中,VMD样品的总酚（total phenolic,TPC）、总黄酮（tal flavonoid content,TFC）以及抗氧化性能较好。色差方面,MD的样品表现最好,有较低的色差值,与新鲜茄子颜色较为接近。风味方面,干燥样品风味与新鲜茄子均具有较大差异。     

不同干燥条件对槟榔油提取率的影响

本实验采用索氏提取法,在单因素试验的基础上,经正交试验确定以氯仿为溶剂、回流时间10h、粒度20～40目作为提取条件,比较不同干燥方法对海南和泰国两品种槟榔仁出油率的影响.结果表明,泰国品种的槟榔油提取率高于海南品种,且热风干燥较微波干燥得到的槟榔油提取率高.     

不同干燥方法对生姜粉物理性质的影响

以安徽临泉姜为原料,采用离心喷雾干燥、热风干燥、远红外干燥、真空冷冻干燥对新鲜生姜进行干燥制粉,研究干燥制粉后的生姜粉的物理性质。结果表明:喷雾干燥的生姜粉水分含量和容重较高,而得率、水合能力、吸油能力以及感官性能都是最差的;远红外干燥的生姜粉得率、水分含量、容重是最高的,水合能力、吸油能力及感官性能都较好;热风干燥的生姜粉水合能力最好,而得率、水分含量、容重、吸油能力和感官性能都紧次于远红外干燥的姜粉;真空冷冻干燥的生姜粉得率和水合能力居中,水分含量和容重最低,吸油能力和感官性能最好。     

不同干燥条件对鲍鱼组织构造及流变特性的影响

利用热风和自然晾晒两种干燥方式制备干鲍鱼,并对其相应复水涨发过程中成分、组织构造和流变学特性的变化情况进行研究;探讨了两种干燥方式的干燥动力学和鲍鱼复水机理.组织构造采用Van Gieson染色法观察,通过质构仪测定其复水涨发过程中的流变学特性(弹性模量、粘性模量、应力松弛时间和破断力).结果表明,达到等同于干基的含水率所需时间,晾晒干燥方式约为热风干燥方式的1倍,且两种干燥方式下鲍鱼内部微观结构差异较大;复水过程中除鲍鱼总蛋白含量相对稳定,其它物质含量尤其是胶原蛋白的含量变化较大;不同涨发条件下鲍鱼肌肉组织结构发生了明显地变化;流变学特性参数与鲍鱼复水涨发过程中蛋白、水分等含量和组织结构的变化呈显著相关性.     

不同干燥方法对干湿梅理化性质的影响研究

采用强制对流干燥、自然对流干燥、烘箱干燥、温室干燥、自然日晒干燥对干湿梅进行干燥,研究干燥过程及产品的理化性质。结果表明:强制对流、自然对流、与烘箱干燥较温室与自然日晒干燥耗时缩短70%以上;烘箱干燥缺少太阳能干燥物料的特殊香气;温室与自然日晒干燥由于夜间缓苏导致组织结构疏松,嚼感降低,硬度值变化减缓,感官评价较差;强制对流干燥色泽变化适度,感官性能最佳。     

不同干燥方式对猕猴桃果脯品质的影响

以猕猴桃果脯为试验对象,探讨热风干燥、远红外干燥和真空冷冻干燥3种不同干燥方式对其水分构成、复水性、硬度、韧性、风味和滋味等品质特性的影响。经快速水分测定仪和低场核磁共振技术检测发现,真空冷冻干燥果脯含水量显著偏低（P<0.05）,其自由水和不易流动水相对含量明显偏高;果脯复水性显著偏高（P<0.05）,果脯硬度和韧性显著高于其他两种干燥方式（P<0.05）。电子舌和电子鼻分析结果表明,真空冷冻干燥猕猴桃果脯咸味显著偏高（P<0.05）,而挥发性芳香物质含量呈现出相反的趋势（P<0.05）。经聚类分析和多元方差分析,热风干燥和远红外干燥所得猕猴桃果脯品质接近,与真空冷冻干燥的果脯品质差异显著（P<0.05）。由此可见,热风干燥和远红外干燥制备的猕猴桃果脯品质较佳。     

不同浸泡条件下糙米吸水特性的研究

针对发芽糙米生产工艺中浸泡处理这一关键步骤,对糙米的吸水特性进行了初步研究。选取3种稻谷为原料,通过改变浸泡温度、浸泡时间、浸泡溶液浓度,考察在不同浸泡条件下糙米粒的吸水效果。结果表明:在相同条件下提高浸泡温度,可提高前2~4 h吸水率,缩短吸水达饱和的时间;浸泡溶液的浓度越高,在前2~4 h吸水率越低,但对达到饱和时的吸水率没多大影响。     

Effects of Drying Conditions on Water Sorption and Phase Transitions of Freeze-Dried Horseradish Roots

The water sorption isotherms for freeze-dried horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana) were determined using the interval sorption technique, and the thermal behavior of dried and rehumidified products was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry. The hygroscopicity of the dried material increased when the surface temperature during freeze-drying was increased from 20°C to 60°C. Both sorption and thermal data showed that drying at high surface temperatures affected the physical structure of the material, resulting in increased water adsorption, decreased glass transition temperature, and increased unfreezeable water content. Water sorption isotherms and thermal data can be used to determine the proper drying and storage conditions for horseradish roots.     

淀粉纳米颗粒在不同增塑剂中的糊化与流变特性研究

本文以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,经普鲁兰酶酶解脱支,短直链淀粉重结晶制取淀粉纳米颗粒(SNPs)。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和动态流变仪,探究了不同浓度SNPs在甘油、山梨糖醇、葡萄糖水溶液中的热特性、回生特性以及流变特性的变化规律。DSC测试表明,添加山梨糖醇、葡萄糖和甘油溶液(其与水比例为1:1)后,SNPs的起始糊化温度分别增加了10.85℃、10.96℃和15.02℃,SNPs的终止糊化温度分别增加了9.29℃、9.17℃、12.40℃。回生结果表明,增塑剂会抑制SNPs的回生。随着浓度增加,SNPs在增塑剂体系中储能模量明显增加,且损耗模量大于储能模量,凝胶性增强。20%SNPs在山梨糖醇溶液和甘油溶液中的储能模量是10 Pa·s左右,而在葡萄糖溶液中大于1000 Pa·s,在葡萄糖溶液中损耗模量在100~500 Pa·s,说明SNPs葡萄糖水溶液具有更强的凝胶性。本文为SNPs在不同增塑剂中制备可降解膜提供理论依据。     

不同干燥方式对莲藕淀粉品质特性的影响

以莲藕为试验对象,探讨热风干燥、微波干燥、真空微波干燥和红外干燥四种不同干燥方式对莲藕淀粉的干燥时间、亮度、微观结构、晶体类型、粘度、凝沉稳定性、冻融稳定性和透明度影响。结果表明:热风干燥、微波干燥、真空微波干燥和红外干燥四种不同干燥方式处理的莲藕淀粉X-射线衍射图谱一致,晶体类型均为B型结构。在热风干燥和红外的淀粉颗粒形状较不规则,表面粗糙,有明显凹坑,颗粒间团聚和裂缝严重,外观品质极差;微波干燥和真空微波干燥的淀粉,大颗粒整体结构为椭球型,小颗粒为球形,无团聚,真空微波干燥莲藕淀粉颗粒较完整,轮廓清晰,表面光滑。四种干燥方式处理莲藕淀粉,真空微波干燥淀粉的亮度、凝沉稳定性均为最好,透明度最低,而微波干燥的干燥时间最短,冻融稳定性最好。综合分析,真空微波干燥方式优于其他三种方式,可适用于莲藕淀粉及淀粉制品加工的工业生产中。     

不同干燥方式对细菌纤维素物理性能的影响

本文考察不同干燥方式对细菌纤维素的物理性能的影响。采取3种不同干燥的方法分别对细菌纤维素膜进行干燥,分别为:60℃烘箱中干燥(BC-DHT);在-20℃冷冻结实后冷冻干燥(BC-FDF);在液氮中迅速冷冻结实,然后冷冻干燥(BC-FDN)。通过扫描电子显微镜观察,BC-FDN的内部结构比BC-FDF和BC-DHT更松散。在吸水性能方面,BC-DHT、BC-FDF、BC-FDN每克纤维素吸水量分别为2.38 g、6.22 g、58.24 g。在透湿率方面,BC-FDN的透湿性能最好,其次为BC-FDF,而BC-DHT透湿性能最差。对BC-DHT、BC-FDF、BC-FDN进行X射线衍射分析,从其衍射图谱分析所得结晶指数分别为78.5%、64.2%、47.5%。热重分析结果分析所得,BC-DHT的热稳定性较好,其次为BC-FDF,而BC-FDN的热稳定性最差。由此可见,通过不同的干燥方法能改变细菌纤维素的物理性质。     

Physicochemical Properties of Sweetpotato Starches with Different Gelatinization Temperatures

Physicochemical properties of five sweetpotato starches differing in gelatinization temperature were examined. The gelatinization temperature of Koganesengan starch, an ordinary cultivar of sweetpotato in Japan, was 73.6°C, whereas those of the other starches were measured to be 71.6°C for Kyukei 96162–1, 65.8°C for Kyushu No.127, 63.9°C for Kyukei 240, and 54.9°C for Quick Sweet. Some relationships of the primary structural properties with the gelatinization temperature have been found. As the gelatinization temperature decreased: i) the content of phosphate groups attached to the glucosyl residues decreased, ii) the amylose content, which was determined as difference in long chains of debranched original starch and of its amylopectin, decreased, iii) the proportion of unit chains with DP > 100 in the amylopectin fraction increased, iv) the proportion of unit chains with DP 6 to 10 in the amylopectin fraction increased, whereas that of unit chains with DP 12 to 24 decreased, v) the B‐type crystallinity of the starch granules was enhanced, and vi) the proportion of longer chains constituting each Nägeli amylodextrin increased. Moreover, it was found that thin pastes of the low temperature‐gelatinizing starches retrograded slower during cold storage than the ordinary starch. Among the starches, Quick Sweet starch granules, having the lowest gelatinization temperature, were digested rapidly by pancreatin.     

不同干燥方法对桑叶蛋白理化性质及营养特性的影响

采用不同处理方式干燥桑叶后,提取桑叶蛋白,测定桑叶蛋白提取物的理化性质、营养特性并对其进行结构表征,以评价不同干燥方法对桑叶蛋白的影响。结果表明：经不同方式干燥后的桑叶蛋白提取物基本化学成分含量差异较大,其中冷冻干燥桑叶蛋白提取物蛋白含量最高,为68.89%;氨基酸组成无较大差异,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸;热风烘干桑叶蛋白提取物消化率最高,达到66.41%;由新鲜桑叶和冻干桑叶提取的蛋白表达情况一致,主要由一条约52 kDa分子量的蛋白条带组成,而烘干桑叶蛋白提取物蛋白电泳条带表达显著减弱;新鲜桑叶蛋白提取物的微观表面平整致密,热风烘干桑叶蛋白提取物和冷冻干燥桑叶蛋白提取物的表面粗糙多孔,使其与油、水的接触面积增加,有利于提高蛋白的溶解性。结果表明,不同干燥方式对桑叶蛋白的组成成分、功能和结构性质存在重要影响,真空冷冻干燥方式对蛋白特性的保存更为有利。