An examination of residential location behavior in the Seoul metropolitan area

In this study, the determinants of residential choice, along with the intra-urban movement pattern and the frequency of residential mobility, have been investigated. The important issues are the following: (1) The traditional residential location models, based on a trade-off assumption between housing and transportation costs, are more relevant to the young and small low-income households; (2) Both the analysis of the correlation coefficients and the principal component analysis show that the high income group tends to relate residential location to the quality of schools and neighborhood; and (3) Residential mobility decreases consistently with age of household head and household size. These findings give valuable implications for urban modelling and housing policy as well.     

The empirical development of a disaggregated residential location model in Nigeria

The awareness that residential use is by far the largest consumer of urban land has led to the development of numerous models of residential location. One useful and fruitful approach to residential location modelling employs spatial interaction models with the embellishments of the entropy maximizing methodology. When disaggregated in terms of human attributes and spatially, interaction models could be made to reflect much of the theoretical underpinnings of residential location. A singly constrained version of such model is developed and calibrated for Jos, a city in the Benue Plateau State of Nigeria using the hypotheses that residential location is determined by the proximity of workers to the place of work, the benefits that could be derived from living in particular areas of the city and the ability of a worker to match transport costs and housing rents.The degree of correspondence between reality and the model's prediction confirms not only the assumptions but also highlights the need for the maximum level of disaggregation.The author is a Lecturer in Geography and Member, Planning Studies Programme, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Prof. Akin L. Mabogunje of Ibadan University and Mrs. E. Cater, University of Leeds to the preparation of this paper.     

城市居住区位的选择与住宅郊区化

从分析影响城市居住用地区位的因素入手,进而探讨了城市居住用地的郊区化现象以及目前存在的问题,并提出对策,为居住用地的开发建设提供了参考。     

Amenities and urban residential structure: An amenity-embedded model of residential choice

The basic model of residential choice, which has been established by generalizing Von Thünen's concept to an urban context, states that the equilibrium structure of residential land use is determined by the trade-off between accessibility and space. The willingness to sacrifice space for accessibility differs between households and depends on household income. The equilibrium land use is the outcome of the interplay between the income elasticity of space consumption and the income elasticity of commuting outlays. The primary purpose of this article is to extend the basic model by incorporating a location-dependent quality of the environment. The proposed model examines the locational consequences of household choice as influenced by a complicated interplay among three factors: the income elasticity of housing demand, the income elasticity of commuting costs, and the location-dependent amenity schedule. The equilibrium land use is contrasted for two types of cities: the case 1 city in which the level of amenities increases toward the urban fringe, and the case 2 city in which the level of amenities is assumed to decrease as one moves toward the urban fringe. Received: 2 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 2000     

An interactive strategic model of transport costs and metropolitan population dynamics

The author attempts to determine the ways in which the dispersal of urban population may be affected by the increasing cost of public and private transportation and by the decline of the city as a center of industrial employment. An interactive dynamic model of population and employment movement and transport cost is developed and calibrated for Greater London and South East Standard Region of England between 1961 and 1976. In addition, various indices are projected up to 1991 according to different economic and demographic conditions     

The geography of innovation in a small metropolitan region: An intra‐regional approach in Luxembourg

The objective of the paper is to analyse the local determinants of innovation in a small European metropolitan region. First, we examine the extent to which geographic space is a determinant of innovation for five intra‐regional units. Second, we investigate whether innovation is dependent on accessibility to the mean centre. In both cases we examine innovation propensity and innovation output using microdata from the Community Innovation Survey carried out in Luxembourg. The paper provides evidence of a link between the effects on innovation at the intra‐regional level of firms' profiles and agglomeration externalities.     

An evolutionary model of growth in a two region economy

A microsimulation model of a two region economy is introduced. The model incorporates behavioral aspects of firms' decision making processes in defining time paths for output and other economic aggregates. Simulations begin from a situation where one region has superior technological efficiency to the other, and attempt to define circumstances under which regional convergence and divergence occur. Results indicate that both satisficing behavior by firms and interregional transfer of technological information promote convergence in regional growth rates, wages and rates of return.     

Youthification across the metropolitan system: Intra-urban residential geographies of young adults in North American metropolitan areas

The youthification hypothesis posits that young adult geographies are highly centralized, particularly in metropolitan regions with gentrified, amenity-rich downtowns successful in the knowledge economy. While prior studies have empirically substantiated centralized young adult geographies, none have considered intra-urban variations and linked these empirically to metropolitan-specific characteristics. Focusing on young adults aged 25 to 34 across 57 metropolitan regions in the United States and Canada with populations over one million, this study investigates how the residential geographies of young adults vary within and between metropolitan regions. Young adult geographies are analyzed via generalized additive models with cubic spline smoothing. Economic, housing, urban form, and demographic characteristics are compared between regions with different types of young adult geographies. Results show youthification to be widespread; young adult clusters exist in the downtowns of 56 metropolitan regions, with 31 regions having one downtown-focused young adult cluster and 25 regions having a multi-cluster profile. Only one region had a scattered profile with no clusters. Regions with a single centrally-located young adult profile had greater employment in the quaternary sector, higher public transit mode shares, fewer single-detached homes, and lower employment in manufacturing than those with multiple clusters. The study contributes to understanding the ways in which the residential geographies of specific age groups are shaped by aggregate characteristics of cohorts and the existing urban structures.     

An empirical radon emanation model for residential premises

Based on an averaging technique, a methodology has been established to estimate an effective radon emanation factor M for residential premises. The model shows that the new term M and the ventilation rate are the essential parameters in estimating the level of indoor radon. M includes two components: the radon emanation rates of internal surface materials and the ratio of surface areas of applicable materials to premises volume. The value of M can be determined from on-site measurements. Different ventilation modes of a sampled residential unit during daytime and nighttime, with air conditioner on, window-open, and window-closed were included in site measurements. Each ventilation mode was measured twice during daytime and twice at night. During the investigation, air exchange rate, and indoor and outdoor radon levels were monitored simultaneously. The results of measurements were then used to verify the model. The value of M was found to be 31.7 Bq m⁻³ h⁻¹. The model is valid if the air exchange rate is larger than 0.2 h⁻¹.     

Geography and public finance: planning for fiscal equity in a metropolitan region

The provision of public services is a major function of local governments. The capability of local jurisdictions to fulfil this role depends upon the relationship between fiscal capacity and expenditure needs. The extent of the capacity–needs gap varies between jurisdictions in response to a host of economic, social and political factors. Such differences can lead to major socio–spatial disparities in levels of public service provision and in the quality of life for residents of different jurisdictions. These variations are particularly acute within metropolitan regions of advanced capitalist societies in which there is a geographical mismatch between increasingly extensive functional urban regions and politically constrained urban administrative units. This research examines the geography of public finance at the metropolitan level with particular reference to the Glasgow metropolitan region of west central Scotland, identifies major spatial variations in fiscal health among metropolitan local authorities, and evaluates possible strategies to promote fiscal equity. It is concluded that achieving fiscal equity in metropolitan regions will require a new form of fiscal politics informed by the existing fiscal geography but propelled by the goals of territorial and social justice.     

An integrated model of formal and informal housing sectors

Many cities in developing countries are characterized by a striking juxtaposition of formal and informal housing, where these sectors coexist in close proximity. This paper develops a model of urban land markets where both the formal and informal sectors are endogenously and mutually determined. More specifically, the informal market arises as a kind of residual effect of decisions made in the formal sector. The model posits a fixed number of rich and of poor households, all of whom are competing in the marketplace for a place to live. Rich households enact formal land use regulations in the form of minimum lot size requirements that directly reflect their preferences. The impacts of these regulations on the informal sector depend upon relative incomes and populations of poor and rich households, as well as on housing preferences. In order to assess these impacts empirically, the paper formulates a set of stylized case studies. The model results illustrate that the formal and informal sectors do not exist independently from one another, but are instead dual aspects of a single market phenomenon. In particular, an insufficient absorptive capacity of the formal sector results directly in informality.     

An integrated regional model for economic-ecological-demographic-facility interactions

Until now, the majority of environmental and economic problems have been studied in a monodisciplinary way so that the impacts between different variables are neglected. An integrated environmental model has been developed in which economic, geographical and spatial elements are analysed in relation to the natural environment. The results of integrated modelling are relevant for physical planning because insight is obtained about the medium-long term (i.e., 5–15 years) consequences of a concrete plan for a region.     

State-led metropolitan governance in China: Making integrated city regions

Scholars have widely discussed the issue of how to govern rapidly growing metropolitan regions under the economic, social and political pressures of globalization. Many have argued for a metropolitan governance approach that involves less government regulation and more flexible arrangements between public and civic sectors. However, in countries like China, where a traditionally centralized state controls most resources and seeks to impose its vision for metropolitan development, a strong state-led approach is widely adopted. This article analyzes such a state-led model in China and identifies the economic and political factors that contribute to such development. It is suggested that metropolitan governance in China has formed a strong top-down, “dirigiste type” model to achieve state objectives. Findings are drawn from field observation, archival research and socio-economic data analysis in the Guangzhou–Foshan metropolitan region of the Pearl River Delta region in China.