Chirp scaling algorithm for bi-static SAR using a precise range model

Among the currently available chirp scaling algorithms for bi-static SAR, some compromise with approximation in the range model, while some others use the equivalent method by first changing bi-static SAR into mono-static SAR then apply chirp scaling algorithm of mono-static SAR. Consequently, as the squint angles get large, the performance of focusing will deteriorate significantly. This paper, however, abandons those traditional solutions to the bi-static imaging problems and introduces a novel method, based on the space model of bi-static platforms. First, a precise range model is established. Then, a new chirp scaling algorithm for bi-static SAR using the precise range model is advanced. It is theoretically proven that this is an analytic solution of the bi-static chirp scaling algorithm. Images can be focused accurately even with large squint angles. At last simulations with large squint angles are made to verify the validity of the algorithm. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China     

基于仿真数据的HJ-1C卫星SAR成像处理方法

合成孔径雷达(SAR,synthetic aperture radar)是对地遥感观测的重要技术手段.作为民用星载SAR的第一颗卫星,HJ-1C卫星即将发射,因此文中针对其成像处理中涉及的关键技术开展了研究工作,包括精确的斜视等效距离模型下的扩展ECS(extended chirp scaling)算法的补偿因子、三次相位误差补偿因子形式的分析,快速的回波数据模拟算法的建模和实现,以及精确的Doppler参数计算方法以及对扫描模式成像算法中拼接环节的算法改进.通过理论研究分析和仿真验证,证明基于等效斜视模型的扩展chirp scaling算法是适应条带、扫描成像模式的精确算法.     

An improved OFDM chirp waveform used for MIMO SAR system

Special attention has been devoted to multi-input multi-output(MIMO)synthetic aperture radar(SAR)systems in recent years.The applications of MIMO SAR systems which involve 3D imaging,highresolution wide-swath remote sensing,and multi-baseline interferometry are seriously limited to the orthogonal waveforms.Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)chirp waveforms can be used for MIMO SAR systems to avoid intra-pulse interferences,there is a small frequency shift between the transmitted OFDM pulses.This vulnerable shift,which can not only affect the waveform orthogonality,but also introduce residual phase error,renders the OFDM waveforms impractical.In this paper,an improved OFDM chirp waveform which works without the mentioned shift is presented,along with the novel modulation and efficient demodulation procedures.Comparison between the improved and the conventional OFDM chirp waveforms is detailed.The influence of random noise,quantization error,and Doppler shift on the orthogonality of OFDM waveform is also investigated in this paper.Theoretical analysis and simulation results illustrate the feasibility of this waveform scheme.     

Multi-channel SAR imaging based on distributed compressive sensing

The rapid development of compressive sensing(CS)shows that it is possible to recover a sparse signal from very limited measurements.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imaging based on CS can reconstruct the target scene with a reduced number of collected samples by solving an optimization problem.For multi-channel SAR imaging based on CS,each channel requires sufficient samples for separate imaging and the total number of samples could still be large.We propose an imaging algorithm based on distributed compressive sensing(DCS)that reconstructs scenes jointly under multiple channels.Multi-channel SAR imaging based on DCS not only exploits the sparsity of the target scene,but also exploits the correlation among channels.It requires significantly fewer samples than multi-channel SAR imaging based on CS.If multiple channels offer different sampling rates,DCS joint processing can reconstruct target scenes with a much more flexible allocation of the number of measurements offered by each channel than that used in separate CS processing.     

MIMO SAR OFDM chirp waveform design and GMTI with RPCA based method

Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO SAR) has drawn wide attention for its increased degrees of freedom (DOFs) compared to the traditional multi-channel SAR (MC-SAR) system. The MIMO SAR system, which makes each antenna illuminate one subswath, can widen the range swath without decreasing PRF. One of the foremost tasks involved in the MIMO SAR system is the waveform design at the transmitter. Moreover, at the receiver, how to accurately separate the auto-correlation signal from the cross-correlation interferences is the other important issue. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chirp signal designing method is firstly proposed, which is based on low cross-correlation interferences and good peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR) rules. Using the designed OFDM chirp signals, the focused signal of MIMO SAR system matched the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) basic model. The moving target (sparse signal), clutter (low-rank signal) and noise (noise signal) can be separated directly. Hence, RPCA based method can be employed for ground moving target indication (GMTI) with no need for extracting the matched signal or suppressing the unmatched interferences. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the waveform designing method and GMTI with RPCA based method for MIMO SAR system.     

Total ionizing radiation effects of 2-T SONOS for 130 nm/4 Mb NOR flash memory technology

In this paper,we have studied the total ionizing dose(TID)radiation response up to 2 Mrad(Si)of silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon(SONOS)memory cells and memory circuits,fabricated in a 130 nm complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)SONOS technology.We explored the threshold voltage(VT)degradation mechanism and found that the VT shifts of SONOS cells depend on the charge state;simply programming the cell to a higher VT cannot compensate for the radiation induced VT loss.The off-state current(Ioff)increase in the SONOS cell is also studied in this paper.Both VT and Ioffdegradation would affect the memory system.Read data failures are mainly caused by VT shifts under irradiation,and program and erase failures are mainly caused by increased Ioff,which overloads the charge pumping circuit.By varying the reference current,our 4 Mb NOR flash chip has the potential to survive a radiation dose of 1 Mrad(Si)in read mode.     

一种基于回波数据的运动补偿方法

提出一种基于回波数据进行运动参数提取和运动补偿的方法。该方法首先从回波数据估计多个距离单元的多普勒调频率,再利用这些多普勒调频率估计值对运动参数进行加权最小二乘估计,最后利用估计的运动参数完成视线方向和沿航向运动误差的补偿。无人机SAR实测数据的实验结果表明,在运动误差较大的情况下,该方法仍可以取得良好的成像效果。     

带距离徙动校正的压缩感知PFA成像方法

目的 极坐标格式算法（PFA）是合成孔径雷达（SAR）聚束模式下的一种高分辨率成像算法,方位向增加孔径长度带来了数据存储和传输的负担,利用压缩感知进行合成孔径雷达成像可以减小采样率,以前的研究往往认为图像是2维可分离的而忽略距离徙动的影响,造成了图像质量的下降。提出一种在方位向利用压缩感知处理的PFA成像算法,可以校正距离徙动,保证压缩感知成像的图像分辨率。方法 在方位向进行压缩感知处理的过程时,采用了随距离空间频率变化的傅里叶基。结果 该方法可以有效代替PFA处理过程中的方位向插值,消除距离徙动的影响,保证距离向和方位向的分辨率。结论 仿真和实测数据的处理结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Inverse synthetic aperture radar phase adjustment and cross-range scaling based on sparsity

Due to inherent sparsity of ISAR images, compressive sensing theory has been used to obtain a high resolution image. However, before applying sparse recovery methods, the phase error due to the translational motion of target is compensated by autofocusing algorithms and the target rotation rate is estimated by cross-range scaling methods. In this paper, a comprehensive matrix model for a uniformly rotating target that includes the phase error and chirp-rate of the target is derived. Then by using sparsity and minimum entropy criterion, the estimation of residual phase error and the rotation rate is refined. In order to reduce the computational load, we simplify the model and by an iterative method based on adaptive dictionary, the phase error and chirp-rate are estimated separately. Actually, by exploiting a two-dimensional (2D) optimization method and the Nelder–Mead algorithm the phase adjustment is performed and the chirp-rate is estimated by solving a 1D optimization method for dominant range cells of the target. Finally, both simulation and practical data have been used to verify the validity of the proposed approach.     

基于压缩感知的低数据率雷达采样与成像方法

传统的信号获取体制要求采样率大于两倍信号带宽,这使得高速率A/D转换成为经典超宽带高分辨雷达系统的瓶颈技术之一。压缩感知理论提供了一种低速率采样的信号精确采集和重构方式。本文基于压缩感知理论,提出一种新的雷达采样与成像方法。根据目标的散射特性,采用了基于小波变换的雷达目标稀疏表示方法;结合雷达成像原理,构造了基于Fourier束的最优测量矩阵。仿真实验表明,基于压缩感知的低数据率雷达采样与成像方法,能在数据率仅为传统系统数据率15%的条件下,获得良好的成像结果,尤其是能对弱小目标进行高分辨成像。本文所提的方法可为新体制高分辨率成像雷达系统的设计提供支持。     

超宽带雷达的发展、现状及应用

超宽带雷达以其高距高分辩率、强穿透国、低截获率与强抗干扰性在军事、商业、环保等领域得到日益关注。本文综述了超宽带雷达的发展历史,结合国外实际超宽带合成孔径雷达系统阐明了超宽带合成孔径雷达的现状,并深入探讨了超宽带雷达的特性及其应用前景。超宽带雷达经过几十年的发展仍存在一些值得深入研究的问题,本文简要分析了部分技术难点,指出了超宽带雷达今后的发展和应用方向。     

SAR图像处理的最新研究与应用

系统地阐述了SAR图像的特点、研究难点、处理过程、国内外最新研究方法及应用。结合国内外SAR图像最新研究动态对SAR图像消噪、纹理分割、线性特征的提取、多目标的识别、分数维方法的应用等几个热点问题作了论述。具体地论述了利用SAR图像进行目标探测与识别、目标变化评估;在民用上利用SAR图像进行矿藏资源的探测、洪涝灾害的趋势分析,并介绍了SAR信号处理算法在医学等领域取得的显著成绩。     

基于FPGA实现的星载SAR实时成像系统研究

针对星载SAR实时成像处理的研究目前主要集中在实时成像运算器(SAR processor),而未见到实时成像系统(SAR imaging system)的研究,提出了一种CS算法的星载SAR实时成像系统的体系结构,并基于FPGA实现了原型系统.该体系结构可以自主完成星载SAR实时成像,并具有良好的可扩展性.利用模拟信号源和高速数据记录仪对原型系统验证,1个信号处理单元在50MHz工作频率下,约11s内完成16384×16384个样本的星载雷达原始数据的成像处理,用4个信号处理单元就可达到为PRF为2000Hz的星载SAR的1∶1实时成像要求.     

合成孔径雷达及其干涉技术研究进展

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperturer adar,SAR)能够在全天候、全天时条件下对地面进行大范围测绘,是现代民用遥感和军事侦察中的重要手段。本文回顾了SAR及干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)技术的历史,叙述了SAR由非聚焦到完全聚焦,由光学处理到全数字式处理,由二维测绘到干涉三维测绘的发展历程。通过例举典型系统,介绍了国外机载、空载SAR和InSAR技术的现状,并对我国近年来在该领域取得的进展作了简要介绍。最后,本文给出对SIR—C／X—SAR采集的航天飞机SAR数据处理所得到的成像结果。     

尺度不变特征变换法在SAR影像匹配中的应用

通过几组可代表合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar, SAR)影像配准主要实际应用情景的实验, 对尺度不变特征变换法(Scale invariant feature transformation, SIFT)在SAR图像配准中的应用能力进行了系统的评价. 发现SIFT方法可以实现同轨获取的多时相斜距影像之间、斜距与地距影像之间、地距影像与经过地理编码的斜距影像之间的精确配准. 为了利用SIFT实现整景遥感影像间的配准, 提出了分块处理的方法. 实验发现分块寻找特征点虽然可引起特征点总数的降低, 但特征点的重复出现率仍大于76\%, 可满足大影像间配准的需要. 同时也发现SIFT匹配过程过于耗时是阻碍其在遥感领域实际应用的技术瓶颈. 本文指出了解决该瓶颈的技术方向, 并对不变特征匹配法在遥感领域的应用进行了展望.     

Numerical simulation of highly squinted spotlight SAR images from complex targets using an amendatory frequency scaling algorithm

In the highly squinted spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image simulation of complex electrically large targets, the principal difficulties consist of the generation and the processing of SAR echo. Concerning the above two issues, this paper proposed a complete procedure for highly squinted SAR image simulation. Firstly, in order to generate the SAR echo efficiently and accurately, the geometrical optics and physical optics (GO-PO) hybrid method is employed to get the spatial distributed scattering fields, which is an essential step for the generation of SAR echo. Secondly, regarding to the processing of highly squinted SAR echo, the amendatory frequency scaling algorithm (AFSA) is adopted. Compared with the benchmark frequency scaling algorithm (FSA), AFSA eliminates the trouble caused by the range-dependent secondary range compression (SRC) error in high squint mode through the nonlinear frequency scaling (NFS) operation. Finally, according to the complete simulation procedure, SAR images of a complex ship target under different radar parameters are simulated and analysed. The simulation results indicate the performance of AFSA in the processing of highly squinted SAR echo. Meanwhile, the effectiveness and the reasonability of the complete simulation procedure are revealed as well.     

融合压缩感知和SVM的SAR变形目标识别算法

为降低合成孔 径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar, SAR)图像目标识别中目标方位角的影响,并提高对SAR变形目标的识别率,本文提出了一种基于压缩感知和支持向量机决策级融合的目标识别算法。该算法首先基于稀疏表征理论将SAR目标识别问题描述为压缩感知的稀疏信号恢复问题,然后基于稀疏系数分别进行目标类别判别与方位角估计。对样本进行姿态校正后,利用支持向量机分别对经过姿态校正和未经姿态校正的样本进行目标分类。最后采用投票表决法对3种算法的分类结果进行决策级融合。实验结果表明,基于压缩感知结果进行目标方位角估计有效,且随着训练样本数的增加,提出的决策级融合算法提高了SAR变形目标的识别率。     

基于压缩感知的SAR图像鲁棒编码传输

目的 尽管传统的联合信源信道编码方案可以获得高效的压缩性能,但当信道恶化超过信道编码的纠错能力时会导致解码端重构性能的急剧下降;为此利用压缩感知的民主性提出一种鲁棒的SAR图像编码传输方案,且采用了一系列方法提高该方案的率失真性能。方法 考虑到SAR图像丰富的边缘信息,采用具有更强方向表示能力的方向提升小波变换(DLWT)对SAR图像进行稀疏表示,且为消除压缩感知中恢复非稀疏信号时存在的混叠效应,采用了稀疏滤波方法保证大系数的精确恢复,在解码端采用了高效的Bayesian重建算法获得图像的高性能重建。结果 在同等码率下,与传统的联合信源信道编码方案CCSDS-RS相比,本文方案可以实现更加鲁棒的编码传输,当丢包率达到0.05时,本文方案DSFB-CS获得的重建性能明显要高于CCSDS-RS;与基于Bayesian重建算法TSW-CS的传统方案相比,本文方案可提高峰值信噪比(PSNR)3.9 dB。结论 本文方案DSFB-CS 实现了SAR图像的鲁棒传输,随着丢包率的上升,DSFB-CS获得的重建性能缓慢下降,保证了面对不稳定信道时,解码端可以获得相对稳定的重构图像。     

基于稀疏重构框架下剪切波的SAR图像去噪

SAR图像很容易被乘性噪声多污染,进而影响SAR图像后序的分析与处理。本文中提出了一种基于剪切波稀疏编码的SAR图像移除乘性噪声的新模型。首先通过压缩感知理论建立SAR图像去噪模型;其次通过剪切波变换获得剪切波系数,每个尺度的系数视为一个单元;对于每个单元,通过剪切波域的贝叶斯估计对稀疏系数进行迭代估计。重现的单元最后结合起来构造去噪后的图像。SAR图像去噪效果显示了该算法有良好的表现性,对噪声具有鲁棒性;本文提出的算法不仅有较好的去噪效果,而且还保存了更多的边界信息。     

SAR图像海洋表面油膜检测方法

海洋表面油膜对海洋环境影响极大,因此,及时获取海面油膜信息对保护海洋具有重要意义。目前各国采用的油膜检测方法主要有直接探测法和遥感方法。其中,遥感方法中的合成孔径雷达(SAR)是目前研究的热点。总结了SAR图像应用于海面油膜检测的主要特点,介绍并分析比较了SAR图像油膜检测的一般步骤及其实现方法。最后提出了SAR图像海洋表面油膜检测的发展方向。